The present study encourages the use of waste materials copper slag (CS) and fly ash (FA) as
supplementary cement replacement materials in concrete. The combined effect of copper slag
and fly ash as a partial replacement of cement on flexural strength of concrete has been
investigated. Fifteen mixes were prepared at different replacement levels of copper slag (0 to
20% @ increment of 5%) and fly ash (0 to 10% @ increment of 5%) with cement. Three prisms
(150 mm X 150 mm X 700 mm) were casted and tested after 7 and 28-days of curing to
determine the flexural strength (modulus of rupture) for each mix. It was observed that the
flexural strength of concrete decreases as copper slag content increases for all curing ages. The
reduction in flexural strength was minor (4.30% to 7.60%) up to 10% of copper slag but beyond
10% of copper slag, there was significant reduction (24.70% to 34.21%) in flexural strength. The
addition of 5% and 10% fly ash with copper slag slightly reduced the flexural strength. It is
recommended that 10% of copper slag can be used as combined with 10% of fly ash as
maximum replacement of cement. The average flexural strength was within the permissible
values in accordance with the design specifications.
A Review on Potential of Utilizing Metal Industry Wastes in Construction Indu...ijsrd.com
This exploration work is an effort to develop the awareness & importance of industrial waste management & its utilization in productive manner in construction industry. In today's more environmentally-conscious world, a more responsible approach to the environment is to increase the use of by-products of one industry which is disposed off as a waste but can be used as a raw material for some other industry. Traditionally materials like clay, sand, stone, gravels, cement, brick, block, tiles, etc. are being used as major building materials in construction sector. All these materials have been produced from the existing natural resources and will have intrinsic distinctiveness for damaging the environment due to their continuous exploitation and increasing cost incrementally. Hence it is essential to find functional substitutes for conventional building materials in the construction industry. For above purpose the exploration study is carried out for understanding and determining the scope of utilization of waste from metal industry such as silica fume, copper slag, foundry waste sand and ground granulated blast furnace slag (metal industry) in construction industry. In our country annually huge quantities of wastes are produced by the industries. Instead of disposing-off these wastes if they are utilized in such a manner then it will provide an eco-friendly solution, simultaneously solving the problem of pollution and raising the step towards economy & obviously towards progress of the nation.
Experimental study on mechanical properties of m30 concrete with partial repl...eSAT Journals
Abstract The present investigation revealed the effect of using silica fume and copper slag as a partial replacement of cement and fine aggregate, respectively on the mechanical properties of the concrete. Due to the depletion of natural sand resource worldwide with the increment of industrial waste, simultaneously, partial replacements of fine aggregate with copper slag have been attempted. Therefore, the primary objective of this research work was to conduct the study on M30 concrete whose compressive, tensile and flexural strength was observed. For this study, the fixed amount of silica fume (10%) and the different proportion of copper slag (10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%) were replaced with cement and fine aggregate, respectively. Keywords: Copper slag, silica fume, by-produc
1. The document discusses using copper slag as a replacement for fine aggregate in concrete. Copper slag is an industrial byproduct generated during copper production.
2. The author reviews past studies that found copper slag can improve the strength and durability of concrete when used to replace up to 50% of fine aggregate. Properties like compressive strength and resistance to sulfate attack were enhanced.
3. However, replacing fine aggregate with more than 50% copper slag resulted in weaker concrete due to increased voids and microcracks in the material. The document concludes that copper slag is a viable partial replacement for fine aggregate in concrete.
This document summarizes a study that investigated using melted slag from a local wrought iron industry in Indonesia as a replacement for aggregates in concrete. The study characterized the physical properties of the slag, including gradation, specific gravity, bulk density, clay content, and abrasion resistance. The results found that the slag aggregates did not fully meet the specifications of common standards like ASTM and SNI for use as concrete aggregates. However, the slag fine aggregates could potentially be used in concrete if further treated, such as crushing to a smaller size and mixing with natural aggregates. The slag coarse aggregates also showed potential but would require treatment to improve properties like gradation. Overall, the study evaluated the feasibility of using this industrial waste slag as
The document discusses using industrial waste materials like fly ash, copper slag, marble dust, and gypsum to produce construction bricks. Various mixtures of these materials were tested at different weight proportions. Testing showed the optimal mix with desired properties was a 1:2:2 ratio of copper slag, gypsum, and fly ash. This mix achieved a compressive strength comparable to conventional bricks while utilizing industrial waste and avoiding environmental pollution from disposal of these byproducts. The bricks produced were also found to have low water absorption and no efflorescence. Using industrial wastes in this way provides an eco-friendly solution for waste management and construction materials.
Study on Strength Properties of Concrete with Partial Replacement of Fine Agg...IJERDJOURNAL
Abstract: One of the major challenges in our present society is the protection of environment. Some of the important elements in this respect are the reduction in the consumption of energy and natural raw materials and consumption of waste materials must be increased. This experimental study is to investigate the effect of using copper slag as a replacement of fine aggregate on the strength properties. The common management options for copper slag are recycling, recovering of metal, production of value added products such as abrasive tools, roofing granules, cutting tools, abrasive tiles, glass, rail road ballast, asphalt pavements. Despite increasing reusing of copper slag, the huge amounts of its annual production is disposed in dumps or stockpiles. In the present study experimental investigation has been carried out on M25 grade concrete is used and tests were conducted for various percentage replacement of fine aggregate with copper slag in concrete. The obtained results were compared with those of control concrete made with ordinary portland cement and sand. The use of copper slag in concrete provides potential environment as well as economic benefits for all related industries, particularly in areas where a considerable amount of copper slag is produced. This study reviews the characteristics of copper slag and its effect on the engineering properties of M25 grade concrete.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF USING STEEL SLAG AGGREGATE AND CRUSHED LIMESTONE IN ASPH...IAEME Publication
This document discusses a comparative study of using steel slag aggregate and crushed limestone in asphalt concrete mixtures. The study found the optimal bitumen content was 5.02% for mixtures using crushed limestone aggregate and 5.60% for mixtures using steel slag aggregate. Testing showed the Marshall stability of mixtures using steel slag aggregate was 1.50 higher than those using crushed limestone, indicating steel slag mixtures may better resist rutting in hot climates. Analysis of the aggregates found steel slag had higher voids and required more bitumen to fill those voids compared to crushed limestone.
Compressive strength of steel slag aggregate and artificial sand in concreteIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study on the compressive strength of concrete with steel slag aggregate and artificial sand. The study found that replacing coarse aggregate with 20% steel slag resulted in a 1.1 times increase in compressive strength compared to conventional concrete. Additionally, fully replacing natural sand with artificial sand in concrete supported the use of artificial sand as a sustainable alternative to natural sand. The document provides background on steel slag and artificial sand, details of the materials and experimental methods used, and the results of compressive strength testing of concrete cubes with varying percentages of steel slag aggregate replacement.
A Review on Potential of Utilizing Metal Industry Wastes in Construction Indu...ijsrd.com
This exploration work is an effort to develop the awareness & importance of industrial waste management & its utilization in productive manner in construction industry. In today's more environmentally-conscious world, a more responsible approach to the environment is to increase the use of by-products of one industry which is disposed off as a waste but can be used as a raw material for some other industry. Traditionally materials like clay, sand, stone, gravels, cement, brick, block, tiles, etc. are being used as major building materials in construction sector. All these materials have been produced from the existing natural resources and will have intrinsic distinctiveness for damaging the environment due to their continuous exploitation and increasing cost incrementally. Hence it is essential to find functional substitutes for conventional building materials in the construction industry. For above purpose the exploration study is carried out for understanding and determining the scope of utilization of waste from metal industry such as silica fume, copper slag, foundry waste sand and ground granulated blast furnace slag (metal industry) in construction industry. In our country annually huge quantities of wastes are produced by the industries. Instead of disposing-off these wastes if they are utilized in such a manner then it will provide an eco-friendly solution, simultaneously solving the problem of pollution and raising the step towards economy & obviously towards progress of the nation.
Experimental study on mechanical properties of m30 concrete with partial repl...eSAT Journals
Abstract The present investigation revealed the effect of using silica fume and copper slag as a partial replacement of cement and fine aggregate, respectively on the mechanical properties of the concrete. Due to the depletion of natural sand resource worldwide with the increment of industrial waste, simultaneously, partial replacements of fine aggregate with copper slag have been attempted. Therefore, the primary objective of this research work was to conduct the study on M30 concrete whose compressive, tensile and flexural strength was observed. For this study, the fixed amount of silica fume (10%) and the different proportion of copper slag (10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%) were replaced with cement and fine aggregate, respectively. Keywords: Copper slag, silica fume, by-produc
1. The document discusses using copper slag as a replacement for fine aggregate in concrete. Copper slag is an industrial byproduct generated during copper production.
2. The author reviews past studies that found copper slag can improve the strength and durability of concrete when used to replace up to 50% of fine aggregate. Properties like compressive strength and resistance to sulfate attack were enhanced.
3. However, replacing fine aggregate with more than 50% copper slag resulted in weaker concrete due to increased voids and microcracks in the material. The document concludes that copper slag is a viable partial replacement for fine aggregate in concrete.
This document summarizes a study that investigated using melted slag from a local wrought iron industry in Indonesia as a replacement for aggregates in concrete. The study characterized the physical properties of the slag, including gradation, specific gravity, bulk density, clay content, and abrasion resistance. The results found that the slag aggregates did not fully meet the specifications of common standards like ASTM and SNI for use as concrete aggregates. However, the slag fine aggregates could potentially be used in concrete if further treated, such as crushing to a smaller size and mixing with natural aggregates. The slag coarse aggregates also showed potential but would require treatment to improve properties like gradation. Overall, the study evaluated the feasibility of using this industrial waste slag as
The document discusses using industrial waste materials like fly ash, copper slag, marble dust, and gypsum to produce construction bricks. Various mixtures of these materials were tested at different weight proportions. Testing showed the optimal mix with desired properties was a 1:2:2 ratio of copper slag, gypsum, and fly ash. This mix achieved a compressive strength comparable to conventional bricks while utilizing industrial waste and avoiding environmental pollution from disposal of these byproducts. The bricks produced were also found to have low water absorption and no efflorescence. Using industrial wastes in this way provides an eco-friendly solution for waste management and construction materials.
Study on Strength Properties of Concrete with Partial Replacement of Fine Agg...IJERDJOURNAL
Abstract: One of the major challenges in our present society is the protection of environment. Some of the important elements in this respect are the reduction in the consumption of energy and natural raw materials and consumption of waste materials must be increased. This experimental study is to investigate the effect of using copper slag as a replacement of fine aggregate on the strength properties. The common management options for copper slag are recycling, recovering of metal, production of value added products such as abrasive tools, roofing granules, cutting tools, abrasive tiles, glass, rail road ballast, asphalt pavements. Despite increasing reusing of copper slag, the huge amounts of its annual production is disposed in dumps or stockpiles. In the present study experimental investigation has been carried out on M25 grade concrete is used and tests were conducted for various percentage replacement of fine aggregate with copper slag in concrete. The obtained results were compared with those of control concrete made with ordinary portland cement and sand. The use of copper slag in concrete provides potential environment as well as economic benefits for all related industries, particularly in areas where a considerable amount of copper slag is produced. This study reviews the characteristics of copper slag and its effect on the engineering properties of M25 grade concrete.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF USING STEEL SLAG AGGREGATE AND CRUSHED LIMESTONE IN ASPH...IAEME Publication
This document discusses a comparative study of using steel slag aggregate and crushed limestone in asphalt concrete mixtures. The study found the optimal bitumen content was 5.02% for mixtures using crushed limestone aggregate and 5.60% for mixtures using steel slag aggregate. Testing showed the Marshall stability of mixtures using steel slag aggregate was 1.50 higher than those using crushed limestone, indicating steel slag mixtures may better resist rutting in hot climates. Analysis of the aggregates found steel slag had higher voids and required more bitumen to fill those voids compared to crushed limestone.
Compressive strength of steel slag aggregate and artificial sand in concreteIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study on the compressive strength of concrete with steel slag aggregate and artificial sand. The study found that replacing coarse aggregate with 20% steel slag resulted in a 1.1 times increase in compressive strength compared to conventional concrete. Additionally, fully replacing natural sand with artificial sand in concrete supported the use of artificial sand as a sustainable alternative to natural sand. The document provides background on steel slag and artificial sand, details of the materials and experimental methods used, and the results of compressive strength testing of concrete cubes with varying percentages of steel slag aggregate replacement.
Effect of using granulated steel slag in concrete mixes as an fine aggregate ...eSAT Journals
Abstract Steel slag is a waste product generated during the production of steel. These wastes are disposed in the form of landfills causes an enormous amount of land pollution. So for the increasing demand to protect the normal environment, especially in build-up areas, the needs to use these wastes are very important. In this paper, two types of concrete mixes were prepared with the different mixes for each type i.e. low strength and high strength concrete namely M25 and M50 respectively. The compressive, split tensile and flexural properties of concrete containing steel slag are compared with that of concrete containing river sand and also manufactured sand. But in this paper only the effect of using granulated steel slag in concrete mixes as an fine agate on compressive strength and workability is discussed. The properties of steel slag are also verified with the addition of GGBS (Ground Granulated Blast Furnace slag) as a replacement for cement. Keywords: River sand, steel slag, OPC, GGBS, M Sand, compressive strength.
Steel slag utilization — overview in indian perspective.Manoj Kumar Tiwari
This document provides an overview of steel slag utilization in India. It discusses that India currently produces around 12 million tonnes of steel slag per year, but utilization is limited. Most steel slag is dumped, occupying agricultural land and polluting the environment. The document reviews the chemical composition and properties of steel slag. It examines various potential uses for steel slag as a recycled material in construction applications like road aggregate and cement production. The goal is to evaluate steel slag as a natural resource alternative and identify valuable uses to improve utilization in India.
The document discusses using fly ash as a partial replacement for cement in concrete. Fly ash is a byproduct of coal combustion in power plants. There are two classes of fly ash - Class F contains less than 7% lime and requires a cementing agent, while Class C has self-cementing properties due to more than 20% lime. The document explores the physical, chemical and geotechnical properties of fly ash. It finds that replacing cement with fly ash in concrete can improve strength, durability and reduce costs and CO2 emissions compared to traditional concrete. Common uses of fly ash include concrete, bricks/blocks, road construction and mine filling.
Experimental Investigation of Properties of Concrete with Partial Replacement...ijtsrd
Natural resources are depleting worldwide while at the same time the generated wastes from the industry are increasing substantially. The sustainable development for construction involves the use of nonconventional and innovative materials, and recycling of waste materials in order to compensate the lack of natural resources and to find alternative ways conserving the environment. So, this paper presents the results of an experimental investigation carried out to evaluate the mechanical properties of concrete mixtures in which fine aggregate sand was replaced with Copper Slag. The fine aggregates sand was replaced with percentages 0 for the control mixture , 10 , 20 , 30 , 40 , 50 , 60 , 80 , and 100 of Copper Slag by weight. Tests were performed for properties of fresh concrete and Hardened Concrete. Compressive strength and Flexural strength were determined at 7, 28 and 56days. The results indicate that workability increases with increase in Copper Slag percentage. Test results indicate significant improvement in the strength properties of plain concrete by the inclusion of up to 80 Copper slag as replacement of fine aggregate sand , and can be effectively used in structural concrete. Also as percentage of Copper Slag increased the density of concrete increased. The workability of concrete increased with increase in percentage of copper slag. Toughness of copper slag is found to be more, which increases the compressive and flexural strength of concrete. Achal Jain | Nitin Thakur "Experimental Investigation of Properties of Concrete with Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregates through Copper Slag and Coarse Aggregates by Recycled Aggregates" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd28103.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/28103/experimental-investigation-of-properties-of-concrete-with-partial-replacement-of-fine-aggregates-through-copper-slag-and-coarse-aggregates-by-recycled-aggregates/achal-jain
Compressive strength variability of brown coal fly ash geopolymer concreteeSAT Publishing House
The document summarizes research investigating the compressive strength variability of geopolymer concrete made with brown coal fly ash as a binder. Testing of six mixes of geopolymer concrete found a large range in 28-day compressive strengths, from 43.81 MPa to 7.21 MPa. Additional chemical analysis found significant variability in the chemical composition of samples from the same brown coal fly ash source, particularly in the silicon dioxide and aluminum oxide contents. This variability is believed to contribute to the variability in compressive strengths and suggests the need for pretreatment and refinement of brown coal fly ash to produce more consistent geopolymer concrete.
Study on Behaviour of Concrete Mix Replaceing Fine Aggregate With Steel Slag ...IJERA Editor
This paper aims to study experimentally, the effect of partial replacement of fine aggregate by steel slag (ss), on
the various strength and durability properties of concrete by using the mix designs .the optimum percentage of
replacement of fine aggregate by steel slag is found. Workability of concrete gradually decreases, as the
percentage of replacement increases which is found using slump test. Compressive strength, tensile strength,
flexural strength and durability tests such as acid resistant’s, using HCL,H2SO4 and rapid chloride penetration,
are experimentally investigated.
The results indicate that for conventional concrete, partial replacement of concrete by steel slag improves the
compressive, tensile, flexural strength. The mass loss in cubes after immersion in acids is found to be very low.
Deflection in the RCC beams gradually increases, as the load on the beam increases, for the replacement. The
degree of fluoride ion penetrability is assessed based on the limits given in ASTM C 1202. The viability of use
of steel slag in concrete is found.
Waste management is one of the most common and challenging problems in the world. The steel making
industry has generated substantially solid waste. Steel slag is a residue obtained in steel making operation. This
paper deals with the implementation of steel slag as an effective replacement for sand. Steel slag ,which is
consider as the solid waste pollutant, can be used for road construction ,clinker raw materials, filling materials
etc. In this work, steel slag used as replacement for sand, which is also major component concrete mixture. This
method can be implement for producing hallow blocks, solid blocks, paver blocks, concrete structures etc.
Accordingly, advantages can be achieved by using steel slag instead of natural aggregates this will also
encourage other researchers to find another field of using steel slag.
Effect on Compressive Strength of Concrete by Partial Replacement of Cement w...IRJET Journal
- The document examines the effect of partial cement replacement with fly ash on the compressive strength of concrete.
- Tests were conducted on concrete cubes with 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% fly ash replacement. Results showed compressive strength decreased with higher fly ash content.
- At 28 days, strength was reduced by 4.57%, 12.2%, and 20.55% for 10%, 20%, and 30% fly ash replacement respectively. Workability increased with more fly ash.
Experimental Study on Mechanical Properties of Sintered Fly Ash Aggregate in ...ijtsrd
"There is heavy demand for the building materials in the domestic market, which is becoming scarce day by day. Presently in India the power sector depends on coal based thermal power station, which produce a huge amount of fly ash approximately to be around 200 million tones annually. The mass utilization of fly ash in concrete, essentially focused on sintered fly ash aggregate replaced by natural coarse aggregate is thought of in this investigation. Anupriya T | Jayapal A ""Experimental Study on Mechanical Properties of Sintered Fly Ash Aggregate in Concrete"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21679.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/21679/experimental-study-on-mechanical-properties-of-sintered-fly-ash-aggregate-in-concrete/anupriya-t"
Investigation of Crack Width Development in Reinforced Concrete Beams Using F...IJERA Editor
Due to increase in thermal power plants in India lot of fly ash is produced. The disposal of fly ash causes
negative impact on the environment in the way of water pollution, air pollution and finally effect on the eco
system. Hence disposal of fly ash is challenging task for engineers.
Lot of earlier investigations reported that fly ash has some cementing properties it can be replaced as cement
upto some percentage. Hence in this investigation an attempt has been made to replace the cement by fly ash
and investigated the resulting properties.
Experimental Study on Effect of Wood Ash on Strength of ConcreteIRJET Journal
This study investigated the effect of wood ash as a partial replacement for cement in concrete. Concrete cubes were made with 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% replacements of cement with wood ash by weight. The cubes were tested for compressive strength at 7 and 28 days. Results showed that compressive strength initially decreased with higher wood ash content but improved significantly after 28 days. The 20% wood ash mix performed best, showing improvements in compressive strength over normal concrete at 28 days. It was concluded that 20% is the optimum wood ash replacement amount to gain strength benefits while using less cement.
Relative influences of stress paths with different initial soil states on stressIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study that partially replaced cement and sand in concrete with wood ash and quarry dust to examine the strength properties. Wood ash and quarry dust are industrial byproducts that can potentially be used as supplementary cementitious materials. The study developed concrete mixes with varying replacement levels of wood ash for cement and quarry dust for sand. The compressive strength of the concrete mixtures was then tested at different curing periods. The results showed that compressive strength decreased with higher levels of wood ash but increased with longer curing times. An optimal replacement level of 45% sand with quarry dust was also identified. The aim was to utilize industrial waste materials to reduce the cost and environmental impact of concrete production.
Partial replacement of wood ash and quarry dust with cement and sand to studyIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study that partially replaced cement and sand in concrete with wood ash and quarry dust to examine the strength properties. Wood ash and quarry dust are industrial byproducts that can potentially be used as supplementary cementitious materials. The study developed concrete mixes with varying replacement levels of wood ash for cement and quarry dust for sand. The compressive strength of the concrete mixtures was then tested at different curing periods. The results showed that compressive strength decreased with higher levels of wood ash but increased with longer curing times. An optimal replacement level of 45% sand with quarry dust was also identified. The aim was to utilize industrial waste materials to reduce the cost and environmental impact of concrete production.
Utilisation of Fly Ash in Cement ConcretePramey Zode
This document discusses the use of fly ash as a partial replacement for cement in concrete. Fly ash is a byproduct of coal combustion in thermal power plants. Using fly ash in concrete can reduce costs, improve workability and durability, and provide environmental benefits by reducing the amount of cement needed. The document examines the chemical properties of fly ash and how it reacts with cement. It recommends using fly ash to replace up to 50% of cement in high-volume fly ash concrete, which can further improve sustainability and concrete performance.
1. The document reviews research on possible materials for producing geopolymer concrete and its performance with and without fiber addition. Common materials used in geopolymer concrete production include fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag, red mud, microsilica, metakaolin, and rice husk ash. An activator solution of sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate is also required.
2. Studies have found that compressive strength of geopolymer concrete generally increases with higher molarity of the sodium hydroxide solution and when cured in a hot air oven compared to curing in direct sunlight. The addition of rice husk ash or metakaolin to geopolymer mixtures can also increase strength,
Utilization of pond fly ash as a partial replacement in fine aggregate with u...eSAT Journals
Abstract Due to increase in the growth of industrial sectors the power requirement of the country is rapidly increasing. India depends on Thermal Power as its main source, thus increase in power requirement every year. Present scenario of our country shows 75 % of country’s total installed power generation is thermal of which coal-based generation is 90%. The coal reserves of the country are predominately of lower grades (average of 35% ash content), non cooking and as a result more than 110 million MT coal ash is being generated every year. Ash generation may likely reach to 170 million MT by 2012. Use of coal brings huge amount of ash every year. Lots of research has been carried out for effective utilization of fly ash in construction industries due to its fine particles and Pozzolonic properties. But little literature is available on pond ash utilization. Pond ash being coarser and less Pozzolonic than fly ash can be used as fine aggregates in concrete by partial replacement of sand. As per M60 Mix Design in this project we will replace the alccofine and fine fly ash partially with cement and pond fly ash as a replacement of fine aggregate. In mix G1, G2, G3 we will replace cement with alccofine 4% and fine fly ash 26% and pond fly ash varies 10%, 20%, and 30% as replacement of F.A. Similarly in mix G4,G5,G6 alccofine 6% and fine fly ash 24% and pond fly ash same as 10%,20%,30%. The Concrete specimens will tested at different age level for Mechanical Properties of concrete, namely, Cube Compressive Strength, Split Tensile Strength, Flexural Strength with other properties such as Compacting Factor, with respect to 7,28,56,90 Days strength. The main aim of our study as project is to get the economical and eco friendly High strength Concrete (HSC).
Compressive Strength of Concrete with Partial Replacement of Cement by Fly Ashijtsrd
This document presents the results of an experimental study that investigated the compressive strength of concrete with partial replacement of cement by fly ash. Fly ash is a byproduct of coal combustion that can be used as a supplementary cementitious material in concrete. The study aimed to determine the workability and compressive strength of M25 grade concrete with 0-20% replacement of Portland pozzolana cement (PPC) by fly ash. Concrete mixes were designed according to IS 10262-2009 and tested for slump and compressive strength at 7 and 28 days. The results showed that up to 20% replacement of PPC with fly ash did not significantly compromise the compressive strength of the concrete.
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This document discusses the use of steel slag as an alternative to natural aggregates in road pavements. It summarizes previous research showing steel slag has properties suitable for use in asphalt mixtures. The study characterized mixtures using steel slag to replace fine aggregates and filler in asphalt. It also used steel slag in cementitious foundation layers beneath the asphalt. Testing found the steel slag increased stiffness in both the asphalt and cementitious mixtures. The goal was to promote more sustainable road construction using recycled industrial byproducts instead of raw natural materials.
IRJET- Experimental Study of Concrete with Copper Slag for Partial Replac...IRJET Journal
This document presents an experimental study on the use of copper slag as a partial replacement for fine aggregate in concrete. Copper slag is an industrial waste produced during copper smelting and refining. The study aims to utilize this waste material in concrete without compromising strength and durability. Concrete cubes of M20 grade were produced by replacing fine aggregate with 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% copper slag. The compressive strength of the cubes was then tested and compared to conventional concrete without slag to determine the effect of copper slag replacement on strength.
High volume fly ash concrete is a concrete where a replacement of about 35% or more of cement is made with the usage of fly ash.
Fly ash concrete is an eco-friendly construction material in which fly ash replaces a part of Portland cement.
A Review on Utilization of Copper Slag and Silica Fume in Geotechnical Engine...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the utilization of copper slag and silica fume in geotechnical engineering applications. Copper slag and silica fume are industrial byproducts that can be used to improve soil properties. When mixed with soil, they act as stabilizing agents, improving strength, workability and other characteristics. Studies have shown that copper slag can replace up to 40% of cement in concrete and improve properties when mixed with soil at a ratio of 30% copper slag to 70% soil. Silica fume reduces cracking in compacted clay and increases soil strength. Both materials have pozzolanic properties that improve binding in soils and can be used in applications like subgrades, retaining walls and embankments.
Effect of using granulated steel slag in concrete mixes as an fine aggregate ...eSAT Journals
Abstract Steel slag is a waste product generated during the production of steel. These wastes are disposed in the form of landfills causes an enormous amount of land pollution. So for the increasing demand to protect the normal environment, especially in build-up areas, the needs to use these wastes are very important. In this paper, two types of concrete mixes were prepared with the different mixes for each type i.e. low strength and high strength concrete namely M25 and M50 respectively. The compressive, split tensile and flexural properties of concrete containing steel slag are compared with that of concrete containing river sand and also manufactured sand. But in this paper only the effect of using granulated steel slag in concrete mixes as an fine agate on compressive strength and workability is discussed. The properties of steel slag are also verified with the addition of GGBS (Ground Granulated Blast Furnace slag) as a replacement for cement. Keywords: River sand, steel slag, OPC, GGBS, M Sand, compressive strength.
Steel slag utilization — overview in indian perspective.Manoj Kumar Tiwari
This document provides an overview of steel slag utilization in India. It discusses that India currently produces around 12 million tonnes of steel slag per year, but utilization is limited. Most steel slag is dumped, occupying agricultural land and polluting the environment. The document reviews the chemical composition and properties of steel slag. It examines various potential uses for steel slag as a recycled material in construction applications like road aggregate and cement production. The goal is to evaluate steel slag as a natural resource alternative and identify valuable uses to improve utilization in India.
The document discusses using fly ash as a partial replacement for cement in concrete. Fly ash is a byproduct of coal combustion in power plants. There are two classes of fly ash - Class F contains less than 7% lime and requires a cementing agent, while Class C has self-cementing properties due to more than 20% lime. The document explores the physical, chemical and geotechnical properties of fly ash. It finds that replacing cement with fly ash in concrete can improve strength, durability and reduce costs and CO2 emissions compared to traditional concrete. Common uses of fly ash include concrete, bricks/blocks, road construction and mine filling.
Experimental Investigation of Properties of Concrete with Partial Replacement...ijtsrd
Natural resources are depleting worldwide while at the same time the generated wastes from the industry are increasing substantially. The sustainable development for construction involves the use of nonconventional and innovative materials, and recycling of waste materials in order to compensate the lack of natural resources and to find alternative ways conserving the environment. So, this paper presents the results of an experimental investigation carried out to evaluate the mechanical properties of concrete mixtures in which fine aggregate sand was replaced with Copper Slag. The fine aggregates sand was replaced with percentages 0 for the control mixture , 10 , 20 , 30 , 40 , 50 , 60 , 80 , and 100 of Copper Slag by weight. Tests were performed for properties of fresh concrete and Hardened Concrete. Compressive strength and Flexural strength were determined at 7, 28 and 56days. The results indicate that workability increases with increase in Copper Slag percentage. Test results indicate significant improvement in the strength properties of plain concrete by the inclusion of up to 80 Copper slag as replacement of fine aggregate sand , and can be effectively used in structural concrete. Also as percentage of Copper Slag increased the density of concrete increased. The workability of concrete increased with increase in percentage of copper slag. Toughness of copper slag is found to be more, which increases the compressive and flexural strength of concrete. Achal Jain | Nitin Thakur "Experimental Investigation of Properties of Concrete with Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregates through Copper Slag and Coarse Aggregates by Recycled Aggregates" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd28103.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/28103/experimental-investigation-of-properties-of-concrete-with-partial-replacement-of-fine-aggregates-through-copper-slag-and-coarse-aggregates-by-recycled-aggregates/achal-jain
Compressive strength variability of brown coal fly ash geopolymer concreteeSAT Publishing House
The document summarizes research investigating the compressive strength variability of geopolymer concrete made with brown coal fly ash as a binder. Testing of six mixes of geopolymer concrete found a large range in 28-day compressive strengths, from 43.81 MPa to 7.21 MPa. Additional chemical analysis found significant variability in the chemical composition of samples from the same brown coal fly ash source, particularly in the silicon dioxide and aluminum oxide contents. This variability is believed to contribute to the variability in compressive strengths and suggests the need for pretreatment and refinement of brown coal fly ash to produce more consistent geopolymer concrete.
Study on Behaviour of Concrete Mix Replaceing Fine Aggregate With Steel Slag ...IJERA Editor
This paper aims to study experimentally, the effect of partial replacement of fine aggregate by steel slag (ss), on
the various strength and durability properties of concrete by using the mix designs .the optimum percentage of
replacement of fine aggregate by steel slag is found. Workability of concrete gradually decreases, as the
percentage of replacement increases which is found using slump test. Compressive strength, tensile strength,
flexural strength and durability tests such as acid resistant’s, using HCL,H2SO4 and rapid chloride penetration,
are experimentally investigated.
The results indicate that for conventional concrete, partial replacement of concrete by steel slag improves the
compressive, tensile, flexural strength. The mass loss in cubes after immersion in acids is found to be very low.
Deflection in the RCC beams gradually increases, as the load on the beam increases, for the replacement. The
degree of fluoride ion penetrability is assessed based on the limits given in ASTM C 1202. The viability of use
of steel slag in concrete is found.
Waste management is one of the most common and challenging problems in the world. The steel making
industry has generated substantially solid waste. Steel slag is a residue obtained in steel making operation. This
paper deals with the implementation of steel slag as an effective replacement for sand. Steel slag ,which is
consider as the solid waste pollutant, can be used for road construction ,clinker raw materials, filling materials
etc. In this work, steel slag used as replacement for sand, which is also major component concrete mixture. This
method can be implement for producing hallow blocks, solid blocks, paver blocks, concrete structures etc.
Accordingly, advantages can be achieved by using steel slag instead of natural aggregates this will also
encourage other researchers to find another field of using steel slag.
Effect on Compressive Strength of Concrete by Partial Replacement of Cement w...IRJET Journal
- The document examines the effect of partial cement replacement with fly ash on the compressive strength of concrete.
- Tests were conducted on concrete cubes with 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% fly ash replacement. Results showed compressive strength decreased with higher fly ash content.
- At 28 days, strength was reduced by 4.57%, 12.2%, and 20.55% for 10%, 20%, and 30% fly ash replacement respectively. Workability increased with more fly ash.
Experimental Study on Mechanical Properties of Sintered Fly Ash Aggregate in ...ijtsrd
"There is heavy demand for the building materials in the domestic market, which is becoming scarce day by day. Presently in India the power sector depends on coal based thermal power station, which produce a huge amount of fly ash approximately to be around 200 million tones annually. The mass utilization of fly ash in concrete, essentially focused on sintered fly ash aggregate replaced by natural coarse aggregate is thought of in this investigation. Anupriya T | Jayapal A ""Experimental Study on Mechanical Properties of Sintered Fly Ash Aggregate in Concrete"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21679.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/21679/experimental-study-on-mechanical-properties-of-sintered-fly-ash-aggregate-in-concrete/anupriya-t"
Investigation of Crack Width Development in Reinforced Concrete Beams Using F...IJERA Editor
Due to increase in thermal power plants in India lot of fly ash is produced. The disposal of fly ash causes
negative impact on the environment in the way of water pollution, air pollution and finally effect on the eco
system. Hence disposal of fly ash is challenging task for engineers.
Lot of earlier investigations reported that fly ash has some cementing properties it can be replaced as cement
upto some percentage. Hence in this investigation an attempt has been made to replace the cement by fly ash
and investigated the resulting properties.
Experimental Study on Effect of Wood Ash on Strength of ConcreteIRJET Journal
This study investigated the effect of wood ash as a partial replacement for cement in concrete. Concrete cubes were made with 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% replacements of cement with wood ash by weight. The cubes were tested for compressive strength at 7 and 28 days. Results showed that compressive strength initially decreased with higher wood ash content but improved significantly after 28 days. The 20% wood ash mix performed best, showing improvements in compressive strength over normal concrete at 28 days. It was concluded that 20% is the optimum wood ash replacement amount to gain strength benefits while using less cement.
Relative influences of stress paths with different initial soil states on stressIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study that partially replaced cement and sand in concrete with wood ash and quarry dust to examine the strength properties. Wood ash and quarry dust are industrial byproducts that can potentially be used as supplementary cementitious materials. The study developed concrete mixes with varying replacement levels of wood ash for cement and quarry dust for sand. The compressive strength of the concrete mixtures was then tested at different curing periods. The results showed that compressive strength decreased with higher levels of wood ash but increased with longer curing times. An optimal replacement level of 45% sand with quarry dust was also identified. The aim was to utilize industrial waste materials to reduce the cost and environmental impact of concrete production.
Partial replacement of wood ash and quarry dust with cement and sand to studyIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study that partially replaced cement and sand in concrete with wood ash and quarry dust to examine the strength properties. Wood ash and quarry dust are industrial byproducts that can potentially be used as supplementary cementitious materials. The study developed concrete mixes with varying replacement levels of wood ash for cement and quarry dust for sand. The compressive strength of the concrete mixtures was then tested at different curing periods. The results showed that compressive strength decreased with higher levels of wood ash but increased with longer curing times. An optimal replacement level of 45% sand with quarry dust was also identified. The aim was to utilize industrial waste materials to reduce the cost and environmental impact of concrete production.
Utilisation of Fly Ash in Cement ConcretePramey Zode
This document discusses the use of fly ash as a partial replacement for cement in concrete. Fly ash is a byproduct of coal combustion in thermal power plants. Using fly ash in concrete can reduce costs, improve workability and durability, and provide environmental benefits by reducing the amount of cement needed. The document examines the chemical properties of fly ash and how it reacts with cement. It recommends using fly ash to replace up to 50% of cement in high-volume fly ash concrete, which can further improve sustainability and concrete performance.
1. The document reviews research on possible materials for producing geopolymer concrete and its performance with and without fiber addition. Common materials used in geopolymer concrete production include fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag, red mud, microsilica, metakaolin, and rice husk ash. An activator solution of sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate is also required.
2. Studies have found that compressive strength of geopolymer concrete generally increases with higher molarity of the sodium hydroxide solution and when cured in a hot air oven compared to curing in direct sunlight. The addition of rice husk ash or metakaolin to geopolymer mixtures can also increase strength,
Utilization of pond fly ash as a partial replacement in fine aggregate with u...eSAT Journals
Abstract Due to increase in the growth of industrial sectors the power requirement of the country is rapidly increasing. India depends on Thermal Power as its main source, thus increase in power requirement every year. Present scenario of our country shows 75 % of country’s total installed power generation is thermal of which coal-based generation is 90%. The coal reserves of the country are predominately of lower grades (average of 35% ash content), non cooking and as a result more than 110 million MT coal ash is being generated every year. Ash generation may likely reach to 170 million MT by 2012. Use of coal brings huge amount of ash every year. Lots of research has been carried out for effective utilization of fly ash in construction industries due to its fine particles and Pozzolonic properties. But little literature is available on pond ash utilization. Pond ash being coarser and less Pozzolonic than fly ash can be used as fine aggregates in concrete by partial replacement of sand. As per M60 Mix Design in this project we will replace the alccofine and fine fly ash partially with cement and pond fly ash as a replacement of fine aggregate. In mix G1, G2, G3 we will replace cement with alccofine 4% and fine fly ash 26% and pond fly ash varies 10%, 20%, and 30% as replacement of F.A. Similarly in mix G4,G5,G6 alccofine 6% and fine fly ash 24% and pond fly ash same as 10%,20%,30%. The Concrete specimens will tested at different age level for Mechanical Properties of concrete, namely, Cube Compressive Strength, Split Tensile Strength, Flexural Strength with other properties such as Compacting Factor, with respect to 7,28,56,90 Days strength. The main aim of our study as project is to get the economical and eco friendly High strength Concrete (HSC).
Compressive Strength of Concrete with Partial Replacement of Cement by Fly Ashijtsrd
This document presents the results of an experimental study that investigated the compressive strength of concrete with partial replacement of cement by fly ash. Fly ash is a byproduct of coal combustion that can be used as a supplementary cementitious material in concrete. The study aimed to determine the workability and compressive strength of M25 grade concrete with 0-20% replacement of Portland pozzolana cement (PPC) by fly ash. Concrete mixes were designed according to IS 10262-2009 and tested for slump and compressive strength at 7 and 28 days. The results showed that up to 20% replacement of PPC with fly ash did not significantly compromise the compressive strength of the concrete.
Fly ash is a fine powder that is a byproduct of burning pulverized coal in electric generation power plants.
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This document discusses the use of steel slag as an alternative to natural aggregates in road pavements. It summarizes previous research showing steel slag has properties suitable for use in asphalt mixtures. The study characterized mixtures using steel slag to replace fine aggregates and filler in asphalt. It also used steel slag in cementitious foundation layers beneath the asphalt. Testing found the steel slag increased stiffness in both the asphalt and cementitious mixtures. The goal was to promote more sustainable road construction using recycled industrial byproducts instead of raw natural materials.
IRJET- Experimental Study of Concrete with Copper Slag for Partial Replac...IRJET Journal
This document presents an experimental study on the use of copper slag as a partial replacement for fine aggregate in concrete. Copper slag is an industrial waste produced during copper smelting and refining. The study aims to utilize this waste material in concrete without compromising strength and durability. Concrete cubes of M20 grade were produced by replacing fine aggregate with 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% copper slag. The compressive strength of the cubes was then tested and compared to conventional concrete without slag to determine the effect of copper slag replacement on strength.
High volume fly ash concrete is a concrete where a replacement of about 35% or more of cement is made with the usage of fly ash.
Fly ash concrete is an eco-friendly construction material in which fly ash replaces a part of Portland cement.
A Review on Utilization of Copper Slag and Silica Fume in Geotechnical Engine...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the utilization of copper slag and silica fume in geotechnical engineering applications. Copper slag and silica fume are industrial byproducts that can be used to improve soil properties. When mixed with soil, they act as stabilizing agents, improving strength, workability and other characteristics. Studies have shown that copper slag can replace up to 40% of cement in concrete and improve properties when mixed with soil at a ratio of 30% copper slag to 70% soil. Silica fume reduces cracking in compacted clay and increases soil strength. Both materials have pozzolanic properties that improve binding in soils and can be used in applications like subgrades, retaining walls and embankments.
This document summarizes research on reusing copper slag in concrete. Copper slag is a byproduct of copper manufacturing that comprises various oxides such as iron, silicon, aluminum and calcium. Studies have shown copper slag can replace Portland cement or aggregates in concrete due to its physical and mechanical properties. The document reviews research on using copper slag in cement production, blended cement, as a concrete aggregate replacement, and as a partial replacement for cement or both cement and sand in concrete. Some studies found compressive and flexural strength increased with copper slag replacements up to certain levels. The document provides context on copper slag production and composition before summarizing key studies.
Partial Replacement of Sand with Copper Slag in Cement Concrete An Experiment...ijtsrd
Copper slag is a by product obtained during matte smelting and refining of copper. The common management options for copper slag are recycling, recovering of metal, production of value added products such as abrasive tools, roofing granules, cutting tools, abrasive, tiles, glass, road base construction, railroad ballast, asphalt pavements. Despite increasing rate of reusing copper slag, the huge amount of its annual production is disposed in dumps or stockpiles to date. One of the greatest potential applications for reusing copper slag is in cement and concrete production. Many researchers have investigated the use of copper slag in the production of cement, mortar and concrete as raw materials for clinker, cement replacement, coarse and fine aggregates. The use of copper slag in cement and concrete provides potential environmental as well as economic benefits for all related industries, particularly in areas where a considerable amount of copper slag is produced. This paper studied the engineering characteristics of copper slag and its effects on the properties of cement concrete. When copper slag is used as a raw material for clinker production, it can act as both iron adjusting and mineralizing component. Further, it also improves the grind ability of the clinker. When it is used as a cement replacement or an aggregate replacement, the cement concrete containing different forms of copper slag have good performance in comparison with conventional concrete. Compressive strength of concrete at 0 copper slag is 29.98 N mm2, 10 copper slag is 31.67 N mm2, 20 copper slag is 36.90 N mm2, 30 copper slag is 39.42 N mm2, 40 copper slag is 45.07 N mm2, 50 copper slag is 28.80 N mm2 and for 60 copper slag is 35.65 N mm2. Split tensile strength of concrete at 0 copper slag is 2.80 N mm2, 10 copper slag is 3.12 N mm2, 20 copper slag is 3.51 N mm2, 30 copper slag is 3.87 N mm2, 40 copper slag is 3.93 N mm2, 50 copper slag is 3.60 N mm2 and for 60 copper slag is 3.45 N mm2. Flexural strength of concrete at 0 copper slag is 3.99 N mm2, 10 copper slag is 4.11 N mm2, 20 copper slag is 4.20 N mm2, 30 copper slag is 4.46 N mm2, 40 copper slag is 4.57 N mm2, 50 copper slag is 4.29 N mm2 and for 60 copper slag is 4.08 N mm2. The study reveals that when copper slag is added in concrete partially replaced with sand, the properties of concrete are satisfactory up to 40 of copper slag. But when percentage of copper slag is increases, the compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength of concrete is decreases. The effect of using copper slag in concrete by partially reducing quantities of sand reduces cost of concrete work. Compressive strength and flexural Strength is increased due to high toughness of copper slag. As the percentage of Copper slag increases the density of concrete is increased. Prof. A. L. Shimpi | Bhushan V. Bodke | Ghanshyam C. Jadhav | Aditya G. Tanpure | Nayan N. Biraris "Partial Replacement of Sand with Copper Slag in Cement Con
Exploring Fly Ash Utilization in Construction of Highways in IndiaIOSR Journals
Fly Ash is a major issue because electricity generation in the country would remain predominantly
coal-based for a couple of coming decades. Current annual production of Fly Ash is about 131MT/year and is
expected to increase to 300-400 MT/year up to 2016. Some of the problems associated with Fly ash are large
area of land required for disposal and toxicity. Fly ash, being treated as waste and a source of air and water
pollution till recent past, is in fact a resource material and has also proven its worth over a period of time. Fly
ash is having potential for gainful utilization till is put to right use. It has now emerged not only as a resource
material but also as an environment savior. Though the fly ash utilization is old practices in roads & building
construction, there is still hesitation to adopt fly ash as a pavement & Building material for various reasons.
This paper presents different ways of using Fly ash in various Components of Road crust Construction and its
subsequent environmental effects. It also discusses the Government Policy in maximizing utilization of fly ash.
The document summarizes research on replacing natural sand with alternative materials in concrete. It discusses several potential replacements, including copper slag, granulated blast furnace slag, washed bottom ash, quarry dust, and foundry sand. For each alternative, it describes the material's physical properties and reviews studies on how concrete strength and durability are affected by partial or full replacement of natural sand. The research showed that many alternatives can improve concrete mechanical properties compared to conventional concrete, though some may reduce workability. Overall, the document concludes that these efficient alternatives can help conserve natural resources while still obtaining high strength concrete at a lower cost.
Replacement of Natural Sand with Efficient Alternatives: Recent Advances in C...IJERA Editor
Concrete is the most undisputable material being used in infrastructure development throughout the world. It is a globally accepted construction material in all types of Civil Engineering structures. Natural sand is a prime material used for the preparation of concrete and also plays an important role in Mix Design. Now a day‟s river erosion and other environmental issues have led to the scarcity of river sand. The reduction in the sources of natural sand and the requirement for reduction in the cost of concrete production has resulted in the increased need to find new alternative materials to replace river sand so that excess river erosion is prevented and high strength concrete is obtained at lower cost. Partial or full replacement of natural sand by the other alternative materials like quarry dust, foundry sand and others are being researched from past two decades, in view of conserving the ecological balance. This paper summarizes conclusions of experiments conducted for the properties like strength, durability etc. It was observed the results have shown positive changes and improvement in mechanical properties of the conventional concrete due to the addition or replacement of fine sand with efficient alternatives.
IRJET- Experimental Study on Partial Replacement of Steel Slag with Fine Aggr...IRJET Journal
This document discusses using steel slag as a partial replacement for fine aggregate in concrete. It begins with an abstract stating that natural sand is being depleted due to high construction usage, so alternative materials like steel slag are being explored. The document then provides background on steel slag production and properties. It discusses objectives of studying steel slag as a partial sand replacement in concrete, including potentially improving mechanical properties and reducing costs. The document reviews literature on previous studies examining uses of steel slag in concrete and discusses advantages like high stability and good wear resistance.
The document describes a study on the strength characteristics of low-calcium fly ash-based geopolymer concrete. Eighty-one concrete cubes were cast using a mix design of low-calcium fly ash, coarse and fine aggregates, and an alkaline activator solution to study the effect of parameters on compressive strength. The study found that geopolymer concrete made with fly ash as a binder provided higher strength and was more environmentally friendly than traditional Portland cement concrete. Parameters such as the alkaline activator concentration and use of superplasticizers were found to influence the compressive strength.
Experimental Study of using Pond Ash as Partial Replacement for Fine Aggregat...YogeshIJTSRD
Production of one ton of Portland cement emits one ton of CO2 and different greenhouse gases main to atmospheric pollution. Hence the want arises to exchange cement with some different cementitious material. Disposal of Pond ash which is combination of Fly ash andamp Bottom ash into massive lakes reasons land air pollution and different environmental effects. The cause of this find out about is to locate the suitability of silica fume as a alternative cloth for cement and pond ash as a alternative fabric for first rate combination in concrete except compromising the power andamp sturdiness of traditional concrete. The bodily and chemical property of silica fume and pond ash is to be studied and each the industrial wastes are used to substitute the cement and great aggregate. Pond ash is in part changed for fantastic mixture with the aid of various percentages 10 to 30 , additionally silica fume is introduced by way of 10 to 20 by way of the weight of cement. The specimens will be examined for its mechanical houses such as compressive strength, cut up tensile energy and flexural electricity on 7, 28 andamp 56 days. After identifying the houses of the concrete mixes, the foremost share of alternative tiers of silica fume and pond ash will be carried out and Reinforced Concrete Beams had been forged to decide the flexural behaviour for the optimized concrete Mix. Mr. K. Soundirarajan | Telem Shidartha "Experimental Study of using Pond Ash as Partial Replacement for Fine Aggregate in a Silica Fume Based Concrete" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45048.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/45048/experimental-study-of-using-pond-ash-as-partial-replacement-for-fine-aggregate-in-a-silica-fume-based-concrete/mr-k-soundirarajan
Partial replacement of wood ash and quarry dust with cement and sand to studyIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study that partially replaced cement and sand in concrete with wood ash and quarry dust to analyze strength parameters. Wood ash and quarry dust are industrial byproducts that can potentially be used as supplementary cementitious materials. Concrete mixtures were prepared with varying replacement levels of wood ash for cement and quarry dust for sand. The compressive strength of the concrete mixtures was then tested at different curing periods. The results showed that compressive strength decreased with higher levels of wood ash but increased with curing time. An optimal replacement level of 45% sand with quarry dust was also identified. The aim was to utilize industrial waste materials to reduce the cost and environmental impact of concrete production.
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON STRENGTH OF CONCRETE WITH PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEM...IRJET Journal
This study experimentally investigates the strength properties of concrete with partial replacements of cement by wood ash and fine aggregate by copper slag. Wood ash and copper slag are industrial byproducts that are often disposed of as waste. Here, cement is replaced with wood ash at rates from 6-36% and fine aggregate is replaced with copper slag at rates from 9-54%. The compressive strength, flexural strength, and split tensile strength of the concrete mixtures are then tested at various curing periods. The results show that up to a certain threshold, the wood ash and copper slag replacements can improve the strength properties of the concrete while also providing an environmentally-friendly use for industrial waste materials.
Experiment and Analysis on the Impact of Flexural Strength on Beam with Parti...ijtsrd
In this examination the correlation silica fume, and copper slag concrete quality utilizing destructive test equipment have been completed. In this investigation three sorts of squanders materials silica fume and copper slag and ordinary aggregate were utilized for preparing beam specimens. There are M30 grade of blended extent are used. Squander materials are used in concrete with the substitution bond of 10 , 20 and 30 . These beams are tried on 28 days. The flexural quality are determined with the help of destructive test equipments. Racit Rawat | Prabhat Kumar Tiwari "Experiment & Analysis on the Impact of Flexural Strength on Beam with Partial Replacement of Cement by Silica Fume & Copper Slag" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-1 , December 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47962.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/47962/experiment-and-analysis-on-the-impact-of-flexural-strength-on-beam-with-partial-replacement-of-cement-by-silica-fume-and-copper-slag/racit-rawat
Synergistic Effect on Ternary Blended Cementitious Systemijtsrd
This paper presents a detailed experimental investigation on the synergestic effects on ternary blended cementitious system containing fly ash and silica fume. The experimental programme consisted of three parts, the first part was to obtain the super plasticizer demand for each mix so as to obtain a workability of 110±5 , the second part was to determine the strength and durability properties of the mortar samples having different fly ash and silica fume contents and the third part was to determine the synergy existing in the ternary blends both in terms of durability and strength. Test results have shown that the ternary blended mixtures improved the mortar performance by improving the workability, strength and durability, therefore are applicable. Ternary mixtures performed in accordance with their ingredients however the degree of improvement that they contribute varies based on the selected dosage and type of SCMs. Synergy between the fly ash and silica fume is the main reason for the outstanding performance of ternary mixtures. The results obtained thus are encouraging for partial replacement. Jasir Thachaparambil "Synergistic Effect on Ternary Blended Cementitious System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-7 , December 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52289.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/52289/synergistic-effect-on-ternary-blended-cementitious-system/jasir-thachaparambil
Self-compacting concrete (SCC) was developed in Japan to flow through reinforced structures without vibration or segregation. SCC offers benefits like improved productivity and work environment. However, high cement content increases costs and emissions. This study examines partially replacing cement with sugarcane bagasse ash, an industrial waste, and replacing sand with quarry dust. Sugarcane bagasse ash and quarry dust have pozzolanic properties and can improve concrete quality while reducing costs and waste. India produces large amounts of bagasse ash annually from its sugar industry. Using these waste materials in concrete could promote more sustainable construction practices.
Experimental Study on Utilization of Red Mud and Used Foundry Sand in Cement ...IRJET Journal
1) The document presents the results of an experimental study on utilizing red mud and used foundry sand in cement concrete as partial replacements for cement and fine aggregate, respectively.
2) Red mud is an industrial waste from aluminum production that is difficult to dispose of safely. Used foundry sand is also an industrial byproduct. The study aimed to evaluate these wastes as supplementary cementitious materials and fine aggregate replacements in concrete.
3) Concrete mixtures with 20% red mud replacement of cement and 40% used foundry sand replacement of fine aggregate showed the optimum compressive strength both at 7 days and 28 days of curing. Using these industrial wastes helped reduce environmental pollution while conserving natural resources.
IRJET- Strength and Durability Study on Concrete using Silica Fume and Ir...IRJET Journal
This document presents the results of a study on the use of silica fume and iron slag as partial replacements for cement and fine aggregate in concrete. The study investigated the compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength of concrete mixes containing 15% silica fume and varying amounts of iron slag (30%, 40%, 50%, 60%) replacement at curing periods of 7, 14, and 28 days. The results showed that the mix with 15% silica fume and 50% iron slag replacement achieved the highest compressive strength and split tensile strength compared to the other mixes and conventional concrete. Therefore, the optimal mix was determined to be a partial replacement with 15% silica fume and 50
Partial replacement of Fine aggreggate by Copper Slag and Cement by Fly Ashsushendhukc
The document summarizes research on replacing fine aggregate with copper slag and cement with fly ash in concrete. It provides background on copper slag and fly ash, including their composition and how they are produced. It then reviews several previous studies that investigated replacing fine aggregate with copper slag at levels from 5-100% and cement with fly ash at 20-60%. The studies found that compressive, tensile and flexural strength generally increased up to around 40% replacement. The document aims to further study the effects of these replacements on concrete strength and properties.
The document discusses the mechanical properties of cement mortar containing lime and rice husk ash. Three types of mortar mixtures were tested: 1) cement-rice husk ash mortar, 2) cement-rice husk ash-lime mortar, and 3) rice husk ash-lime mortar. Testing showed that the cement-rice husk ash mortar achieved the highest compressive and flexural strengths over time due to cement hydration and pozzolanic reactions. The cement-rice husk ash-lime mortar had lower strengths, especially at early ages, because of the lower cement content. The rice husk ash-lime mortar gained strength through the combined pozzolanic reaction and carbon
Impact of Using RHA and CD in Replacement of Cement for Mixijceronline
This document presents a study on the impact of using rice husk ash (RHA) and copper dust (CD) as partial replacements for cement in concrete mixes. The study involved collecting RHA and CD, testing their properties, developing mix designs, and casting and testing concrete cubes with different RHA and CD replacement levels. The key findings were:
- Replacing cement with up to 30% RHA and 40% CD in the mix designs increased the compressive strength of concrete cubes up to 25% and split tensile strength up to 40% compared to a normal concrete mix.
- Tests on the raw materials found RHA has a specific gravity of 2.52 and 75% fineness, while CD
Similar to FLEXURAL BEHAVIOUR OF COPPER SLAG AND FLY ASH CONCRETE‐ A CASE STUDY (20)
Since so many years a problem occurs in KSB Pump Va mbori for casting process i.e. cracks occurs in the castings & it is repeated one. Therefore the compan y has given opportunity to me to solve this problem . In case of steel casting there are mainly cracks & also blo w holes induced due to the casting procedure. There are many factors for the casting defects .The factor is unev en material feeding in casting & also due to the mo uld material & also the core material. These cracks finally brea k directly the component of the casting i.e. in cas e of pump the casting component is like Impeller,Volute casing & casing cover. At the time of feeding of steel material in to the casting the material is in liquid us form i.e. it i s hot material & this material is feeding into casting at the time o f feeding it develop different region of heat. At o ne side the temp is high &at other side the temp is low this also pr oduce cracks. To simulate that casting we use the M AGMA SOFTWARE for simulation & validate it using NDT.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DESIGN OF SIMPLE SPUR GEAR TRAIN AND HELICAL GEAR TRAI...ijiert bestjournal
The document describes the design of a simple spur gear train and helical gear train with an idler gear using the AGMA (American Gear Manufacturers Association) standard method. Key steps of the design process include selecting input parameters, creating a preliminary drawing, selecting materials, and performing theoretical calculations to determine dimensions and check for bending and contact stresses based on AGMA equations. A comparative study is carried out to select the optimal gear train design that meets the strength requirements for the given input parameters and load conditions.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CONVENTIONAL LEAF SPRING AND COMPOSITE LEAFijiert bestjournal
A leaf spring is a simple form of spring,commonly used for the suspension in wheeled vehicles. It is also one of the oldest forms of spring. Sometimes referred to as a semielliptical l eaf spring (SELS) it takes the form of a slender ar c-shaped length of spring steel of rectangular cross section. The centre of the arc p rovides location for the axle,while tie holes are provided at either end for attaching to the vehicle body. In the present work,a seven-leaf steel spring use d in passenger cars is replaced with a composite mu lti leaf spring made of glass/epoxy composites. The dimensions sand the num ber of leaves for both steel leaf spring and compos ite leaf springs are considered to be the same. The primary objective is to compare their load carrying capacity,stiffness and weight savings of composite leaf spring. Finally,fatigue life of steel and com posite leaf spring is also predicted using life dat a
Brimmed diffuser is collection�acceleration device which shrouds a wind turbine.For a given turbine di ameter,the power augmentation can be achieved by brimmed diffuser,p opularly known as wind lens. The present numerical investigation deals with the effect of low pressure region created by wind l ens and hence to analyze the strong vortices formed by a brim attached to the shroud diffuser at exit. Also in this analysis,a c omparative numerical prediction of mass flow rates through the wind turbine has been carried out with various types of wind lens wh ich in turn helps to optimize the torque augmentati on. It has been numerically proved that there is significant increase in the wa ke formation & vortex strength when brimming effect is added to a diffuser
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The IC engine has seen numerous revolutionary and e volutionary modifications in technology and design over the past few decades. The sole motto behind the modifications wa s to increase the overall efficiency of the IC Engi ne including volumetric and thermal efficiency. Recently few benchmarking techn ologies like the CRDI,MPFI,HCCI,etc. in the Otto cycle and Diesel cycle engines have created an enormous revolution in the automobile industry. In spite of these technologica l and design advances,the efficiencies are not being more than a particular l imit. However,the concept of split cycle engines has dra stically increased the overall performance in all respect. The split cycle concept basically separates the fou r strokes of the conventional cycle. The Scuderi engine one of the best-in-class engine desi gns based on the split cycle concept. The Scuderi engine works on the split cycle and gives higher efficiency than the previous split cycle engines resulting overall high perform ance. It also eliminates the problems faced by previous engines based on the spl it cycle in terms of breathing (volumetric efficien cy) and thermal efficiency. This paper throws light on the greater volumetric,thermal and overall efficiency key points related t o the Scuderi Engines.
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Bumper is a energy absorbing protective element whi ch absorb the energy in front collision and protect valuable parts like radiator etc. Bumper is act like protect ive shield generally made of steel material. As eco nomic point of view and to reduce consumption of fuel manufacturin g of light weight vehicle is requirement of current situation. Application of composite material in automobile sec tor is now day common thing. Aluminum honeycomb san dwich panel is basically material from aerospace industri es and known for its high strength to weight ratio. Sandwich structure basically having its properties due to ge ometry. To determine various properties of sandwich structure conducting experiments is expensive,so generally F EA is used .However complex geometry is hurdle so t here are various theories are available for simplification o f model. These theories convert 3D model in to homo genous model .As far as concerning India manufacturing rate of s andwich structure is very less,so generally cost i s more. Greatest giant manufacturer is china we can observe their bu llet train and metro transport facility constructio n. Recently in march 2014 largest selling Indian cars are failed in NCap test in 100% frontal crash test. So requirement of more energy absorbing material with economy cons ideration is important.
Robotic welding requires specialized fixtures to ac curately hold the work piece during the welding operation. Despite the large variety of welding fix tures available today the focus has shifted in maki ng the welding arms more versatile,not the fixture. T he new fixture design reduces cycle time and operat or labor while increasing functionality;and allows co mplex welding operations to be completed on simple two axis welding arms
ADVANCED TRANSIENT THERMAL AND STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF DISC BRAKE BY USING ANS...ijiert bestjournal
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REVIEW ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF NON-ASBESTOS COMPOSITE MATERIAL USED IN BR...ijiert bestjournal
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PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF TRIBOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF COTTON SEED OIL FOR MULT...ijiert bestjournal
A lubricant is a substance that reduces friction an d wear by providing a protective film between two moving surfaces. Good lubricants possess the proper ties such as low toxicity,high viscosity index,hi gh load carrying capacity,excellent coefficient of fr iction,good anti-wear capability,low emission int o the environment,high ignition temperature. So tribolog y related problems can be minimized by proper selection of lubricant from wear consideration. Tod ay,the depletion of reserves of crude oil,the gro wing prices of crude oil and concern about protecting th e environment against pollution have developed the interest towards environment-friendly lubricants. B ecause of these the purpose of this work is to eval uate the anti-wear characteristics of cottonseed oil and to check the suitability of cottonseed oil as a lu bricant for multi-cylinder engine. Four ball testing machin e is used for anti-wear testing as per ASTM D 4172. The wear preventive characteristic of cottonseed oi l is obtained by measuring wear scar diameter. The present study shows the potential of cotton seed oi l as an alternating lubricant.
Magnetic abrasive finishing is a machining process where the tooling allowance is remove by media wi th both magnetic and abrasive properties,with a magnetic f ield acting as a binder of a grain. Such machining falls into the category of erosion by abrasive suspension and lend itself to the finishing of any type of surface . The possibility of finishing complex surfaces is a spec ial benefit of this machining. Magnetic abrasive fi nishing process is most suitable for obtaining quality fini sh on metallic and non-metallic surfaces. Magnetic abrasive finishing used for complicated product finishing & Roughness and tolerance band achieved that is diffi cult using conventional machine process. The product dimension al requirement easily possible with taking trial wi th MAF parameters.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
This study Examines the Effectiveness of Talent Procurement through the Imple...DharmaBanothu
In the world with high technology and fast
forward mindset recruiters are walking/showing interest
towards E-Recruitment. Present most of the HRs of
many companies are choosing E-Recruitment as the best
choice for recruitment. E-Recruitment is being done
through many online platforms like Linkedin, Naukri,
Instagram , Facebook etc. Now with high technology E-
Recruitment has gone through next level by using
Artificial Intelligence too.
Key Words : Talent Management, Talent Acquisition , E-
Recruitment , Artificial Intelligence Introduction
Effectiveness of Talent Acquisition through E-
Recruitment in this topic we will discuss about 4important
and interlinked topics which are
Impartiality as per ISO /IEC 17025:2017 StandardMuhammadJazib15
This document provides basic guidelines for imparitallity requirement of ISO 17025. It defines in detial how it is met and wiudhwdih jdhsjdhwudjwkdbjwkdddddddddddkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwioiiiiiiiiiiiii uwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwhe wiqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq gbbbbbbbbbbbbb owdjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj widhi owqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqqq uwdhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhwqiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiw0pooooojjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj whhhhhhhhhhh wheeeeeeee wihieiiiiii wihe
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A high-Speed Communication System is based on the Design of a Bi-NoC Router, ...DharmaBanothu
The Network on Chip (NoC) has emerged as an effective
solution for intercommunication infrastructure within System on
Chip (SoC) designs, overcoming the limitations of traditional
methods that face significant bottlenecks. However, the complexity
of NoC design presents numerous challenges related to
performance metrics such as scalability, latency, power
consumption, and signal integrity. This project addresses the
issues within the router's memory unit and proposes an enhanced
memory structure. To achieve efficient data transfer, FIFO buffers
are implemented in distributed RAM and virtual channels for
FPGA-based NoC. The project introduces advanced FIFO-based
memory units within the NoC router, assessing their performance
in a Bi-directional NoC (Bi-NoC) configuration. The primary
objective is to reduce the router's workload while enhancing the
FIFO internal structure. To further improve data transfer speed,
a Bi-NoC with a self-configurable intercommunication channel is
suggested. Simulation and synthesis results demonstrate
guaranteed throughput, predictable latency, and equitable
network access, showing significant improvement over previous
designs
Determination of Equivalent Circuit parameters and performance characteristic...pvpriya2
Includes the testing of induction motor to draw the circle diagram of induction motor with step wise procedure and calculation for the same. Also explains the working and application of Induction generator
Height and depth gauge linear metrology.pdfq30122000
Height gauges may also be used to measure the height of an object by using the underside of the scriber as the datum. The datum may be permanently fixed or the height gauge may have provision to adjust the scale, this is done by sliding the scale vertically along the body of the height gauge by turning a fine feed screw at the top of the gauge; then with the scriber set to the same level as the base, the scale can be matched to it. This adjustment allows different scribers or probes to be used, as well as adjusting for any errors in a damaged or resharpened probe.
Levelised Cost of Hydrogen (LCOH) Calculator ManualMassimo Talia
The aim of this manual is to explain the
methodology behind the Levelized Cost of
Hydrogen (LCOH) calculator. Moreover, this
manual also demonstrates how the calculator
can be used for estimating the expenses associated with hydrogen production in Europe
using low-temperature electrolysis considering different sources of electricity
Supermarket Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
Supermarket management is a stand-alone J2EE using Eclipse Juno program.
This project contains all the necessary required information about maintaining
the supermarket billing system.
The core idea of this project to minimize the paper work and centralize the
data. Here all the communication is taken in secure manner. That is, in this
application the information will be stored in client itself. For further security the
data base is stored in the back-end oracle and so no intruders can access it.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Blood finder application project report (1).pdfKamal Acharya
Blood Finder is an emergency time app where a user can search for the blood banks as
well as the registered blood donors around Mumbai. This application also provide an
opportunity for the user of this application to become a registered donor for this user have
to enroll for the donor request from the application itself. If the admin wish to make user
a registered donor, with some of the formalities with the organization it can be done.
Specialization of this application is that the user will not have to register on sign-in for
searching the blood banks and blood donors it can be just done by installing the
application to the mobile.
The purpose of making this application is to save the user’s time for searching blood of
needed blood group during the time of the emergency.
This is an android application developed in Java and XML with the connectivity of
SQLite database. This application will provide most of basic functionality required for an
emergency time application. All the details of Blood banks and Blood donors are stored
in the database i.e. SQLite.
This application allowed the user to get all the information regarding blood banks and
blood donors such as Name, Number, Address, Blood Group, rather than searching it on
the different websites and wasting the precious time. This application is effective and
user friendly.
EV BMS WITH CHARGE MONITOR AND FIRE DETECTION.pptx
FLEXURAL BEHAVIOUR OF COPPER SLAG AND FLY ASH CONCRETE‐ A CASE STUDY
1. NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIONS IN ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY [IJIERT]
ISSN: 2394-3696
VOLUME 2, ISSUE 4APR.-2015
Page | 1
FLEXURAL BEHAVIOUR OF COPPER SLAG AND FLY ASH
CONCRETE‐ A CASE STUDY
Jagmeet Singh,
Student Department of Civil Engineering,
Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
Dr. Jaspal Singh,
Professor Department of Civil Engineering,
Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
Er. Manpreet Kaur, Assistant
Professor Department of Civil Engineering,
Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India
ABSTRACT
The present study encourages the use of waste materials copper slag (CS) and fly ash (FA) as
supplementary cement replacement materials in concrete. The combined effect of copper slag
and fly ash as a partial replacement of cement on flexural strength of concrete has been
investigated. Fifteen mixes were prepared at different replacement levels of copper slag (0 to
20% @ increment of 5%) and fly ash (0 to 10% @ increment of 5%) with cement. Three prisms
(150 mm X 150 mm X 700 mm) were casted and tested after 7 and 28-days of curing to
determine the flexural strength (modulus of rupture) for each mix. It was observed that the
flexural strength of concrete decreases as copper slag content increases for all curing ages. The
reduction in flexural strength was minor (4.30% to 7.60%) up to 10% of copper slag but beyond
10% of copper slag, there was significant reduction (24.70% to 34.21%) in flexural strength. The
addition of 5% and 10% fly ash with copper slag slightly reduced the flexural strength. It is
recommended that 10% of copper slag can be used as combined with 10% of fly ash as
maximum replacement of cement. The average flexural strength was within the permissible
values in accordance with the design specifications.
INDEX TERMS: Copper slag, Flexural strength, Fly ash, Waste materials
INTRODUCTION
The emission of CO2 to the environment is the largest driver of global warming. Cement industry
is a major contributor in the emission of CO2 as well as in using up high levels of energy
resources in the production of cement. The production of cement releases greenhouse gas
emissions both directly and indirectly. Cement industry accounts for around 5% of global CO2
emissions, to reduce this effect researchers from all over the world are focusing on the different
ways to utilization of different kind of wastes as a supplementary replacement materials. This
2. NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIONS IN ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY [IJIERT]
ISSN: 2394-3696
VOLUME 2, ISSUE 4APR.-2015
Page | 2
waste utilization would not only be economical, but may also help protecting the environment.
Industrial wastes, such as slag, fly ash and silica fume are being used as supplementary cement
replacement materials [23].
Copper slag (CS) is a by-product obtained during the smelting and refining of copper. Copper
slag is one of the materials that is considered as a waste material which could have a promising
future in construction industry as partial or full substitute of either cement or aggregates [19].
During smelting, a molten pool of copper forms at the bottom of the furnace while a layer of
impure metal form a less dense liquid floating on the top of the melted copper, which is the slag.
The molten slag is discharged from the furnace at 1000–1300°C. Copper slag usually has a low
content of calcium oxide (CaO), it exhibits pozzolanic properties. Due to its pozzolanic
properties it reacts with the calcium hydroxide (CH), which is produced during cement
hydration. Copper slag combines with CH to produce additional cementing compound calcium-
silicate-hydrate (C-S-H), which is responsible for holding concrete together.
To produce every ton of copper, approximately 2.2-3 tons copper slag is generated [5]. In India
three copper producers- Sterlite Copper, Birla Copper and Hindustan Copper produce
approximately 6-6.5 million tons of copper slag annually at different sites [17]. Therefore,
numerous contemporary researches have focused on the application of copper slag in cement and
concrete production as a suitable path towards sustainable development. Many researchers have
investigated the use of copper slag as partial replacement of aggregates in concrete. [1,2,4,14].
Some researchers have investigated the use of copper slag as partial replacement of ordinary
Portland cement in concrete. The use of copper slag reduces the early age strength (1 day) while
increasing it beyond 7 days [22]. The use of ground copper slag up to 15% by mass as a Portland
cement replacement increased the strength significantly [3]. The addition of copper slag to
cement increased its initial and final setting times [24]. The concrete batches with copper slag
addition presented greater mechanical and durability performance [15]. Blends of copper slag
with Portland cement generally possess properties equivalent to Portland cement containing fly
ash [18]. The use of copper slag in cement and concrete provides potential environmental as well
as economic benefits for all related industries, particularly in areas where a considerable amount
of copper slag is produced.
Fly ash (FA) is a by-product from burning ground coal in electric power generating plants.
Depending upon the source and makeup of the coal being burned, the components of fly ash vary
considerably, but all fly ash includes substantial amounts of silicon dioxide (both amorphous and
crystalline) and calcium oxide. Both of these are endemic ingredients in many coal-bearing rock
strata. Fly ash particles are generally spherical in shape and range in size from 0.5 µm to
300 µm. Based on reactive calcium oxide content, fly ash is divided into two types: siliceous fly
ash and calcareous fly ash. India is a resourceful country for fly ash and it is estimated that 130-
145 million tons of fly ash is generated by 70 major thermal power plants of which only 6-10 %
is utilized by cement, construction and road industries [21]. In coming year (2016-17) it is
expected that India will produce 300-400 million tons of fly ash per year which is approximately
double the quantity it is produced now so the consumption should be increased subsequently [6].
Availability of consistent quality fly ash across the country and awareness of positive effects of
using fly ash in concrete are pre requisite for change of perception about fly ash from a waste
material to a resource material. The use of fly ash in concrete is propagated due to following
reasons. First of all, the spherical shape of fly ash creates a ball bearing effect in the mix,
improving workability without increasing water requirements [13]. The spherical shape of fly
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ash also improves the pumpability of concrete by decreasing the friction between the concrete
and the pump line. Fly ash, as all pozzolanic materials do, generally increases concrete strength
gain for much longer periods than mixes with Portland cement only [20]. The biggest reason to
use fly ash in concrete is the increased life cycle expectancy and increase in durability associated
with its use. During the hydration process, fly ash chemically reacts with the calcium hydroxide
forming calcium silicate hydrate and calcium aluminate, which reduces the risk of leaching of
calcium hydroxide and of concrete’s permeability. The spherical shape of fly ash also improves
the consolidation of concrete, which also reduces permeability. Fly ash in concrete provides
better resistance to abrasion, chloride-ion penetration, salt scaling, freezing and thawing cycling
than ordinary Portland cement [16].
Several researchers have studied the individual effect of addition of either copper slag or fly ash
on the flexural strength of concrete. The studies dealing with combined effect of addition of
copper slag and fly ash on the flexural strength of concrete are scanty. In this study, therefore, an
attempt has been made to find the combined effect of addition of copper slag and fly ash on the
flexural strength of concrete.
MATERIALS USED
Cement
Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) of grade 43 from a single lot was used in the study. It was
fresh and free from any lumps. Cement was carefully stored to prevent deterioration in its
properties due to contact with the moisture. Cement conforming to specifications given in IS:
8112 [12] was used.
Fine aggregates
Fine aggregates were collected from Chakki River (Pathankot). It was coarse sand, brown in
color. Specific gravity of fine aggregates was experimentally determined as 2.64. Fine
aggregates confirming to grading zone II as per IS-383 [9] were used.
Coarse aggregates
The coarse aggregates used were a mixture of two locally available crushed stone of 10 mm and
20 mm size in 50:50 proportions. The aggregates were washed to remove dirt, dust and then
dried to surface dry condition. The aggregates were grey in color, angular in shape and having
specific gravity was 2.60. Coarse aggregates confirming to IS: 383 [9] were used.
Copper slag
It is a by-product obtained during the smelting and refining of copper. During smelting, a molten
pool of copper forms at the bottom of the furnace while a layer of impure metal form a less dense
liquid floating on the top of the melted copper, which is the slag. The molten slag is discharged
from the furnace at 1000–1300°C. Copper slag obtained from Synco Industries Limited
(Jodhpur, Rajasthan) was used in study. The physical and chemical properties of copper slag are
given in Table 1 (Source: Synco Industries Limited, Jodhpur).
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Table 1: Physical and chemical properties of copper slag
Sr.
No.
Physical properties Copper slag
1. Particle shape Irregular
2. Appearance Black & glassy
3. Type Air cooled
4. Specific gravity 3.51
5. Bulk density(g/cm3
) 1.9-2.4
6. Hardness 6-7mohs
Chemical component % of Chemical component
1. SiO2 28%
2. Fe2O3 57.5%
3. Al2O3 4%
4. CaO 2.5%
5. MgO 1.2%
Fly ash
Fly ash is a by-product from burning ground coal in electric power generating plants. Fly ash
obtained from Guru Nanak Dev Thermal Plant (Bathinda) was used in study. The physical and
chemical properties of fly ash are given in Table 2 and Table 3 respectively (Source: Guru Nanak
Dev Thermal Plant, Bathinda).
Table 2: Physical properties of fly ash
Sr.
No.
Physical properties Values Requirements as per
IS: 3812 [8]
1. Specific gravity 2.22 -
2. Fineness Blaine’ specific surface (m2
/kg) 369.7 320 (Min)
3. Lime reactivity — Average compressive strength
(N/mm2
)
3.4 4.5 (Min)
4. Particles retained on 45 micron IS sieve (%) 31 34 (Max)
5. Soundness by autoclave test — Expansion of
specimen (%)
0.23 0.8 (Max)
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Table 3: Chemical properties of fly ash
Sr.
No.
Chemical component Values Requirements as per
IS: 3812 [8]
1. (SiO2) + (Al2O3) + (Fe2O3) in percent by mass 91.02 70 (Min)
2. Silicon dioxide (SiO2) in percent by mass 86.72 35 (Min)
3. Reactive silica in percent by mass 24.80 20 (Min)
4. Magnesium oxide (MgO) in percent by mass 0.84 5 (Max)
5. Sulphur trioxide (SO3) in percent by mass 0.59 3 (Max)
6. Sodium oxide (Na2O) in percent by mass 0.50 1.5 (Max)
7. Loss on ignition in percent by mass 2.3 5 (Max)
LABORATORY TESTING PROGRAM
Mix design and sample preparation
In this work, one control mix C1 was designed as per IS: 10262 [7]. Then 14 mixes were
prepared other than control mix at different replacement levels of copper slag (0 to 20% @
increment of 5%) and fly ash (0 to 10% @ increment of 5%). Copper slag and fly ash were
replaced with cement. The water/cement (w/c) ratio in all the mixes was kept at 0.43. Water
content in each mix was 186 L/m3
. Fine aggregates (548.55 Kg/m3
) and coarse aggregates
(1167.70 Kg/m3
) were constant in each mix. Mix proportions of concrete mixes are shown in
Table 4. To determine the flexural strength (modulus of rupture) for each mix, three (150 mm X
150 mm X 700 mm) prisms were cast and tested after 7 and 28-days of curing. The flexural
strength test was conducted in accordance with IS: 516 [11] using a simple beam with third point
loading at a loading rate of 0.2 kN/s. The flexural strength test was conducted using a Universal
Testing Machine (UTM).
Table 4: Mix proportions of different concrete mixes
Mix W/C
Ratio
CS
%
FA
%
CS
(Kg/m3
)
FA
(Kg/m3
)
Cement
(Kg/m3
)
C1 0.43 0% 0% 0 0 432.56
C2 0.43 5% 0% 21.63 0 410.93
C3 0.43 10% 0% 43.26 0 389.3
C4 0.43 15% 0% 64.89 0 367.67
C5 0.43 20% 0% 86.52 0 346.04
C6 0.43 0% 5% 0 21.63 410.93
C7 0.43 5% 5% 21.63 21.63 389.3
C8 0.43 10% 5% 43.26 21.63 367.67
C9 0.43 15% 5% 64.89 21.63 346.04
C10 0.43 20% 5% 86.52 21.63 324.41
C11 0.43 0% 10% 0 43.26 389.3
C12 0.43 5% 10% 21.63 43.26 367.67
C13 0.43 10% 10% 43.26 43.26 346.04
C14 0.43 15% 10% 64.89 43.26 324.41
C15 0.43 20% 10% 86.52 43.26 302.78
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Flexural strength of concrete
Flexural strength of concrete was determined using three point loading system after 7 and 28
days of curing. The flexural strength of the specimen was determined in accordance with IS: 516
[11] using relation fb= PL/bd2
where, a = the distance between the line of fracture and the nearest
support, b = measured width in cm of the specimen, d = measured depth in cm of the specimen
was supported, and P = maximum load in kg applied on the specimen. The values of average
flexural strength for different replacement levels of copper slag (0 to 20% @ increment of 5%)
and fly ash (0 to 10% @ increment of 5%) at the end of different curing periods (7 days & 28
days) are given in Table 5. These values are plotted in Figure 1 to 3.
Table 5: Test results for flexural strength of concrete
Flexural strength
Mixes CS% FA% 7 days ( N/mm2
) 28 days (N/mm2
)
C1 0% 0% 4.27 5.10
C2 5% 0% 4.20 4.97
C3 10% 0% 4.11 4.89
C4 15% 0% 3.71 4.41
C5 20% 0% 3.31 4.09
C6 0% 5% 4.13 4.95
C7 5% 5% 4.06 4.83
C8 10% 5% 3.94 4.79
C9 15% 5% 3.39 4.23
C10 20% 5% 2.87 3.86
C11 0% 10% 4.03 4.92
C12 5% 10% 3.88 4.81
C13 10% 10% 3.73 4.74
C14 15% 10% 3.27 4.21
C15 20% 10% 2.64 3.80
7. I
Figure
Figure
INTERNATION
e 1: Flexura
e 2: Flexura
3
4
5
6
Flexural strength (N/mm2)
4
5
flexural strength (N/mm2)
NAL JOURNAL
al strength o
al strength o
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7 day
0
1
2
3
4
5
7 day
OF INNOVATIO
of concrete w
copper sla
of concrete w
copper sla
ys results
Fly
ys results
Fly
ONS IN ENGINE
with differe
ag for 0% f
with differe
ag for 5% f
28 days
ash 0%
28 day
y ash 5%
EERING RESEA
nt replacem
fly ash
nt replacem
fly ash
results
ys results
NOVAT
ARCH AND TEC
VOLUME
ment levels o
ment levels o
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of cement w
of cement w
0% CS
5% CS
10% CS
15% CS
20% CS
0% CS
5% CS
10% CS
15% CS
20% CS
ATIONS
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with
with
8. I
Figure
Figure 1
copper s
concrete
observed
reduction
and 24.7
flexural
respectiv
strength
after 28 d
of coppe
strength.
increases
copper sl
15% and
can be us
flexural s
For desig
28-day ch
Developm
It is well
fly ash u
Regressio
The flexu
INTERNATION
e 3: Flexura
shows the v
lag with ce
decreases a
d for 5% of f
n in flexural
70 respective
strength for
vely after 28
for 5%, 10%
days of curin
er slag but
It can also
s for all curin
lag slightly
d 20% of cop
sed as comb
strength was
gn purposes,
haracteristic
ment of pre
l established
used. So an a
on analysis w
ural strength
NAL JOURNAL
al strength o
variation of f
ement for 0%
as copper sl
fly ash and 1
l strength for
ely after 28
5%, 10%,
8 days of cu
%, 15% and 2
ng. It can be
beyond 10%
o seen that
ng ages. It c
reduced the
pper slag, re
bined with 10
s within the
, the flexura
c cube compr
ediction equ
d that flexura
attempt has
was perform
h of concrete
σcr =
Wh
0
1
2
3
4
5
flexural strength (N/mm2)
OF INNOVATIO
of concrete w
copper sla
flexural stren
% of fly as
lag content
0% of fly as
r 5%, 10%,
days of cur
15% and 20
uring. For 1
20% of copp
seen that th
% of coppe
the flexural
can be obser
e flexural str
eduction was
0% of fly as
permissible
al strength ca
ressive stren
uation for fle
al strength d
been made t
med to genera
e is given as
= 5.22 – 0.05
here x1= pro
7 days results
ONS IN ENGINE
with differe
ag for 10% f
ngth of conc
h. It can be
increases fo
sh in Figure
15% and 20
ring. For 5%
0% of coppe
0% of fly a
per slag was
he reduction i
er slag, ther
l strength of
rved that the
rength of co
s higher. It i
sh as maxim
values in ac
an be empiri
ngth [10].
exural stren
depends upo
to relate the
ate the best f
548x1 – 0.01
portions of c
28 da
Fly ash 10%
EERING RESEA
ent replacem
fly ash
crete with di
e observed t
or all curing
2 & 3. For
0% of coppe
% of fly ash
er slag was
ash the perc
6.03, 7.60,
in flexural st
re was signi
f concrete d
addition of
oncrete. But
is recommen
mum replacem
ccordance w
ically taken
ngth of conc
n the propor
flexural str
fit equation f
96x2
copper slag
ays results
NOVAT
ARCH AND TEC
VOLUME
ment levels o
ifferent repla
that the flex
g ages. The
0% of fly as
er slag was
h the percent
5.60, 6.47,
centage redu
21.14 and 3
trength was
ificant redu
decreases as
f fly ash with
when fly as
nded that 10
ment of cem
with the desig
as 0.7(Fck).5
crete
rtions of the
rength with t
for flexural s
(i)
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of cement w
acement leve
xural streng
same trend
sh, the percen
2.62, 4.30, 1
tage reductio
20.57 and 3
uction in fle
4.21 respect
minor up to
uction in fle
s fly ash co
h 5% and 10
sh was used
% of copper
ment. The ave
gn specificat
5
where Fck i
e copper slag
these param
strength.
0% CS
5% CS
10% CS
15% CS
20% CS
ATIONS
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with
els of
gth of
d was
ntage
15.65
on in
32.12
exural
tively
10%
exural
ontent
0% of
with
r slag
erage
tions.
is the
g and
eters.
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x2= proportions of fly ash
For the equation (i) , the coefficient of determination (r2
) is 0.89 and the correlation coefficient
(r) is 0.95.
CHECKING OF THE DEVELOPED RELATIONSHIP
Equation (i) is used to find the flexural strength of the concrete mixes. Table 6 shows the
estimated flexural strength using equation (i). The measured values of flexural strength are also
shown in Table 6. Figure 4 shows the variation of estimated flexural strength and measured
flexural strength for different mixes. ±10% error line is also drawn in the Figure 4. It is observed
that 100% of values fall in the ±10% range.
Table 6: Measured and estimated flexural strength and for all mixes
Mixes Measured Flexural
Strength (N/mm2
)
Estimated Flexural
Strength (N/mm2
)
% error
C1 5.10 5.22 +2.4
C2 4.97 4.95 -0.4
C3 4.89 4.67 -4.5
C4 4.41 4.39 -0.5
C5 4.09 4.12 +0.7
C6 4.95 5.12 +3.4
C7 4.83 4.85 +0.4
C8 4.79 4.57 -4.6
C9 4.23 4.3 +1.7
C10 3.86 4.03 +4.4
C11 4.92 5.02 +2.0
C12 4.81 4.75 -1.2
C13 4.74 4.48 -5.5
C14 4.21 4.20 -0.2
C15 3.80 3.93 +3.4
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Figure 4: Variation of estimated flexural strength and measured flexural strength for
different mixes
CONCLUSIONS
The following conclusions are drawn from this investigation:
The flexural strength of concrete decreases as copper slag content increases for all curing
ages. The reduction in flexural strength is minor up to 10% of copper slag but beyond
10% of copper slag, there is significant reduction in flexural strength.
It can also see that the flexural strength of concrete decreases marginally as fly ash
content increases for all curing ages. It is recommended that 10% of copper slag can be
used as combined with 10% of fly ash as maximum replacement of cement.
The average flexural strength was within the permissible values in accordance with the
design specifications.
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6
Measured flexural strength (N/mm2)
Estimated flexural strength (N/mm2)
‐10% error line
+10% error line
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