The document discusses water purification and distribution. It begins by describing the three forms water can take and the water cycle by which salt water is converted to fresh water through evaporation and precipitation. It then lists three ways to obtain fresh water and four characteristics of safe drinking water. The document also names two types of water filters and states that water is most dense at 4°C. It lists four common water impurities and explains how to remove two types of water hardness. In closing, it summarizes the local water treatment and distribution process involving dams, pumps, treatment plants, and pipes.

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1. Pure water can exist in three different forms. What are they?
- Solid or Ice
- Vapor or Steam
- Liquid or water
2. With reference to the water cycle, how is salt water converted to fresh
water under atmospheric conditions?
Water evaporation - water evaporates from the oceans, leaving the salt behind, and
forms clouds in the sky, this precipitates out as fog and mist, rain, sleet, snow,
running into streams, rivers, lakes and back to the ocean.
3. Given consideration to question2, name 3 basic forms of obtaining fresh
water?
- Filtering through the earth to vast underground porous rocks called aquifers.
- Simple installation of a pump by the side of a river a stream supplies the water for
use.
- Building dams in valleys and creating storage lakes.
4. Name four characteristics of a safe drinking water
- Clear and perfectly transparent
- Free from sediment of suspended matter
- Bright and sparkling
- Odorless and well aerated
5. Name two types of filters used to filter portable water
- Mechanical Filter : Gravity filters and pressure filters
- Domestic Filters: Chemical filters and mechanical and straining filter
6. At what temperature is water most dense?
-Maximum density is at 4o
C

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7. Name four impurities that may be present in water supplies?
- Turbidity and sediment: is always unpleasant drinking water (muddy, thick).
Imparts an unsightly appearance to water and unless removed by coagulation and/or
filtration, deposits in water pipes, etc.
- Organic matter: organic matter often gives rise to color formation and bad taste, as
it favors the development of such organisms as algae, fungi and bacteria, which
attach themselves to pipe walls.
- Tastes and odors: these are usually considered together, because the removal of
one will result in the removal of the other. Principal cause of taste and odors in public
water supplies include such matter as algae, sewerage, etc. Removal is achieved by
either aeration, chlorination, ammonization, absorption. Absorption being the most
effective.
- Dissolved gases: such as carbon dioxide and oxygen accelerate corrosion in water
pipes, particularly on hot water and streamlines. Aeration and neutralization will
eliminate CO2 problems, de-aeration and corrosion inhibitors will solve excess O2
problems.
8. There are two forms of hardness found in water. Name these forms and
explain how each can be removed?
-Temporary hardness: this can be removed by boiling [causes carbonic acid to be
driven off and the bicarbonate of lime or magnesia is precipitated], addition of
quicklime [presence of the lime expels carbon dioxide] and the use of zeolites which
is known as the base exchange method. Zeolite is a chemical compound containing
sodium.
- Permanent hardness: The addition of caustic soda, addition of lime and zeolites.
Note that permanent hardness cannot be removed by boiling.
9. State in your own words how water that is collected at dams is distributed
to the consumer in your local area?
Installation of water pump carries raw water from Rewa River to the Water treatment
plant, where it is screened and chemicals are added then passed to a dam for
sedimentation and water has been passed on to the filter on filter beds, after this then
it will be passed on for a final dam for chlorination and then to storage tanks, to

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reservoirs. From reservoirs to pipes which carries portable water to consumers which
is safe to drink.