This document discusses a study on using red mud as a partial replacement for cement in concrete. Red mud is a waste product generated during the Bayer process for producing alumina from bauxite ore. The study aims to assess the strength properties of concrete with red mud additions of 0-20% and 5% hydrated lime. Tests were conducted on M40 and M50 grade concrete cubes to evaluate compressive strength. The results indicate that partial replacement of cement with red mud and hydrated lime can improve the strength properties of concrete while providing an economically viable use for the industrial waste red mud.
This document presents a summary of a student's project on using red mud concrete. The student investigated replacing Portland cement with red mud, a waste product from aluminum production, in concrete. The document outlines that 1-2.5 tons of red mud is created for every ton of alumina produced. Concrete cubes were cast using different percentages of red mud replacement and tested after 28 days, with compressive and tensile strength decreasing as red mud content increased. The conclusion is that red mud concrete is suitable for ornamental works where aesthetics are important.
This document discusses red mud, a waste product generated during alumina production from bauxite using the Bayer process. It consists primarily of iron oxide (30-60%) along with other compounds such as aluminum oxide, silicon dioxide, sodium oxide and titanium oxide. Approximately 1-2.5 tons of red mud is produced per ton of alumina. The document outlines the environmental issues with disposing of red mud, including its high pH and potential contamination of groundwater. It also describes various methods used for storage and disposal, as well as research into neutralizing and utilizing red mud for applications such as construction materials and metal recovery.
This document discusses metakaolin, which is produced by calcining kaolin clay between 650-800°C. It has pozzolanic properties and can partially replace cement in high strength concrete. Metakaolin increases the strength and durability of concrete by reacting with calcium hydroxide to produce additional calcium-silicate-hydrate gel. It improves the physical and chemical properties of concrete, leading to applications in infrastructure like bridges, dams, and buildings where high strength and durability are important.
This document summarizes a study on the effects of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) on the geotechnical properties of black cotton soil. The study involved testing black cotton soil mixed with varying percentages of GGBS. Tests showed that adding GGBS increased the maximum dry density and decreased the optimum moisture content of the soil. It also significantly reduced swelling, and increased the unconfined compressive strength and California bearing ratio of the soil. Using 30% GGBS improved the engineering properties of the black cotton soil to meet specifications. Therefore, GGBS can effectively stabilize black cotton soil.
Fly ash is a fine powder that is a byproduct of burning pulverized coal in electric generation power plants.
what is fly ash
fly ash products
coal fly ash uses
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uses of fly ash
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dangers of fly ash
fly ash in construction
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mechanism of fly ash
Type of Fly Ash as per American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM C618)
Type of Fly Ash as per IS Codes (IS 3812-1981)
fly ash in construction
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Powerpoint presentation on CEMENT {PPT}Prateek Soni
Cement is a mixture of calcareous, siliceous, and argillaceous substances that is used as a binding agent in construction. It is produced through a process involving mixing raw materials, burning in a rotary kiln, and grinding the clinker produced. The manufacturing process can be either dry or wet. Key tests are conducted on cement to check properties like strength, color, presence of lumps, and solubility in water. There are various types of cement suited for different applications.
The document discusses Superpave mix design, which is a performance-based method for designing asphalt concrete mixtures. Some key points:
- Superpave uses the gyratory compactor to simulate field compaction of mixtures, allowing for evaluation of density during the design process.
- The design process involves 4 steps: selecting materials based on traffic and climate conditions, designing the aggregate structure, determining the optimum asphalt binder content, and evaluating moisture susceptibility.
- Key evaluation points on the gyratory compaction curve are Ninitial, Ndesign, and Nmax, which control compactability, expected field density, and maximum allowed density.
- Design traffic level determines the number
This document presents a summary of a student's project on using red mud concrete. The student investigated replacing Portland cement with red mud, a waste product from aluminum production, in concrete. The document outlines that 1-2.5 tons of red mud is created for every ton of alumina produced. Concrete cubes were cast using different percentages of red mud replacement and tested after 28 days, with compressive and tensile strength decreasing as red mud content increased. The conclusion is that red mud concrete is suitable for ornamental works where aesthetics are important.
This document discusses red mud, a waste product generated during alumina production from bauxite using the Bayer process. It consists primarily of iron oxide (30-60%) along with other compounds such as aluminum oxide, silicon dioxide, sodium oxide and titanium oxide. Approximately 1-2.5 tons of red mud is produced per ton of alumina. The document outlines the environmental issues with disposing of red mud, including its high pH and potential contamination of groundwater. It also describes various methods used for storage and disposal, as well as research into neutralizing and utilizing red mud for applications such as construction materials and metal recovery.
This document discusses metakaolin, which is produced by calcining kaolin clay between 650-800°C. It has pozzolanic properties and can partially replace cement in high strength concrete. Metakaolin increases the strength and durability of concrete by reacting with calcium hydroxide to produce additional calcium-silicate-hydrate gel. It improves the physical and chemical properties of concrete, leading to applications in infrastructure like bridges, dams, and buildings where high strength and durability are important.
This document summarizes a study on the effects of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) on the geotechnical properties of black cotton soil. The study involved testing black cotton soil mixed with varying percentages of GGBS. Tests showed that adding GGBS increased the maximum dry density and decreased the optimum moisture content of the soil. It also significantly reduced swelling, and increased the unconfined compressive strength and California bearing ratio of the soil. Using 30% GGBS improved the engineering properties of the black cotton soil to meet specifications. Therefore, GGBS can effectively stabilize black cotton soil.
Fly ash is a fine powder that is a byproduct of burning pulverized coal in electric generation power plants.
what is fly ash
fly ash products
coal fly ash uses
class f fly ash
fly ash class c
type f fly ash
fly ash composition
fly ash uses
applications of fly ash
advantages of fly ash
disadvantages of fly ash
properties of fly ash
chemical properties of fly ash
physical properties of fly ash
uses of fly ash
fly ash price
fly ash for sale
dangers of fly ash
fly ash in construction
fly ash composition
mechanism of fly ash
Type of Fly Ash as per American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM C618)
Type of Fly Ash as per IS Codes (IS 3812-1981)
fly ash in construction
fly ash uses
what is fly ash
fly ash for sale
fly ash price
fly ash products
ash construction inc
fly ash distributor
where to buy fly ash
fly ash for sale
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fly ash hazards
charah fly ash
fly ash price
fly ash in concrete problems
fly ash concrete
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Powerpoint presentation on CEMENT {PPT}Prateek Soni
Cement is a mixture of calcareous, siliceous, and argillaceous substances that is used as a binding agent in construction. It is produced through a process involving mixing raw materials, burning in a rotary kiln, and grinding the clinker produced. The manufacturing process can be either dry or wet. Key tests are conducted on cement to check properties like strength, color, presence of lumps, and solubility in water. There are various types of cement suited for different applications.
The document discusses Superpave mix design, which is a performance-based method for designing asphalt concrete mixtures. Some key points:
- Superpave uses the gyratory compactor to simulate field compaction of mixtures, allowing for evaluation of density during the design process.
- The design process involves 4 steps: selecting materials based on traffic and climate conditions, designing the aggregate structure, determining the optimum asphalt binder content, and evaluating moisture susceptibility.
- Key evaluation points on the gyratory compaction curve are Ninitial, Ndesign, and Nmax, which control compactability, expected field density, and maximum allowed density.
- Design traffic level determines the number
This document discusses using quality assurance tests to identify defects in large diameter bored piles for two construction projects. For the first project, pile load tests, integrity tests, and coring identified necking, bulging, and a weak pile toe, likely due to a "soft toe" condition. The pile capacities were reduced and additional piles were added. For the second project, integrity and load tests found impedance reductions and doubtful pile integrity below certain depths. Load capacities were de-rated based on the test results. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of a comprehensive quality assurance program to ensure foundation safety and performance.
Cement is a crystalline compound of calcium silicates and other calcium compounds that sets and hardens through a hydration process. It has been used as a cementing material for centuries, with the Romans developing early forms of hydraulic cement using volcanic ash. Modern Portland cement was invented in 1824 and is produced through heating limestone and clay to form clinker, which is then ground with gypsum. Cement is used widely in construction for concrete, mortar, and other building materials. The global cement industry relies on abundant limestone deposits as a raw material.
4.corrosion of reinforcement in concreteAqib Ahmed
The document discusses corrosion of reinforcement in concrete structures. It explains that corrosion occurs when the alkaline environment of concrete is lost due to carbonation or chloride ingress, exposing the steel reinforcement. Factors that influence corrosion include moisture, oxygen levels, concrete quality and cracks. Corrosion causes cracks and spalling of concrete as rust occupies more space. To prevent corrosion, sufficient concrete cover, good quality concrete with low water-cement ratio, proper compaction and curing should be used. Cement polymers and electroplating steel can also increase corrosion resistance.
This presentation summarizes the types and properties of cement. It discusses the history of cement and how it was first used by Egyptians. It then covers the main types of cement including grey cement (e.g. OPC, rapid hardening), white/colored cement, and blended cements (e.g. PPC, PSC). The presentation also outlines the physical properties of cement such as consistency, setting time, soundness, and fineness. Finally, it summarizes the chemical properties including the main compounds in cement and how they contribute to strength.
Potential use of natural red mud as partial replacement with cement in concretemurali mohan
This document discusses a study on using red mud as a partial replacement for cement in concrete. Red mud is a byproduct from aluminum production that contains oxides of iron, titanium, aluminum and silica. The study involves casting concrete cubes with 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% replacement of cement with red mud to evaluate the compressive strength. Preliminary tests were conducted on the cement, aggregates, and red mud used. A mix design was developed for M20 grade concrete. The cubes were tested after 7 and 28 days to determine compressive strength, which decreased as the replacement of cement with red mud increased. The results will help assess the suitability of red mud for use in construction.
This document summarizes a laboratory experiment conducted by civil engineering students at MUST to determine the crushing strength of a concrete aggregate sample. The experiment involved:
- Compacting an aggregate sample into a steel cylinder and subjecting it to a gradually increasing load in a compression testing machine according to British Standard 812.
- Sieving the crushed sample and calculating the aggregate crushing value (ACV) as the percentage of sample passing a 2.36mm sieve.
- The sample was found to have an ACV of 14.87%, indicating a "normal" quality aggregate suitable for use in road construction according to the standard.
GGBS are added from 0% to 40% by dry weight of soil, first of all check the all
soil property at 0 % (no GGBS) and then compare after addition of GGBS from 10% to 40%. On
the basis of Standard Proctor test & Unconfined Compressive Strength test the optimum
percentage of GGBS is 10%. Investigations showed that generally the engineering properties
which improved with the addition of GGBS. The California bearing ratio of soil increases as the
percentage of GGBS replaced in increase.
This document describes a test to determine the resistance of aggregates to disintegration from saturated sodium sulfate or magnesium sulfate solutions. The soundness test involves immersing coarse aggregate samples in a sodium sulfate solution for 24 hours, then drying and cooling them in cycles over 10 days. The percentage loss is calculated by comparing the initial and final weights, with aggregates showing less than 25% loss considered suitable for use in road pavement due to sufficient resistance to weathering.
CONSTRUCTION OF NATIONAL HIGHWAY, Construction Technology ,MAHAVIR REALSPACE PVT LTD, VIJAYA VITTALA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Sub grade/Embankment, SUB GRADE PREPARATTION, Pavement quality concrete Granular sub base (GSB), Dry lean concrete (DLC).
Non-destructive testing methods like rebound hammer testing and pulse velocity testing can evaluate properties of hardened concrete like strength and homogeneity without damaging the structure. Rebound hammer testing involves measuring the rebound of an elastic mass from the concrete surface, which relates to hardness and compressive strength. Pulse velocity testing uses transducers to transmit and receive ultrasonic pulses through the concrete, and the pulse velocity relates to properties like elastic modulus and presence of flaws. Both are useful for quality control, condition assessment of existing structures, and estimating concrete strength.
Permeability of concrete, chemical attack, acid attack, efflorescence, Corrosion in concrete. Thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, specific heat. Alkali Aggregate Reaction
why we use fly ash in concrete , production of fly ash, how it improve the fresh and harden properties of concrete
how it react when mix with concrete.
Aggregates blending, blending aggregates by graphical method, concrete mix design, concrete technology, what is aggregates blending, what is blending, methods of blending, how to blend aggregates, civil engineering
The document discusses making plastic sand bricks as a way to reuse waste plastic. The objectives are to compare the strength and cost of plastic sand bricks to traditional bricks, and determine the optimal plastic-sand ratio. The methodology involves collecting waste plastic bags and bottles, melting the plastic, mixing it with sand, and pouring the mixture into molds. Test results found the plastic sand bricks had higher compressive strength and lower water absorption than fly ash and burnt bricks. Advantages include being economical, durable, and removing waste plastic from the environment. Further research could improve the quality and durability of plastic sand bricks.
High volume fly ash concrete is a concrete where a replacement of about 35% or more of cement is made with the usage of fly ash.
Fly ash concrete is an eco-friendly construction material in which fly ash replaces a part of Portland cement.
basic knowledge about performance and characteristics of fly ash based concrete. this was my first presentation....so hard core civil engineers might consider me a layman!... anyway its a good way to start knowing gist and basics.
DCC3113 DETERMINATION OF AGGREGATE IMPACT VALUE.YASMINE HASLAN
This document summarizes a laboratory report on determining the aggregate impact value of samples according to Malaysian Public Works Department (JKR) standards. The experiment involved subjecting aggregate samples to impact blows using a test machine and sieve. The percentage of fines passing through a 2.36mm sieve was calculated to determine the aggregate impact value. Sample 1 had a 17% impact value and Sample 2 was 15%, both below the JKR requirement of 20%, indicating the aggregates have medium toughness and resistance to crushing. The results show the aggregates met the JKR specifications and the experiment was successfully conducted.
Concrete permeability is a key factor in its durability. Permeability is affected by water-cement ratio, with lower ratios producing less permeable concrete. Curing also impacts permeability. Proper curing, including moist curing, produces less permeable concrete. Permeability testing involves measuring water flow through a sample over time under pressure. Sulfate attack can occur when sulfates penetrate permeable concrete and form expansive compounds that crack the material. Resistance to sulfates is improved with lower permeability concrete.
Alkali-aggregate reaction is the reaction between the active mineral constituents of some aggregates and the alkali hydroxides in concrete. It is only harmful when it produces significant expansion. There are two main forms: alkali-silica reaction and alkali-carbonate reaction.
Alkali-silica reaction, also known as ASR, causes cracking in concrete from the reaction between certain reactive minerals or rocks in aggregates and alkalis in cement. It can cause visible symptoms like cracking and pop outs, which are small fragment breakaways leaving shallow depressions.
Alkali-carbonate reaction is influenced by factors like clay or calcite/dolomite content and crystal size in aggregates.
IRJET- Influence of Red Mud as a Partial Replacement of Cement with Hydrated ...IRJET Journal
This document discusses using red mud, a byproduct of aluminum production, as a partial replacement for cement in concrete. Red mud is currently stored in large waste ponds but poses environmental and storage issues. The study aims to assess the strength properties of concrete with varying replacement levels of red mud (0-20%) and 5% hydrated lime. Tests were conducted on fresh and hardened concrete specimens. Results showed compressive, tensile and flexural strengths increased up to 15% red mud replacement compared to the control concrete without replacement. This demonstrates red mud's potential as a supplementary cementitious material and provides an environmentally friendly way to utilize this industrial waste.
Rapid industrialization leads to the maximum
discharge of waste products which in turn causing the
environmental hazards. These wastes can be a substitute for
conventional material, when utilized in a best way. Red Mud is
a waste generated by the aluminum industry (an average of
3million tons per year) in a Bayer’s process and its disposal is a
major problem for these industries as this is highly caustic and
causes ground water contamination, leading to health hazards.
By taking cementatious behavior of the red mud into account,
an experiment was carried out to partially replace the cement
by red mud in concrete for different percentages and also its
effects on the strength and other properties of the concrete
This document discusses using quality assurance tests to identify defects in large diameter bored piles for two construction projects. For the first project, pile load tests, integrity tests, and coring identified necking, bulging, and a weak pile toe, likely due to a "soft toe" condition. The pile capacities were reduced and additional piles were added. For the second project, integrity and load tests found impedance reductions and doubtful pile integrity below certain depths. Load capacities were de-rated based on the test results. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of a comprehensive quality assurance program to ensure foundation safety and performance.
Cement is a crystalline compound of calcium silicates and other calcium compounds that sets and hardens through a hydration process. It has been used as a cementing material for centuries, with the Romans developing early forms of hydraulic cement using volcanic ash. Modern Portland cement was invented in 1824 and is produced through heating limestone and clay to form clinker, which is then ground with gypsum. Cement is used widely in construction for concrete, mortar, and other building materials. The global cement industry relies on abundant limestone deposits as a raw material.
4.corrosion of reinforcement in concreteAqib Ahmed
The document discusses corrosion of reinforcement in concrete structures. It explains that corrosion occurs when the alkaline environment of concrete is lost due to carbonation or chloride ingress, exposing the steel reinforcement. Factors that influence corrosion include moisture, oxygen levels, concrete quality and cracks. Corrosion causes cracks and spalling of concrete as rust occupies more space. To prevent corrosion, sufficient concrete cover, good quality concrete with low water-cement ratio, proper compaction and curing should be used. Cement polymers and electroplating steel can also increase corrosion resistance.
This presentation summarizes the types and properties of cement. It discusses the history of cement and how it was first used by Egyptians. It then covers the main types of cement including grey cement (e.g. OPC, rapid hardening), white/colored cement, and blended cements (e.g. PPC, PSC). The presentation also outlines the physical properties of cement such as consistency, setting time, soundness, and fineness. Finally, it summarizes the chemical properties including the main compounds in cement and how they contribute to strength.
Potential use of natural red mud as partial replacement with cement in concretemurali mohan
This document discusses a study on using red mud as a partial replacement for cement in concrete. Red mud is a byproduct from aluminum production that contains oxides of iron, titanium, aluminum and silica. The study involves casting concrete cubes with 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% replacement of cement with red mud to evaluate the compressive strength. Preliminary tests were conducted on the cement, aggregates, and red mud used. A mix design was developed for M20 grade concrete. The cubes were tested after 7 and 28 days to determine compressive strength, which decreased as the replacement of cement with red mud increased. The results will help assess the suitability of red mud for use in construction.
This document summarizes a laboratory experiment conducted by civil engineering students at MUST to determine the crushing strength of a concrete aggregate sample. The experiment involved:
- Compacting an aggregate sample into a steel cylinder and subjecting it to a gradually increasing load in a compression testing machine according to British Standard 812.
- Sieving the crushed sample and calculating the aggregate crushing value (ACV) as the percentage of sample passing a 2.36mm sieve.
- The sample was found to have an ACV of 14.87%, indicating a "normal" quality aggregate suitable for use in road construction according to the standard.
GGBS are added from 0% to 40% by dry weight of soil, first of all check the all
soil property at 0 % (no GGBS) and then compare after addition of GGBS from 10% to 40%. On
the basis of Standard Proctor test & Unconfined Compressive Strength test the optimum
percentage of GGBS is 10%. Investigations showed that generally the engineering properties
which improved with the addition of GGBS. The California bearing ratio of soil increases as the
percentage of GGBS replaced in increase.
This document describes a test to determine the resistance of aggregates to disintegration from saturated sodium sulfate or magnesium sulfate solutions. The soundness test involves immersing coarse aggregate samples in a sodium sulfate solution for 24 hours, then drying and cooling them in cycles over 10 days. The percentage loss is calculated by comparing the initial and final weights, with aggregates showing less than 25% loss considered suitable for use in road pavement due to sufficient resistance to weathering.
CONSTRUCTION OF NATIONAL HIGHWAY, Construction Technology ,MAHAVIR REALSPACE PVT LTD, VIJAYA VITTALA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Sub grade/Embankment, SUB GRADE PREPARATTION, Pavement quality concrete Granular sub base (GSB), Dry lean concrete (DLC).
Non-destructive testing methods like rebound hammer testing and pulse velocity testing can evaluate properties of hardened concrete like strength and homogeneity without damaging the structure. Rebound hammer testing involves measuring the rebound of an elastic mass from the concrete surface, which relates to hardness and compressive strength. Pulse velocity testing uses transducers to transmit and receive ultrasonic pulses through the concrete, and the pulse velocity relates to properties like elastic modulus and presence of flaws. Both are useful for quality control, condition assessment of existing structures, and estimating concrete strength.
Permeability of concrete, chemical attack, acid attack, efflorescence, Corrosion in concrete. Thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, specific heat. Alkali Aggregate Reaction
why we use fly ash in concrete , production of fly ash, how it improve the fresh and harden properties of concrete
how it react when mix with concrete.
Aggregates blending, blending aggregates by graphical method, concrete mix design, concrete technology, what is aggregates blending, what is blending, methods of blending, how to blend aggregates, civil engineering
The document discusses making plastic sand bricks as a way to reuse waste plastic. The objectives are to compare the strength and cost of plastic sand bricks to traditional bricks, and determine the optimal plastic-sand ratio. The methodology involves collecting waste plastic bags and bottles, melting the plastic, mixing it with sand, and pouring the mixture into molds. Test results found the plastic sand bricks had higher compressive strength and lower water absorption than fly ash and burnt bricks. Advantages include being economical, durable, and removing waste plastic from the environment. Further research could improve the quality and durability of plastic sand bricks.
High volume fly ash concrete is a concrete where a replacement of about 35% or more of cement is made with the usage of fly ash.
Fly ash concrete is an eco-friendly construction material in which fly ash replaces a part of Portland cement.
basic knowledge about performance and characteristics of fly ash based concrete. this was my first presentation....so hard core civil engineers might consider me a layman!... anyway its a good way to start knowing gist and basics.
DCC3113 DETERMINATION OF AGGREGATE IMPACT VALUE.YASMINE HASLAN
This document summarizes a laboratory report on determining the aggregate impact value of samples according to Malaysian Public Works Department (JKR) standards. The experiment involved subjecting aggregate samples to impact blows using a test machine and sieve. The percentage of fines passing through a 2.36mm sieve was calculated to determine the aggregate impact value. Sample 1 had a 17% impact value and Sample 2 was 15%, both below the JKR requirement of 20%, indicating the aggregates have medium toughness and resistance to crushing. The results show the aggregates met the JKR specifications and the experiment was successfully conducted.
Concrete permeability is a key factor in its durability. Permeability is affected by water-cement ratio, with lower ratios producing less permeable concrete. Curing also impacts permeability. Proper curing, including moist curing, produces less permeable concrete. Permeability testing involves measuring water flow through a sample over time under pressure. Sulfate attack can occur when sulfates penetrate permeable concrete and form expansive compounds that crack the material. Resistance to sulfates is improved with lower permeability concrete.
Alkali-aggregate reaction is the reaction between the active mineral constituents of some aggregates and the alkali hydroxides in concrete. It is only harmful when it produces significant expansion. There are two main forms: alkali-silica reaction and alkali-carbonate reaction.
Alkali-silica reaction, also known as ASR, causes cracking in concrete from the reaction between certain reactive minerals or rocks in aggregates and alkalis in cement. It can cause visible symptoms like cracking and pop outs, which are small fragment breakaways leaving shallow depressions.
Alkali-carbonate reaction is influenced by factors like clay or calcite/dolomite content and crystal size in aggregates.
IRJET- Influence of Red Mud as a Partial Replacement of Cement with Hydrated ...IRJET Journal
This document discusses using red mud, a byproduct of aluminum production, as a partial replacement for cement in concrete. Red mud is currently stored in large waste ponds but poses environmental and storage issues. The study aims to assess the strength properties of concrete with varying replacement levels of red mud (0-20%) and 5% hydrated lime. Tests were conducted on fresh and hardened concrete specimens. Results showed compressive, tensile and flexural strengths increased up to 15% red mud replacement compared to the control concrete without replacement. This demonstrates red mud's potential as a supplementary cementitious material and provides an environmentally friendly way to utilize this industrial waste.
Rapid industrialization leads to the maximum
discharge of waste products which in turn causing the
environmental hazards. These wastes can be a substitute for
conventional material, when utilized in a best way. Red Mud is
a waste generated by the aluminum industry (an average of
3million tons per year) in a Bayer’s process and its disposal is a
major problem for these industries as this is highly caustic and
causes ground water contamination, leading to health hazards.
By taking cementatious behavior of the red mud into account,
an experiment was carried out to partially replace the cement
by red mud in concrete for different percentages and also its
effects on the strength and other properties of the concrete
Project report on sand replacement by red mudHarshit Singh
Red mud is a byproduct of aluminum production that is currently difficult to dispose of sustainably. The document discusses several ways that red mud can be utilized in cement production, including as a replacement for raw materials in clinker production or to produce composite or alkali-activated cements. Laboratory studies show these red mud cements can achieve good physical properties and mechanical strength when designed properly. However, more research is needed to scale production and further evaluate durability before widespread industrial use. Transportation costs and red mud's high alkalinity also currently limit larger utilization in cement manufacturing.
Experimental Study on Utilization of Red Mud and Used Foundry Sand in Cement ...IRJET Journal
1) The document presents the results of an experimental study on utilizing red mud and used foundry sand in cement concrete as partial replacements for cement and fine aggregate, respectively.
2) Red mud is an industrial waste from aluminum production that is difficult to dispose of safely. Used foundry sand is also an industrial byproduct. The study aimed to evaluate these wastes as supplementary cementitious materials and fine aggregate replacements in concrete.
3) Concrete mixtures with 20% red mud replacement of cement and 40% used foundry sand replacement of fine aggregate showed the optimum compressive strength both at 7 days and 28 days of curing. Using these industrial wastes helped reduce environmental pollution while conserving natural resources.
Impact of Using RHA and CD in Replacement of Cement for Mixijceronline
This document presents a study on the impact of using rice husk ash (RHA) and copper dust (CD) as partial replacements for cement in concrete mixes. The study involved collecting RHA and CD, testing their properties, developing mix designs, and casting and testing concrete cubes with different RHA and CD replacement levels. The key findings were:
- Replacing cement with up to 30% RHA and 40% CD in the mix designs increased the compressive strength of concrete cubes up to 25% and split tensile strength up to 40% compared to a normal concrete mix.
- Tests on the raw materials found RHA has a specific gravity of 2.52 and 75% fineness, while CD
An Experimental Study on Strength of Concrete by Using Red Mud as Partial Rep...IRJET Journal
The document presents the results of an experimental study on using red mud as a partial replacement for cement in concrete. Red mud is a waste product generated during the Bayer process of refining bauxite into alumina. Four concrete mixes were tested with red mud replacing 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% of the cement. Compressive strength was tested on concrete cubes at 7 and 28 days. The results showed that compressive strength increased when red mud replacement was increased from 0% to 10%, but decreased at 15% replacement. It was concluded that red mud can effectively replace up to 10% of cement while still meeting strength standards, providing an environmentally friendly way to utilize this industrial waste product.
IRJET- Experimental Investigation of Effect of Neutralized Bauxite Waste (Neu...IRJET Journal
- The study investigates utilizing neutralized red mud (NRM), an industrial waste from aluminum production, as a partial replacement for cement in concrete.
- Concrete mixtures were made with 0%, 15%, 20%, and 25% replacement of cement with NRM. Testing showed compressive, tensile, and flexural strengths increased up to 20% replacement compared to normal concrete.
- The optimum replacement was found to be 20%, providing higher strengths than normal concrete and a 10.24% cost savings, showing potential economic and environmental benefits of NRM utilization in concrete.
UTILIZATION OF IRON ORE TAILINGS AS SUBSTITUTE TO CONVENTIONAL AGGREGATES IN ...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on utilizing iron ore tailings as a substitute for conventional aggregates in pothole patching mixtures. Iron ore tailings are a solid waste produced during iron ore beneficiation. Tests were conducted to determine the optimum binder content for mixtures containing iron ore tailings aggregates and a cutback bitumen. The Marshall stability test determined the optimum binder content was 5% by weight. Using iron ore tailings could help reduce the environmental impacts of mining waste while providing a sustainable alternative material for pothole repair applications.
The document describes a study on the strength characteristics of low-calcium fly ash-based geopolymer concrete. Eighty-one concrete cubes were cast using a mix design of low-calcium fly ash, coarse and fine aggregates, and an alkaline activator solution to study the effect of parameters on compressive strength. The study found that geopolymer concrete made with fly ash as a binder provided higher strength and was more environmentally friendly than traditional Portland cement concrete. Parameters such as the alkaline activator concentration and use of superplasticizers were found to influence the compressive strength.
Experimental Investigation on Copper Slag as Fine Aggregate Replacement and G...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental investigation that evaluated the use of industrial byproducts like copper slag, ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), and red mud as partial replacements for cement and fine aggregate in concrete. Six different mixes were prepared: a control mix (Mix N) and mixes replacing fine aggregate with copper slag (Mix A), replacing cement with GGBS and red mud (Mixes B-E), and adding different fiber types to Mixes B-E. The materials, mix designs, casting and curing of test specimens are described. The results showed variations in the compressive, flexural, and split tensile strengths of the mixes at 7 and 28 days.
The document discusses using fly ash as a partial replacement for cement in concrete. Fly ash is a byproduct of coal combustion in power plants. There are two classes of fly ash - Class F contains less than 7% lime and requires a cementing agent, while Class C has self-cementing properties due to more than 20% lime. The document explores the physical, chemical and geotechnical properties of fly ash. It finds that replacing cement with fly ash in concrete can improve strength, durability and reduce costs and CO2 emissions compared to traditional concrete. Common uses of fly ash include concrete, bricks/blocks, road construction and mine filling.
IRJET- Experimental Study of Concrete with Copper Slag for Partial Replac...IRJET Journal
This document presents an experimental study on the use of copper slag as a partial replacement for fine aggregate in concrete. Copper slag is an industrial waste produced during copper smelting and refining. The study aims to utilize this waste material in concrete without compromising strength and durability. Concrete cubes of M20 grade were produced by replacing fine aggregate with 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% copper slag. The compressive strength of the cubes was then tested and compared to conventional concrete without slag to determine the effect of copper slag replacement on strength.
IRJET- Analysis of strength Characteristic of Concrete using Vernacular MaterialIRJET Journal
This document analyzes the strength characteristics of concrete using vernacular materials like fly ash and potassium hydroxide as replacements for Portland cement. The study compares the compressive and tensile strengths of normal geopolymer concrete made using sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate to a concrete made using potassium hydroxide and sodium silicate. Test results showed the average compressive strength of the sodium hydroxide concrete was 50.5% higher while the average tensile strength was 34.85% higher compared to the potassium hydroxide concrete. The document concludes that sodium hydroxide produces a more economical and suitable concrete than potassium hydroxide.
This document discusses a study that incorporated rice husk ash (RHA) as a partial replacement for ordinary Portland cement in concrete. RHA is a byproduct of rice farming that contains a high percentage of silicon dioxide and can be used as a cementitious material due to its pozzolanic properties. The study replaced cement with RHA at levels of 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% and tested the fresh and hardened concrete properties. Tests were performed on concrete cured in water, hydrochloric acid, and sulfuric acid at ages of 7, 14, and 28 days. The results showed that inclusion of RHA improved the compressive strength and durability of concrete by reducing permeability.
This document discusses research into using rice husk ash (RHA) as a partial replacement for cement in concrete. RHA is a byproduct of rice farming that contains high levels of silica. The study tested replacing cement with 5%, 10%, and 15% RHA. Samples were cured in water, hydrochloric acid, and sulfuric acid and tested for compressive strength at 7, 14, and 28 days. Results showed that concrete with 10% RHA replacement had the highest strength. Using RHA increased strength and durability while reducing costs. It was concluded that RHA can be a sustainable cement replacement that improves concrete properties.
FLEXURAL BEHAVIOUR OF COPPER SLAG AND FLY ASH CONCRETE‐ A CASE STUDYijiert bestjournal
The present study encourages the use of waste materials copper slag (CS) and fly ash (FA) as
supplementary cement replacement materials in concrete. The combined effect of copper slag
and fly ash as a partial replacement of cement on flexural strength of concrete has been
investigated. Fifteen mixes were prepared at different replacement levels of copper slag (0 to
20% @ increment of 5%) and fly ash (0 to 10% @ increment of 5%) with cement. Three prisms
(150 mm X 150 mm X 700 mm) were casted and tested after 7 and 28-days of curing to
determine the flexural strength (modulus of rupture) for each mix. It was observed that the
flexural strength of concrete decreases as copper slag content increases for all curing ages. The
reduction in flexural strength was minor (4.30% to 7.60%) up to 10% of copper slag but beyond
10% of copper slag, there was significant reduction (24.70% to 34.21%) in flexural strength. The
addition of 5% and 10% fly ash with copper slag slightly reduced the flexural strength. It is
recommended that 10% of copper slag can be used as combined with 10% of fly ash as
maximum replacement of cement. The average flexural strength was within the permissible
values in accordance with the design specifications.
1. The document reviews research on possible materials for producing geopolymer concrete and its performance with and without fiber addition. Common materials used in geopolymer concrete production include fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag, red mud, microsilica, metakaolin, and rice husk ash. An activator solution of sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate is also required.
2. Studies have found that compressive strength of geopolymer concrete generally increases with higher molarity of the sodium hydroxide solution and when cured in a hot air oven compared to curing in direct sunlight. The addition of rice husk ash or metakaolin to geopolymer mixtures can also increase strength,
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF STRENGTH BEHAVIOUR ON CEMENT MORTAR Chandan Kumar.D
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF STRENGTH BEHAVIOUR ON CEMENT MORTAR BY PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH GRANITE WASTE, ALUMINIUM HYDROXIDE AND FULLY REPLACEMENT OF FINE AGGREGATE BY CRUSHED STONE DUST
Similar to STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE BY USING RED MUD AS A REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH HYDRATED LIME (20)
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
The study explores the reasons for a transgender to become entrepreneurs. In this study transgender entrepreneur was taken as independent variable and reasons to become as dependent variable. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire containing a five point Likert Scale. The study examined the data of 30 transgender entrepreneurs in Salem Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State, India. Simple Random sampling technique was used. Garrett Ranking Technique (Percentile Position, Mean Scores) was used as the analysis for the present study to identify the top 13 stimulus factors for establishment of trans entrepreneurial venture. Economic advancement of a nation is governed upon the upshot of a resolute entrepreneurial doings. The conception of entrepreneurship has stretched and materialized to the socially deflated uncharted sections of transgender community. Presently transgenders have smashed their stereotypes and are making recent headlines of achievements in various fields of our Indian society. The trans-community is gradually being observed in a new light and has been trying to achieve prospective growth in entrepreneurship. The findings of the research revealed that the optimistic changes are taking place to change affirmative societal outlook of the transgender for entrepreneurial ventureship. It also laid emphasis on other transgenders to renovate their traditional living. The paper also highlights that legislators, supervisory body should endorse an impartial canons and reforms in Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board Association.
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
Since ages gender difference is always a debatable theme whether caused by nature, evolution or environment. The birth of a transgender is dreadful not only for the child but also for their parents. The pain of living in the wrong physique and treated as second class victimized citizen is outrageous and fully harboured with vicious baseless negative scruples. For so long, social exclusion had perpetuated inequality and deprivation experiencing ingrained malign stigma and besieged victims of crime or violence across their life spans. They are pushed into the murky way of life with a source of eternal disgust, bereft sexual potency and perennial fear. Although they are highly visible but very little is known about them. The common public needs to comprehend the ravaged arrogance on these insensitive souls and assist in integrating them into the mainstream by offering equal opportunity, treat with humanity and respect their dignity. Entrepreneurship in the current age is endorsing the gender fairness movement. Unstable careers and economic inadequacy had inclined one of the gender variant people called Transgender to become entrepreneurs. These tiny budding entrepreneurs resulted in economic transition by means of employment, free from the clutches of stereotype jobs, raised standard of living and handful of financial empowerment. Besides all these inhibitions, they were able to witness a platform for skill set development that ignited them to enter into entrepreneurial domain. This paper epitomizes skill sets involved in trans-entrepreneurs of Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State and is a groundbreaking determination to sightsee various skills incorporated and the impact on entrepreneurship.
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSIAEME Publication
The banking and financial services industries are experiencing increased technology penetration. Among them, the banking industry has made technological advancements to better serve the general populace. The economy focused on transforming the banking sector's system into a cashless, paperless, and faceless one. The researcher wants to evaluate the user's intention for utilising a mobile banking application. The study also examines the variables affecting the user's behaviour intention when selecting specific applications for financial transactions. The researcher employed a well-structured questionnaire and a descriptive study methodology to gather the respondents' primary data utilising the snowball sampling technique. The study includes variables like performance expectations, effort expectations, social impact, enabling circumstances, and perceived risk. Each of the aforementioned variables has a major impact on how users utilise mobile banking applications. The outcome will assist the service provider in comprehending the user's history with mobile banking applications.
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSIAEME Publication
Technology upgradation in banking sector took the economy to view that payment mode towards online transactions using mobile applications. This system enabled connectivity between banks, Merchant and user in a convenient mode. there are various applications used for online transactions such as Google pay, Paytm, freecharge, mobikiwi, oxygen, phonepe and so on and it also includes mobile banking applications. The study aimed at evaluating the predilection of the user in adopting digital transaction. The study is descriptive in nature. The researcher used random sample techniques to collect the data. The findings reveal that mobile applications differ with the quality of service rendered by Gpay and Phonepe. The researcher suggest the Phonepe application should focus on implementing the application should be user friendly interface and Gpay on motivating the users to feel the importance of request for money and modes of payments in the application.
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOIAEME Publication
The prototype of a voice-based ATM for visually impaired using Arduino is to help people who are blind. This uses RFID cards which contain users fingerprint encrypted on it and interacts with the users through voice commands. ATM operates when sensor detects the presence of one person in the cabin. After scanning the RFID card, it will ask to select the mode like –normal or blind. User can select the respective mode through voice input, if blind mode is selected the balance check or cash withdraw can be done through voice input. Normal mode procedure is same as the existing ATM.
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IAEME Publication
There is increasing acceptability of emotional intelligence as a major factor in personality assessment and effective human resource management. Emotional intelligence as the ability to build capacity, empathize, co-operate, motivate and develop others cannot be divorced from both effective performance and human resource management systems. The human person is crucial in defining organizational leadership and fortunes in terms of challenges and opportunities and walking across both multinational and bilateral relationships. The growing complexity of the business world requires a great deal of self-confidence, integrity, communication, conflict and diversity management to keep the global enterprise within the paths of productivity and sustainability. Using the exploratory research design and 255 participants the result of this original study indicates strong positive correlation between emotional intelligence and effective human resource management. The paper offers suggestions on further studies between emotional intelligence and human capital development and recommends for conflict management as an integral part of effective human resource management.
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYIAEME Publication
Our life journey, in general, is closely defined by the way we understand the meaning of why we coexist and deal with its challenges. As we develop the "inspiration economy", we could say that nearly all of the challenges we have faced are opportunities that help us to discover the rest of our journey. In this note paper, we explore how being faced with the opportunity of being a close carer for an aging parent with dementia brought intangible discoveries that changed our insight of the meaning of the rest of our life journey.
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...IAEME Publication
The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of aspects of Organizational Culture on the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System (PMS) in the Health Care Organization at Thanjavur. Organizational Culture and PMS play a crucial role in present-day organizations in achieving their objectives. PMS needs employees’ cooperation to achieve its intended objectives. Employees' cooperation depends upon the organization’s culture. The present study uses exploratory research to examine the relationship between the Organization's culture and the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System. The study uses a Structured Questionnaire to collect the primary data. For this study, Thirty-six non-clinical employees were selected from twelve randomly selected Health Care organizations at Thanjavur. Thirty-two fully completed questionnaires were received.
Living in 21st century in itself reminds all of us the necessity of police and its administration. As more and more we are entering into the modern society and culture, the more we require the services of the so called ‘Khaki Worthy’ men i.e., the police personnel. Whether we talk of Indian police or the other nation’s police, they all have the same recognition as they have in India. But as already mentioned, their services and requirements are different after the like 26th November, 2008 incidents, where they without saving their own lives has sacrificed themselves without any hitch and without caring about their respective family members and wards. In other words, they are like our heroes and mentors who can guide us from the darkness of fear, militancy, corruption and other dark sides of life and so on. Now the question arises, if Gandhi would have been alive today, what would have been his reaction/opinion to the police and its functioning? Would he have some thing different in his mind now what he had been in his mind before the partition or would he be going to start some Satyagraha in the form of some improvement in the functioning of the police administration? Really these questions or rather night mares can come to any one’s mind, when there is too much confusion is prevailing in our minds, when there is too much corruption in the society and when the polices working is also in the questioning because of one or the other case throughout the India. It is matter of great concern that we have to thing over our administration and our practical approach because the police personals are also like us, they are part and parcel of our society and among one of us, so why we all are pin pointing towards them.
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...IAEME Publication
The goal of this study was to see how talent management affected employee retention in the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The fundamental issue was the difficulty to attract, hire, and retain talented personnel who perform well and the gap between supply and demand of talent acquisition and retaining them within the firms. The study's main goals were to determine the impact of talent management on employee retention in IT companies in Chennai, investigate talent management strategies that IT companies could use to improve talent acquisition, performance management, career planning and formulate retention strategies that the IT firms could use. The respondents were given a structured close-ended questionnaire with the 5 Point Likert Scale as part of the study's quantitative research design. The target population consisted of 289 IT professionals. The questionnaires were distributed and collected by the researcher directly. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to collect and analyse the questionnaire responses. Hypotheses that were formulated for the various areas of the study were tested using a variety of statistical tests. The key findings of the study suggested that talent management had an impact on employee retention. The studies also found that there is a clear link between the implementation of talent management and retention measures. Management should provide enough training and development for employees, clarify job responsibilities, provide adequate remuneration packages, and recognise employees for exceptional performance.
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
Globally, Millions of dollars were spent by the organizations for employing skilled Information Technology (IT) professionals. It is costly to replace unskilled employees with IT professionals possessing technical skills and competencies that aid in interconnecting the business processes. The organization’s employment tactics were forced to alter by globalization along with technological innovations as they consistently diminish to remain lean, outsource to concentrate on core competencies along with restructuring/reallocate personnel to gather efficiency. As other jobs, organizations or professions have become reasonably more appropriate in a shifting employment landscape, the above alterations trigger both involuntary as well as voluntary turnover. The employee view on jobs is also afflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic along with the employee-driven labour market. So, having effective strategies is necessary to tackle the withdrawal rate of employees. By associating Emotional Intelligence (EI) along with Talent Management (TM) in the IT industry, the rise in attrition rate was analyzed in this study. Only 303 respondents were collected out of 350 participants to whom questionnaires were distributed. From the employees of IT organizations located in Bangalore (India), the data were congregated. A simple random sampling methodology was employed to congregate data as of the respondents. Generating the hypothesis along with testing is eventuated. The effect of EI and TM along with regression analysis between TM and EI was analyzed. The outcomes indicated that employee and Organizational Performance (OP) were elevated by effective EI along with TM.
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...IAEME Publication
By implementing talent management strategy, organizations would have the option to retain their skilled professionals while additionally working on their overall performance. It is the course of appropriately utilizing the ideal individuals, setting them up for future top positions, exploring and dealing with their performance, and holding them back from leaving the organization. It is employee performance that determines the success of every organization. The firm quickly obtains an upper hand over its rivals in the event that its employees having particular skills that cannot be duplicated by the competitors. Thus, firms are centred on creating successful talent management practices and processes to deal with the unique human resources. Firms are additionally endeavouring to keep their top/key staff since on the off chance that they leave; the whole store of information leaves the firm's hands. The study's objective was to determine the impact of talent management on organizational performance among the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The study recommends that talent management limitedly affects performance. On the off chance that this talent is appropriately management and implemented properly, organizations might benefit as much as possible from their maintained assets to support development and productivity, both monetarily and non-monetarily.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...IAEME Publication
Banking regulations act of India, 1949 defines banking as “acceptance of deposits for the purpose of lending or investment from the public, repayment on demand or otherwise and withdrawable through cheques, drafts order or otherwise”, the major participants of the Indian financial system are commercial banks, the financial institution encompassing term lending institutions. Investments institutions, specialized financial institution and the state level development banks, non banking financial companies (NBFC) and other market intermediaries such has the stock brokers and money lenders are among the oldest of the certain variants of NBFC and the oldest market participants. The asset quality of banks is one of the most important indicators of their financial health. The Indian banking sector has been facing severe problems of increasing Non- Performing Assets (NPAs). The NPAs growth directly and indirectly affects the quality of assets and profitability of banks. It also shows the efficiency of banks credit risk management and the recovery effectiveness. NPA do not generate any income, whereas, the bank is required to make provisions for such as assets that why is a double edge weapon. This paper outlines the concept of quality of bank loans of different types like Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of selected public and private sector banks. This study is highlighting problems associated with the role of commercial bank in financing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SME). The overall objective of the research was to assess the effect of the financing provisions existing for the setting up and operations of MSMEs in the country and to generate recommendations for more robust financing mechanisms for successful operation of the MSMEs, in turn understanding the impact of MSME loans on financial institutions due to NPA. There are many research conducted on the topic of Non- Performing Assets (NPA) Management, concerning particular bank, comparative study of public and private banks etc. In this paper the researcher is considering the aggregate data of selected public sector and private sector banks and attempts to compare the NPA of Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of public and private sector banks. The tools used in the study are average and Anova test and variance. The findings reveal that NPA is common problem for both public and private sector banks and is associated with all types of loans either that is housing loans, agriculture loans and loans to SMES. NPAs of both public and private sector banks show the increasing trend. In 2010-11 GNPA of public and private sector were at same level it was 2% but after 2010-11 it increased in many fold and at present there is GNPA in some more than 15%. It shows the dark area of Indian banking sector.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...IAEME Publication
An experiment conducted in this study found that BaSO4 changed Nylon 6's mechanical properties. By changing the weight ratios, BaSO4 was used to make Nylon 6. This Researcher looked into how hard Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites are and how well they wear. Experiments were done based on Taguchi design L9. Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites can be tested for their hardness number using a Rockwell hardness testing apparatus. On Nylon/BaSO4, the wear behavior was measured by a wear monitor, pinon-disc friction by varying reinforcement, sliding speed, and sliding distance, and the microstructure of the crack surfaces was observed by SEM. This study provides significant contributions to ultimate strength by increasing BaSO4 content up to 16% in the composites, and sliding speed contributes 72.45% to the wear rate
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...IAEME Publication
The majority of the population in India lives in villages. The village is the back bone of the country. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Developing the rural economy is one of the key indicators towards a country’s success. Whether it be the need to look after the welfare of the farmers or invest in rural infrastructure, Governments have to ensure that rural development isn’t compromised. The economic development of our country largely depends on the progress of rural areas and the standard of living of rural masses. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Rural entrepreneurship is based on stimulating local entrepreneurial talent and the subsequent growth of indigenous enterprises. It recognizes opportunity in the rural areas and accelerates a unique blend of resources either inside or outside of agriculture. Rural entrepreneurship brings an economic value to the rural sector by creating new methods of production, new markets, new products and generate employment opportunities thereby ensuring continuous rural development. Social Entrepreneurship has the direct and primary objective of serving the society along with the earning profits. So, social entrepreneurship is different from the economic entrepreneurship as its basic objective is not to earn profits but for providing innovative solutions to meet the society needs which are not taken care by majority of the entrepreneurs as they are in the business for profit making as a sole objective. So, the Social Entrepreneurs have the huge growth potential particularly in the developing countries like India where we have huge societal disparities in terms of the financial positions of the population. Still 22 percent of the Indian population is below the poverty line and also there is disparity among the rural & urban population in terms of families living under BPL. 25.7 percent of the rural population & 13.7 percent of the urban population is under BPL which clearly shows the disparity of the poor people in the rural and urban areas. The need to develop social entrepreneurship in agriculture is dictated by a large number of social problems. Such problems include low living standards, unemployment, and social tension. The reasons that led to the emergence of the practice of social entrepreneurship are the above factors. The research problem lays upon disclosing the importance of role of social entrepreneurship in rural development of India. The paper the tendencies of social entrepreneurship in India, to present successful examples of such business for providing recommendations how to improve situation in rural areas in terms of social entrepreneurship development. Indian government has made some steps towards development of social enterprises, social entrepreneurship, and social in- novation, but a lot remains to be improved.
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...IAEME Publication
Distribution system is a critical link between the electric power distributor and the consumers. Most of the distribution networks commonly used by the electric utility is the radial distribution network. However in this type of network, it has technical issues such as enormous power losses which affect the quality of the supply. Nowadays, the introduction of Distributed Generation (DG) units in the system help improve and support the voltage profile of the network as well as the performance of the system components through power loss mitigation. In this study network reconfiguration was done using two meta-heuristic algorithms Particle Swarm Optimization and Gravitational Search Algorithm (PSO-GSA) to enhance power quality and voltage profile in the system when simultaneously applied with the DG units. Backward/Forward Sweep Method was used in the load flow analysis and simulated using the MATLAB program. Five cases were considered in the Reconfiguration based on the contribution of DG units. The proposed method was tested using IEEE 33 bus system. Based on the results, there was a voltage profile improvement in the system from 0.9038 p.u. to 0.9594 p.u.. The integration of DG in the network also reduced power losses from 210.98 kW to 69.3963 kW. Simulated results are drawn to show the performance of each case.
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...IAEME Publication
Manufacturing industries have witnessed an outburst in productivity. For productivity improvement manufacturing industries are taking various initiatives by using lean tools and techniques. However, in different manufacturing industries, frugal approach is applied in product design and services as a tool for improvement. Frugal approach contributed to prove less is more and seems indirectly contributing to improve productivity. Hence, there is need to understand status of frugal approach application in manufacturing industries. All manufacturing industries are trying hard and putting continuous efforts for competitive existence. For productivity improvements, manufacturing industries are coming up with different effective and efficient solutions in manufacturing processes and operations. To overcome current challenges, manufacturing industries have started using frugal approach in product design and services. For this study, methodology adopted with both primary and secondary sources of data. For primary source interview and observation technique is used and for secondary source review has done based on available literatures in website, printed magazines, manual etc. An attempt has made for understanding application of frugal approach with the study of manufacturing industry project. Manufacturing industry selected for this project study is Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. This paper will help researcher to find the connections between the two concepts productivity improvement and frugal approach. This paper will help to understand significance of frugal approach for productivity improvement in manufacturing industry. This will also help to understand current scenario of frugal approach in manufacturing industry. In manufacturing industries various process are involved to deliver the final product. In the process of converting input in to output through manufacturing process productivity plays very critical role. Hence this study will help to evolve status of frugal approach in productivity improvement programme. The notion of frugal can be viewed as an approach towards productivity improvement in manufacturing industries.
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENTIAEME Publication
In this paper, we investigated a queuing model of fuzzy environment-based a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) and study its performance under realistic conditions. It applies a nonagonal fuzzy number to analyse the relevant performance of a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS). Based on the sub interval average ranking method for nonagonal fuzzy number, we convert fuzzy number to crisp one. Numerical results reveal that the efficiency of this method. Intuitively, the fuzzy environment adapts well to a multiple channel queuing models (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) are very well.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
UNLOCKING HEALTHCARE 4.0: NAVIGATING CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS FOR EFFECTIVE I...amsjournal
The Fourth Industrial Revolution is transforming industries, including healthcare, by integrating digital,
physical, and biological technologies. This study examines the integration of 4.0 technologies into
healthcare, identifying success factors and challenges through interviews with 70 stakeholders from 33
countries. Healthcare is evolving significantly, with varied objectives across nations aiming to improve
population health. The study explores stakeholders' perceptions on critical success factors, identifying
challenges such as insufficiently trained personnel, organizational silos, and structural barriers to data
exchange. Facilitators for integration include cost reduction initiatives and interoperability policies.
Technologies like IoT, Big Data, AI, Machine Learning, and robotics enhance diagnostics, treatment
precision, and real-time monitoring, reducing errors and optimizing resource utilization. Automation
improves employee satisfaction and patient care, while Blockchain and telemedicine drive cost reductions.
Successful integration requires skilled professionals and supportive policies, promising efficient resource
use, lower error rates, and accelerated processes, leading to optimized global healthcare outcomes.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
The CBC machine is a common diagnostic tool used by doctors to measure a patient's red blood cell count, white blood cell count and platelet count. The machine uses a small sample of the patient's blood, which is then placed into special tubes and analyzed. The results of the analysis are then displayed on a screen for the doctor to review. The CBC machine is an important tool for diagnosing various conditions, such as anemia, infection and leukemia. It can also help to monitor a patient's response to treatment.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
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DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
2. P. Syam Sai and Chandana Sukesh
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 39 editor@iaeme.com
Cite this Article: P. Syam Sai and Chandana Sukesh, Strength Properties of Concrete
By Using Red Mud as a Replacement of Cement with Hydrated Lime. International
Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 8(3), 2017, pp. 38–49.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=3
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. General
Bayer’s process for Alumina production uses Caustic and Bauxite as the main raw material
for Alumina production and generates Red mud which practically doesn’t have wide
industrial application and is generally dumped as a non-value by product in the backyards of
a Alumina Refinery called as Red Mud yard. Over the years the red mud produced were lying
in the yard not without any usage. Huge space of about 3.0 acres needed per annum to store
the Red Mud and dykes. But a breakthrough was made when MALCO discovered that red
mud could be tried as an alternative for the Low Grade Bauxite (LGB) which the cement
industries used for its cement production. An idea struck as why not try Red Mud in cement
industries instead of Bauxite as the composition of both are almost similar. It’s quite possible
as the cement industries were on the look out to make up for the deficiency of Alumina, in
their raw materials viz - Lime stone for Cement production.
Red mud is the industrial waste generated during the production of alumina. According to
the grade of raw material bauxite and the production process of alumina, red mud can be
divided into Bayer red mud and Sintering red mud Based on present technologies, there is
0.8~ 1.76 t red muds generated by each 1t alumina produced. It is reported that, there are up
to 3 million tons of red mud produced by China’s largest three alumina production bases
(Guizhou, Shandong and Henan) . The main reaction that occurs in the Bayer process (the
conversion of bauxite to sodium aluminate) can be schematized as follows:
1.2. Bayer Process
The Bayer process, as it has become known, is used for refining bauxite to smelting grade
alumina (aluminum oxide), the precursor to aluminum. Typically, depending upon the quality
of the ore, between 1.9 and 3.6 tons of bauxite is required to produce 1 tonn of alumina. The
Bayer process is a cyclic one and is often called Bayer cycle. It involves four steps: digestion,
clarification, precipitation, and calcinations.
1.3. Sinter Process
Sintering is a thermal treatment, below the melting temperature of the main constituent
material, which transforms a metallic or ceramic powder (or a powder compact) into a bulk
material containing, in most cases, residual porosity. The process of sintering brings about
certain physical as well as chemical changes in the material.
2. PROPERTIES OF RED MUD
2.1. Physical Properties of Red Mud
The following are the physical properties of the mud powder.
Generally fineness of red mud is varies between 1000-3000cm2
/gm.
Its PH is varies in between 10.5 to 12.5 hence alkaline in nature
Specific gravity of red mud is found to be 2.51
3. Strength Properties of Concrete By Using Red Mud as a Replacement of Cement with
Hydrated Lime
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2.2. Chemical Properties of Red Mud
Chemical properties of red mud are shown in below table it indicates that percentage of Cao
is vary less hence it has no cementitious properties but when it reacts with water and cements
it starts gaining cementitious properties. And also to improve this property we adding the
optimized percentage of lime (5%).
2.3. Composition of Red Mud and its Properties
Red Mud as such containing about 65% to 70% Solids with the remaining as moisture is a
thixotropic substance which exhibits shear thinning behavior i.e., when the shear rate is
increased, the apparent viscosity decreases. The following is the composition of the Dry Red
Mud
Table 1 Composition of red mud
COMPONENTS Al2O3 Fe2O3 SiO2 TiO2 CaO Na2O
WEIGHT % 20-22 40-45 12-15 1.8-2.0 1-2 4-5
3. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The major objectives of this study were:
To identify various industrial wastes suitable for utilization in cement manufacture.
To assess the compatibility of industrial solid waste as raw material/ blending material/
admixture.
Physico-chemical and mineralogical characterization of industrial wastes.
To examine the constraints related to utilization of industrial waste.
To make recommendations to promote utilization of industrial waste.
4. MATERIALS
4.1. Materials Used
4.1.1. Cement
Ordinary Portland cement of 53 grade was used in this study. The cement was tested
according to IS: 12269-1987.Different test were carried out on the cement to ensure that it
confirms to the requirements of the IS: 12269-1987specifications. Cement is a binder, a
substance used in construction that sets and hardens and can bind other materials together.
4.1.2. Fine Aggregates
It is the aggregate most of which passes 4.75 mm IS sieve and contains only so much coarser
as is permitted by specification. According to source fine aggregate may be described as: For
the present investigation, locally available river sand (coarse sand) conforming to Grading
Zone II of IS 383:1970 was used as fine aggregate.
4.1.3. Coarse Aggregates
Hard crushed granite stone, coarse aggregates confirming to graded aggregate of size,10mm
as per IS:383-1970 was used in the study According to size coarse aggregate is described as
graded aggregate of its nominal size
4. P. Syam Sai and Chandana Sukesh
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4.1.4. Water
Fresh and clean water is used for casting and curing of specimen. The water is relatively free
from organic matters, silt, oil, sugar, chloride and acidic material as per requirements of
Indian standard.
4.1.5. Hydrated Lime
We are known as a hydrated lime manufacturer, hydrated lime suppliers in India. Hydrated
lime, also known as calcium hydroxide. Pure hydrated lime power is popularly known as
calcium hydroxide or slaked lime. The controlled slacking of quicklime with water gives us
white dry power then the released heat of reaction is captured and the extra slaking water is
evaporated. The chemical formula of our pure hydrated lime is Ca(OH)2.Hydrated lime
having higher percentage of calcium hydroxide (90%) over low grade (65% purity) hydrated
lime.
4.1.6. Red Mud
Red mud is composed of a mixture of solid and metallic oxide-bearing impurities, and
presents one of the aluminum industry's most important disposal problems. The red colour is
caused by the oxidized iron present, which can make up to 60% of the mass of the red mud.
In addition to iron, the other dominant particles include silica, unbleached residual aluminum,
and titanium oxide. Red mud cannot be disposed of easily. As a waste product of the Bayer
process the mud is highly basic with a pH ranging from 10 to 13. The specific gravity is 2.64.
5. TEST PROCEDURE
5.1. Compressive Strength
5.1.1. Test Specimens
Totally 120 cubes (60 for M40 +60 for M50) of size 150 mm x 150 mm x 150 mm and were
cast to study the compressive strength of red mud concrete. Standard cast iron moulds were
used for casting the test specimens.
Figure 1 Compressive strength of red mud concrete equipment
5. Strength Properties of Concrete By Using Red Mud as a Replacement of Cement with
Hydrated Lime
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5.2. Split Tensile Strength
5.2.1. Test Specimens
Totally 60 cylinders (30 for M40 and 30 for M50) having a diameter of 150 mm and 300 mm
length were cast to evaluate the split tensile strength of red mud concrete. Standard cast iron
moulds were used for casting the test specimens.
Figure 2 Split tensile strength of red mud concrete equipment
5.3. Flexural Strength
5.3.1. Test Specimens
Totally eighteen prisms of size 500mmx100mm x100 mm were cast to study the flexural
strength of red mud concrete. Standard cast iron moulds were used for casting the test
specimens.
Figure 3 Flexural strength of red mud concrete equipment
6. P. Syam Sai and Chandana Sukesh
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6. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
6.1. Slump Cone Test
The test measures consistency of concrete in that specific batch. It is performed to check
consistency of freshly made concrete. Consistency refers to the ease with which concrete
flows. It is used to indicate degree of wetness
Table 2 Slump cone test results
% replacement of
cement
Hydrated lime (%)
Slump value (mm)
M40
Slump value (mm)
M50
00
5 25
27
05 5 26.5 28.5
10 5 27 30
15 5 28 32
20 5 29 34
Figure 4
6.2. Compaction Factor Test
Compaction factor test is primarily design as laboratory test but if required this test can be
done in field also. Compared to slump test, Compaction factor test is more sensitive and
accurate. This test is suitable for concrete mixes of very low workability.
Table 3 Compaction factor test
% replacement of
cement
Hydrated lime
(%)
Compaction factor
for Compaction factor for
M50 grade
M40 grade
0 5 0.86 0.87
5 5 0.88 0.89
10 5 0.91 0.91
15 5 0.93 0.93
20 5 0.94 0.95
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
0 5 10 15 20
slumpvalue
% of red mud
Slump value for M40 and M50
Slump value
(mm)M40
Slump value
(mm)M50
7. Strength Properties of Concrete By Using Red Mud as a Replacement of Cement with
Hydrated Lime
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Figure 5
Table 3 Compressive strength of concrete without hydrated lime
S.no
% red
mud
used
7 days
compressive
strength for
M40 grade
28 days
compressive
strength for M40
grade
7 days
compressive
strength for
M50 grade
28 days
compressive
strength for M50
grade
1 0% 29 51 35 62
2 5% 31 53 37 63.5
3 10% 33 55 39.5 66
4 15% 26 44 32 58
5 20% 22 38 28 52
Figure 6 Compressive strength of M40 grade concrete without hydrated lime
0.8
0.85
0.9
0.95
1
0 5 10 15 20
compactionfactor
% of red mud
Compaction factor for M40 and M50
Compaction
factor for M40
grade
Compaction
factor for M50
grade
20
30
40
50
60
0% 5% 10% 15% 20%
compressivestrength
% of red mud used
compressive strength of M40 for 7 days
and 28 days
7 days compressive
strength for M40
grade
compressive
strength of M 40
GRADE for 28 days
8. P. Syam Sai and Chandana Sukesh
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Figure 7 Compressive strength of M50 grade concrete without hydrated lime
Table 4 compressive strength of concrete with 5 % hydrated lime
S.no
% of
red
mud
7 days
compressive
strength for M40
grade
28 days
compressive
strength for M40
grade
7 days
compressive
strength for M50
grade
28 days
compressive
strength for M50
grade
1 0% 30 51 36 62
2 5% 32 54 38 64
3 10% 35 56 42 66
4 15% 24 48 34 52
5 20% 20 42 30 48
Figure 8 Compressive strength of M40 grade concrete with 5% hydrated lime
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0% 5% 10% 15% 20%
compressivestrength
% of red mud used
compressive strength of M50 for 7 days
and 28 days
7 days
compressive
strength for M50
grade
compressive
strength of M50
GRADE for 28 days
10
20
30
40
50
60
0% 5% 10% 15% 20%
compressivestrength
%of red mud used
compressive strength of M40 for 7 days
and 28 days
28 days
compressive
strength for M40
grade
7 days
compressive
strength for M40
grade
9. Strength Properties of Concrete By Using Red Mud as a Replacement of Cement with
Hydrated Lime
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Figure 9 Compressive strength of M50 grade concrete with 5% hydrated lime
6.3. Split Tensile Strength of Concrete
Table 5 Split tensile strength of concrete
S.no
% red
mud used
28days split
tensile
strength
without
hydrated lime
for M40 grade
28days split
tensile
strength with
5% hydrated
lime for M40
grade
28days split
tensile strength
without
hydrated lime
for M50 grade
28days split
tensile strength
with 5%
hydrated lime
for M50 grade
1 0% 5.1 5.1 6.2 6.2
2 5% 5.3 5.4 6.3 6.4
3 10% 5.4 5.6 6.6 6.6
4 15% 4.4 4.8 5.8 5.2
5 20% 3.8 4.2 5.2 4.8
Figure 10 Split tensile strength of concrete for M40 grade
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0% 5% 10% 15% 20%
compressivestrength
% of red mud used
compressive strength of M50 for 7 days
and 28 days
7 days
compressive
strength for M50
grade
28 days
compressive
strength for M50
grade
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
0% 5% 10% 15% 20%
splittensilestrength
% of red mud used
split tensile strength
28days split tensile
strength with 5%
hydrated lime for
M40 grade
28days split tensile
strength without
hydrated lime for
M40 grade
10. P. Syam Sai and Chandana Sukesh
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Figure 11 Split tensile strength of concrete for M50 grade
6.4. Flexural Strength of Red Mud Concrete
Table 6 flexural strength of red mud concrete
S.no
% red
mud used
28days
flexural
strength
without
hydrated lime
for M40 grade
concrete
28days
flexural
strength
with 5%
hydrated
lime for
M40 grade
concrete
28days
flexural
strength
without
hydrated lime
for M50
grade
28days flexural
strength with
5% hydrated
lime for M50
grade
1 0% 7.12 8.26 8.92 10.12
2 5% 5.26 5.82 6.4 7.52
3 10% 4.61 4.56 5.68 6.74
4 15% 3.91 4.32 5.2 6.32
5 20% 3.26 3.62 5.1 5.2
Figure 12 Flexural strength of M40 grade concrete
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0% 5% 10% 15% 20%
splittensilestrength
% of red mud used
split tensile strength
28days split tensile
strength with 5%
hydrated lime for
M50 grade
28days split tensile
strength without
hydrated lime for
M50 grade
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0% 5% 10% 15% 20%
flexuralstrength
% of red mud used
flexural strength of M40
28days flexural
strength with 5%
hydrated lime for
M40 grade
concrete
28days flexural
strength without
hydrated lime for
M40 grade
concrete
11. Strength Properties of Concrete By Using Red Mud as a Replacement of Cement with
Hydrated Lime
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Figure 13 Flexural strength of M50 grade concrete
7. CONCLUSIONS
From this research the following conclusions are:
The slump value is increasing with increase in the percentage of red mud in concrete for 5%
hydrated lime. Due to increase in the red mud leads to decrease in the quantity of cement
results in increase in the workability of concrete.
The compressive strength of M40 for 28 days at 0%,5%,10%,15%,20% is 51kN/m2
,53
kN/m2
,55 kN/m2
,44 kN/m2
, 38 kN/m2
respectively.
The compressive strength of M50 for 28 days at 0%,5%,10%,15%,20% is 62kN/m2
,63.5
kN/m2
,66 kN/m2
,58 kN/m2
, 52 kN/m2
respectively.
The compressive strength of M40with 5% hydrate lime for 28 days at 0%,5%,10%,15%,and
20% is 51kN/m2
,54 kN/m2
, 56 kN/m2
, 48 kN/m2
, 42 kN/m2
respectively.
The compressive strength of M50 with 5% hydrated lime for 28 days at0%,5%,10%,15%,20%
is 62kN/m2
,64 kN/m2
,66 kN/m2
,52 kN/m2
, 48 kN/m2
respectively.
The optimum value of the compressive strength of red mud concrete for 7 days curing was
observed at 10% red mud replacement. And also for 28 days compressive strength observed at
10% red mud replacement .The compressive strength of concrete using 5% hydrated lime is
more as compared with the concrete without hydrated lime.
The optimum value of split tensile strength by using hydrated lime and without using hydrated
lime are observed at 10% red mud replacement. And also split tensile strength is high for 5%
hydrated lime concrete.
The optimum value of flexural strength was observed at 0% replacement of red mud concrete
for both using hydrated lime and without using hydrated lime at 28days of curing. The
percentage economy is increased with the increase in the grade of concrete but at the same
time there is a reduction in the percentage increase in the Compressive Strength.
Red mud can be effectively used as replacement material for cement and replacement enables
the large utilization of waste product. Red mud did not effect of the cement properties, rather
improved the cement quality by way reducing the setting time & improved compressive
strength. Physical parameters of red mud are affected by calcination process
The surface area and the unitary mass decrease and the specific gravity increases, The results
of pozzolanic activity by chemical and physical methods were very satisfactory and indicate
the feasibility of red mud use as a pozzolan, in addition to Portland cement
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0% 5% 10% 15% 20%
flexuralstrength
% of red mud
flexural strength of M50
28days flexural
strength with 5%
hydrated lime for
M50 grade
28days flexural
strength without
hydrated lime for
M50 grade
12. P. Syam Sai and Chandana Sukesh
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 49 editor@iaeme.com
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