Generally soaps create foam in water, but in present of some materials the foam creation is reduced and need more soap for producing foam, and this condition of water is called water hardness.
The presence of Calcium, Magnesium salt i.e. bicarbonates, sulphates, chloride in water is called causes of hardness of water. The water which contains these salts is called hard water. Hard water does not easily form lather with soap as the salt of Calcium and Magnesium react with soap to form insoluble organic salts.
Generally hardness of water is defined as the measure of capacity of water to precipitate soap i.e., the capacity of the water to form lather with soap.
Hard water contains dissolved minerals such as Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe3+, SO4 2- ,etc.,
The degree of hardness is measured in Parts Per Million(ppm) or Grams per Gallon(GPG).
Hard water is better for drinking because it contains minerals.
Soft water is better for cleaning because it doesn’t form scum with soap.
Hardness of water is a measure of the total concentration of the calcium and magnesium ions expressed as calcium carbonate.
There are two types of hardness
1. Temporary hardness
Temporary Hardness is due to the presence of bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium. It can be easily removed by boiling.
Ca (HCO3 ) CaCO3 +CO2 +H2O
2. Permanent hardness
Permanent Hardness is due to the presence of chlorides and sulphates of calcium and magnesium. This type of hardness cannot be removed by boiling.
The presentation gives a idea about the methods for water analysis. The parameters included are testing pH, hardness, sulphate, phosphorus, COD and many other parameters.
Generally soaps create foam in water, but in present of some materials the foam creation is reduced and need more soap for producing foam, and this condition of water is called water hardness.
The presence of Calcium, Magnesium salt i.e. bicarbonates, sulphates, chloride in water is called causes of hardness of water. The water which contains these salts is called hard water. Hard water does not easily form lather with soap as the salt of Calcium and Magnesium react with soap to form insoluble organic salts.
Generally hardness of water is defined as the measure of capacity of water to precipitate soap i.e., the capacity of the water to form lather with soap.
Hard water contains dissolved minerals such as Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe3+, SO4 2- ,etc.,
The degree of hardness is measured in Parts Per Million(ppm) or Grams per Gallon(GPG).
Hard water is better for drinking because it contains minerals.
Soft water is better for cleaning because it doesn’t form scum with soap.
Hardness of water is a measure of the total concentration of the calcium and magnesium ions expressed as calcium carbonate.
There are two types of hardness
1. Temporary hardness
Temporary Hardness is due to the presence of bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium. It can be easily removed by boiling.
Ca (HCO3 ) CaCO3 +CO2 +H2O
2. Permanent hardness
Permanent Hardness is due to the presence of chlorides and sulphates of calcium and magnesium. This type of hardness cannot be removed by boiling.
The presentation gives a idea about the methods for water analysis. The parameters included are testing pH, hardness, sulphate, phosphorus, COD and many other parameters.
This Presentation Clarifying about potable Water analysis and their methods which i gave training on operation and maintenance team for Oman Al Ghubrah Independence Water Project (SWRO Desalination 42 MIGD)
wholesomeness, Requirements for Domestic Use. Impurities in Water. Objects & purpose of Water Analysis.Collection of Samples. Classification of Analysis of Water: Physical,
Chemical & Biological Examination of Water.
Quality of water :
It includes all the physical, chemical and biological parameters along with test to be used for defining water quality and water schemes for city
Water has its own taste, color, smell and constituents. Not all water can be used for all purposes. Eg. Sea water can not be used by us for drinking. The suitability of water for different purposes is determined by its quality parameters. The Quality of water is equally important than quantity. Even if present in huge amounts, we can not use salt water in many life support activities. Water has its own Physical properties, Chemical composition and Biological Properties. This module highlights the water quality parameters that are essential.
This Presentation Clarifying about potable Water analysis and their methods which i gave training on operation and maintenance team for Oman Al Ghubrah Independence Water Project (SWRO Desalination 42 MIGD)
wholesomeness, Requirements for Domestic Use. Impurities in Water. Objects & purpose of Water Analysis.Collection of Samples. Classification of Analysis of Water: Physical,
Chemical & Biological Examination of Water.
Quality of water :
It includes all the physical, chemical and biological parameters along with test to be used for defining water quality and water schemes for city
Water has its own taste, color, smell and constituents. Not all water can be used for all purposes. Eg. Sea water can not be used by us for drinking. The suitability of water for different purposes is determined by its quality parameters. The Quality of water is equally important than quantity. Even if present in huge amounts, we can not use salt water in many life support activities. Water has its own Physical properties, Chemical composition and Biological Properties. This module highlights the water quality parameters that are essential.
Water treatment procedure also vary depending upon its use. However, overall picture of water treatment, irrespective of end use shall be considered. An endeavor is made to comprehend the basic chemistry involved in water treatment process. The important stages involved in treatment are as follows: coagulation or flocculation; sedimentation; filtration – slow sand, rapid sand filtration; disinfection – including chlorination and ozonolysis; removal of iron and manganese; softening by lime-soda ash process or deionization method; scale and corrosion control; taste and odor removal; prophylaxiation treatment, i.e., fluoridisation; and specialized treatment for a specific purpose.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
Search and Society: Reimagining Information Access for Radical FuturesBhaskar Mitra
The field of Information retrieval (IR) is currently undergoing a transformative shift, at least partly due to the emerging applications of generative AI to information access. In this talk, we will deliberate on the sociotechnical implications of generative AI for information access. We will argue that there is both a critical necessity and an exciting opportunity for the IR community to re-center our research agendas on societal needs while dismantling the artificial separation between the work on fairness, accountability, transparency, and ethics in IR and the rest of IR research. Instead of adopting a reactionary strategy of trying to mitigate potential social harms from emerging technologies, the community should aim to proactively set the research agenda for the kinds of systems we should build inspired by diverse explicitly stated sociotechnical imaginaries. The sociotechnical imaginaries that underpin the design and development of information access technologies needs to be explicitly articulated, and we need to develop theories of change in context of these diverse perspectives. Our guiding future imaginaries must be informed by other academic fields, such as democratic theory and critical theory, and should be co-developed with social science scholars, legal scholars, civil rights and social justice activists, and artists, among others.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
Let's dive deeper into the world of ODC! Ricardo Alves (OutSystems) will join us to tell all about the new Data Fabric. After that, Sezen de Bruijn (OutSystems) will get into the details on how to best design a sturdy architecture within ODC.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
2. HARD WATER
• Hard water is water that has high mineral
content.
• Hard drinking water is generally not harmful
to one's health, but can pose serious problems
in industrial settings, where water hardness is
monitored to avoid costly breakdowns in
boilers, cooling towers, and other equipment
that handles water. In domestic settings, hard
water is often indicated by a lack of suds
formation when soap is agitated in water, and
by the formation of limescale in kettles and
water heaters. Wherever water hardness is a
concern, water softening is commonly used to
reduce hard water's adverse effects.
3. SOURCE OF HARDNESS
•
Water's hardness is determined by the concentration of multivalent cations
in the water. Multivalent cations are cations (positively charged metal
complexes) with a charge greater than 1+. Usually, the cations have the
charge of 2+. Common cations found in hard water include Ca2+ and Mg2+.
These ions enter a water supply by leaching from minerals within an aquifer.
Common calcium-containing minerals are calcite and gypsum. A common
magnesium mineral is dolomite (which also contains calcium). Rainwater and
distilled water are soft, because they contain few ions.
•
The following equilibrium reaction describes the dissolving/formation of
calcium carbonate scale:
•
CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O ⇋ Ca2+ + 2HCO3−
•
Calcium carbonate scale formed in water-heating systems is called limescale.
•
Calcium and magnesium ions can sometimes be removed by water softeners.
4. TEMPORARY AND
PERMANENT
•
•
Temporary hardness is a type of water hardness caused by the
presence of dissolved bicarbonate minerals (calcium
bicarbonate and magnesium bicarbonate). When dissolved these
minerals yield calcium and magnesium cations (Ca2+, Mg2+) and
carbonate and bicarbonate anions (CO32-, HCO3-). The
presence of the metal cations makes the water hard. However,
unlike the permanent hardness caused by sulfate and chloride
compounds, this "temporary" hardness can be reduced either by
boiling the water, or by the addition of lime (calcium hydroxide)
through the softening process of lime softening.
Permanent hardness is hardness (mineral content) that cannot
be removed by boiling. When this is the case, it is usually caused
by the presence of calcium sulfate and/or magnesium sulfates
in the water, which do not precipitate out as the temperature
increases. Ions causing permanent hardness of water can be
removed using a water softener, or ion exchange column
5. EFFECTS OF HARD WATER
•
•
•
•
•
With hard water, soap solutions form a white precipitate (soap scum) instead of
producing lather, because the 2+ ions destroy the surfactant properties of the soap by
forming a solid precipitate (the soap scum). A major component of such scum is calcium
stearate, which arises from sodium stearate, the main component of soap:
2 C17H35COO- + Ca2+ → (C17H35COO)2Ca
Hardness can thus be defined as the soap-consuming capacity of a water sample, or the
capacity of precipitation of soap as a characteristic property of water that prevents
the lathering of soap. Synthetic detergents do not form such scums.
A portion of the ancient Roman Eifel aqueduct in Germany.
Hard water also forms deposits that clog plumbing. These deposits, called "scale", are
composed mainly of calcium carbonate (CaCO3), magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2), and
calcium sulfate (CaSO4). Calcium and magnesium carbonates tend to be deposited as
off-white solids on the inside surfaces of pipes and heat exchangers. This precipitation
(formation of an insoluble solid) is principally caused by thermal decomposition of
bicarbonate ions but also happens to some extent even without such ions. The resulting
build-up of scale restricts the flow of water in pipes.
7. INTRODUCTION
We have used running water as an energy source for thousands
of years, mainly to grind corn.
The first house in the world to be lit by hydroelectricity was
Cragside House, in Northumberland, England, in 1878.
In 1882 on the Fox river, in the USA, hydroelectricity produced
enough power to light two paper mills and a house.
Nowadays there are many hydro-electric power stations,
providing around 20% of the world's electricity.
The name comes from "hydro", the Greek word for water.
8. HOW IT WORKS
A dam is built to trap water, usually
in a valley where there is an
existing lake.
Water is allowed to flow through
tunnels in the dam, to turn
turbines and thus drive
generators.
Notice that the dam is much
thicker at the bottom than at
the top, because the pressure of
the water increases with depth.
Hydro-electric power stations can
produce a great deal of power
very cheaply.
9. MORE…
Gravitational potential energy is stored in the water
above the dam.
Because of the great height of the water, it will
arrive at the turbines at high pressure, which
means that we can extract a great deal of energy
from it. The water then flows away downriver as
normal.
In mountainous countries such as Switzerland and
New Zealand, hydro-electric power provides
more than half of the country's energy needs.
An alternative is to build the station next to a fastflowing river. However with this arrangement
the flow of the water cannot be controlled, and
water cannot be stored for later use.
10. ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES
• Once the dam is built, the energy is virtually free.
• No waste or pollution produced.
• Much more reliable than wind, solar or wave power.
• Water can be stored above the dam ready to cope with peaks in demand.
• Hydro-electric power stations can increase to full power very quickly,
unlike other power stations.
• Electricity can be generated constantly.
DISADVANTAGES
• The dams are very expensive to build.
However, many dams are also used for flood control or irrigation, so
building costs can be shared.
• Building a large dam will flood a very large area upstream, causing
problems for animals that used to live there.
• Finding a suitable site can be difficult - the impact on residents and the
environment may be unacceptable.
• Water quality and quantity downstream can be affected, which can have
an impact on plant life.
12. WHAT IS WATER
RECYCLING ?
The process in which waste
water is treated to remove
solids and certain
impurities, and used in
sustainable landscaping
irrigation or to recharge
groundwater aquifers is
called water recycling. It
basically means
wastewater sent from a
home or business through
a pipeline system to a
treatment facility, where it
is treated to a level
consistent with its
intended use. The is then
routed directly to a
recycled water system for
uses such as irrigation or
industrial cooling.
13. HOW IS IT DONE?
Treatment of wastewater is actually a remarkably
simple process that utilizes very basic physical,
biological and chemical principles to remove
contaminants from water.
The three steps involved in the treatment of
wastewater are:o Physical Systems- In physical processes raw
sewage passes through bar screens and grit
chamber. These physical processes remove
approximately half of the contaminants in
wastewater.
o Biological Systems- It converts non-settleable
solids to settleable solids which removes the rest
of the contaminants from the wastewater.
o Chemical System- Chemical system such as
chlorine contact chambers are used to kill the
remaining microorganisms not captured in final
clarifiers. The point where treated water is
discharged into a stream or body of water is
called the outfall.
14. UTILIZATION
Recycled water can be used for
various purposes.
It can be used by agencies and
businesses for:
oIrrigation
oCommercial processes
oDecorative fountains and
ponds
oPressure washing
oDust control
oToilet flushing
oGroundwater recharge
oStream flow and wetland
enhancement