This document provides information about water engineering fundamentals. It discusses the states of water, the water cycle, water purification methods like distillation and reverse osmosis. It also covers water treatment processes like coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation and filtration. Clarifier designs and their criteria are outlined. Microorganisms involved in anaerobic digestion and composting are described. Water testing parameters like pH, COD, BOD, SS and FOG are defined. Recommendations for treating wastewater to reduce BOD and FOG levels are provided.
It explains about water, pollution, types of different treatment plant, purification of water procedure, methods of filtration, sources of water, waste water treatment eight steps in detail and last the role of individual towards the water conservation.
It explains about water, pollution, types of different treatment plant, purification of water procedure, methods of filtration, sources of water, waste water treatment eight steps in detail and last the role of individual towards the water conservation.
This powerpoint covers all important topics regarding WATER.
Purification ,storage, chlorination and many more ....
For any queries contact @Deepacasm
E-mail :- Delphicneupane@gmail.com
WATER & WASTE WATER ENGINEERING - water treatment process & unitsEddy Ankit Gangani
This presentation is made with a view to introduce various units & processes carried out in water treatment plant with various trains or say chains of units to meet Indian Standard criteria.
This powerpoint covers all important topics regarding WATER.
Purification ,storage, chlorination and many more ....
For any queries contact @Deepacasm
E-mail :- Delphicneupane@gmail.com
WATER & WASTE WATER ENGINEERING - water treatment process & unitsEddy Ankit Gangani
This presentation is made with a view to introduce various units & processes carried out in water treatment plant with various trains or say chains of units to meet Indian Standard criteria.
A well structured slideshow by Steve Lowe, PE for the Hampton Roads, VA Chapter of ASHRAE. Presentation explains how to apply cooling towers including the basic cooling tower principles, design considerations, and construction issues.
For more information on any cooling tower issue in Colorado, New Mexico, Wyoming, Montana, Utah, Nevada, Idaho, or the western Dakotas, contact:
Mountain States Engineering and Controls
1520 Iris Street
Lakewood, CO 80215
303.232.4100 Phone
303.232.4900 Fax
Email: info@mnteng.com
A cooling tower is a heat rejection device which extracts waste heat to the atmosphere through the cooling of a water stream to a lower temperature.
A cooling tower is a heat rejection device which extracts waste heat to the atmosphere through the cooling of a water stream to a lower temperature. Cooling towers may either use the evaporation of water to remove process heat and cool the working fluid to near the wet-bulb air temperature or, in the case of closed circuit dry cooling towers, rely solely on air to cool the working fluid to near the dry-bulb air temperature.
Common applications include cooling the circulating water used in oil refineries, petrochemical and other chemical plants, thermal power stations and HVAC systems for cooling buildings. The classification is based on the type of air induction into the tower: the main types of cooling towers are natural draft and induced draft cooling towers.
Cooling towers vary in size from small roof-top units to very large hyperboloid structures (as in the adjacent image) that can be up to 200 metres (660 ft) tall and 100 metres (330 ft) in diameter, or rectangular structures that can be over 40 metres (130 ft) tall and 80 metres (260 ft) long. The hyperboloid cooling towers are often associated with nuclear power plants,[1] although they are also used to some extent in some large chemical and other industrial plants. Although these large towers are very prominent, the vast majority of cooling towers are much smaller, including many units installed on or near buildings to discharge heat from air conditioning.
Fundamentals of HVAC Systems is a thorough introduction on how HVAC systems control temperature, air quality and air circulation in a conditioned space.
Ideal for recent engineering graduates working in the HVAC&R industry, experienced engineers entering HVAC&R from another engineering area, as well as architects, technicians, construction or building management professionals who need to increase their knowledge of HVAC systems.
This course reader can function as a stand-alone reference, or may accompany the eLearning course, Fundamentals of HVAC Systems, online modules.
This ppt is about water pollution, causes, sources, effects, control, water quality standards, waste water treatments and its types, oxidation ponds and ganga action plan
Coconut water extraction mass production machineLuis Cabrera
Coconut water extraction mass production machine, design production line for 500,000 coconuts per day, including production lines, factory layout, utilities, CIP, waste water plant
Manufacturing Production Planning AI - ERP systemLuis Cabrera
Artificial Intelligence integrated into an ERP computer system application in Plant Manufacturing Production Planning Process involving Engineering Maintenance, WH & Transport Logistics, Quality Assurance in Real Time decision making
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
1. L | C | LOGISTICS
PLANT MANUFACTURING AND BUILDING FACILITIES EQUIPMENT
Engineering-Book
ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTALS AND HOW IT WORKS
MECHANICS WATER
September 2014
Supply Chain Manufacturing & DC Facilities Logistics Operations Planning Management
Expertise in Process Engineering Optimization Solutions & Industrial Engineering Projects Management
2. Water
2 –
Water in three states: liquid, solid (ice), and gas (invisible water
vapor in the air). Clouds are accumulations of water droplets,
condensed from vapor-saturated air
Safe drinking water is essential to humans and other life forms
even though it provides no calories or organic nutrients
Water is a liquid at standard temperature and pressure. It is
tasteless and odorless. The intrinsic color of water and ice is a
very slight blue hue, although both appear colorless in small
quantities. Water vapor is essentially invisible as a gas
All of the components in cells (proteins, DNA and
polysaccharides) are dissolved in water, deriving their structure
and activity from their interactions with the water.
Pure water has a low electrical conductivity, but this increases
with the dissolution of a small amount of ionic material such as
sodium chloride.
3. Water
Pure H2O is tasteless and odorless
Water can dissolve many different substances, giving it varying tastes and odors
Humans, and other animals, have developed senses that enable them to evaluate the
purity of water by avoiding water that is too salty or putrid
The taste of spring water and mineral water, often advertised in marketing of consumer
products, derives from the minerals dissolved in it.
The advertised purity of spring and mineral water refers to absence of toxins, pollutants,
and microbes, not to the absence of naturally occurring minerals
3 –
The water cycle refers to the
continuous exchange of water
within the hydrosphere,
between the atmosphere,
soil water, surface water,
groundwater, and plants
4. Water
Heat exchange
Water and steam are used as heat transfer fluids in diverse heat exchange systems,
due to its availability and high heat capacity, both as a coolant and for heating.
Cool water may even be naturally available from a lake or the sea
Condensing steam is a particularly efficient heating fluid because of the large heat of
vaporization. A disadvantage is that water and steam are somewhat corrosive
In almost all electric power stations, water is the coolant, which vaporizes and drives
steam turbines to drive generators
4 –
5. Water
Purification methods
Double distillation
Double-distilled water (abbreviated "ddH2O", "Bidest. water" or "DDW") is prepared by slow
boiling the uncontaminated condensed water vapor from a prior slow boiling
Deionization
Deionized water, also known as demineralized water, is water that has had almost all of its
mineral ions cations removed such as
sodium, calcium, iron, and copper,
and anions such as chloride and sulfate.
Reverse osmosis (RO) is a water purification technology that uses a semipermeable
membrane, an applied pressure is used to overcome osmotic pressure that can remove
many types of molecules and ions from solutions, and is used in both industrial
processes and the production of potable water
5 –
6. Water
Water treatment describes industrial-scale processes that make water more acceptable
for an end-use, which may be drinking, industrial, or medical
6 –
Water treatment should remove existing water
contaminants or reduce their concentration
so that their water becomes fit for its desired end-use,
safely returning used water to the environment
The processes involved in treating water for drinking purpose is of solids separation using
physical processes such as settling and filtration,
and chemical processes such as disinfection and coagulation
Biological processes are employed in the treatment of wastewater and these processes
may include, for example, aerated lagoons, activated sludge or slow sand filters
7. Water
Disinfection by means of UV lamps (sometimes called germicidal or bactericidal) may be
employed to sterilize pathogens which bypassed the reverse osmosis process
Chlorination or chloramination (chlorine and ammonia) protects against pathogens which
may have lodged in the distribution system downstream, such as from new construction,
backwash, compromised pipes, etc
Pure water has a pH close to 7 (neither alkaline nor acidic)
If the water is acidic (lower than 7), lime, soda ash, or sodium hydroxide can be added to
raise the pH during water purification processes
Lime addition increases the calcium ion concentration, thus raising the water hardness
Making the water alkaline helps coagulation and flocculation processes work effectively
and also helps to minimize the risk of lead being dissolved from lead pipes and from
lead solder in pipe fittings
Sufficient alkalinity also reduces the corrosiveness of water to iron pipes
7 –
8. Water
One of the first steps in a conventional water purification process is the addition of
chemicals to assist in the removal of particles suspended in water
Particles can be inorganic such as clay and silt or organic such as algae, bacteria, viruses,
protozoa and natural organic matter
Inorganic and organic particles contribute to the turbidity and color of water
The addition of inorganic coagulants such as aluminum sulfate or iron (III) salts cause
several simultaneous chemical and physical interactions on and among the particles
Within seconds, negative charges on the particles are neutralized by inorganic
coagulants, metal hydroxide precipitates of the aluminum and iron (III) ions begin to form
These precipitates combine into larger particles under natural processes and through
induced mixing referred to as flocculation
Large, amorphous aluminum and iron (III) hydroxides adsorb and enmesh particles in
suspension and facilitate the removal of particles by subsequent processes of
sedimentation and filtration
8 –
9. Water
10 –
Flocculation Basin
Slow Mix
Sedimentation Basin
Floc Settling
Coagulation Tank
Clear Water Well Filtration Basin
Community
Disinfection
R.W.
10. Water
Stat
ic
water pump station
11 –
Polymer (seasonally added )
Clarifier
Mix
er
Raw water canal Community
Filter
Treated water pump station
Filtrat
ion
Cycle
Back
washi
ng
Post
-chlori
nation
Lime
19. Water
Aerobic organism
1: Obligate aerobes need oxygen because they cannot
ferment or respire anaerobically. They gather at the top
where the oxygen concentration is highest
2: Obligate anaerobes are poisoned by oxygen, so they
gather at the bottom where the oxygen concentration is
lowest.
3: Facultative anaerobes can grow with or without oxygen because they can
metabolize energy aerobically or anaerobically
4: Microaerophiles need oxygen because they cannot ferment or respire
anaerobically. However, they are poisoned by high concentrations of oxygen
5: Aerotolerant organisms do not require oxygen as they metabolize energy
anaerobically. Unlike obligate anaerobes however, they are not poisoned by
oxygen
20 –
20. Water
Anaerobic digestion is a collection of processes by which microorganisms break down
biodegradable material in the absence of oxygen
The digestion process begins with bacterial hydrolysis of the input materials
Insoluble organic polymers, such as carbohydrates, are broken down to soluble
derivatives that become available for other bacteria
Acidogenic bacteria then convert the sugars and amino acids into carbon dioxide,
hydrogen, ammonia, and organic acids
These bacteria convert these resulting organic acids into acetic acid, along with additional
ammonia, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide
Finally, methanogens convert these products to methane and carbon dioxide
The methanogenic archaea populations play an indispensable role in anaerobic
wastewater treatments
21 –
21. Water
Microorganisms
With the proper mixture of water, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen, micro-organisms are
allowed to break down organic matter to produce compost
The composting process is dependent on micro-organisms to break down organic matter
into compost
There are many types of microorganisms found in active compost of which the most
common are:
Bacteria- The most numerous of all the micro organisms found in compost
Actinobacteria- Necessary for breaking down paper products such as newspaper, bark,
Fungi- Molds and yeast help break down materials that bacteria cannot, especially lignin
in woody material.
Protozoa- Help consume bacteria, fungi and micro organic particulates
Rotifers- Rotifers help control populations of bacteria and small protozoans
In addition, earthworms not only ingest partly composted material, but also continually re-create
22 –
aeration and drainage tunnels as they move through the compost
22. Water
Actual record A B C D E F
pH 6.1 7.3 7.5 6.9 5.5 7.4
COD 575.0 683.0 259.0 373.0 257.0 26.0
BOD 416.0 373.0 209.0 288.0 244.0 1.0
SS 194.0 428.0 158.0 134.0 78.0 1.0
FOG 81.5 112.0 7.2 32.6 2.4 -
Specifications
pH 6 - 8 6 - 7 6.4 7 - 8 6 - 8 6 - 9
COD 2,000.0 1,000.0 120.0
BOD 1,400.0 250.0 175.0 770.0 420.0 20.0
SS 660.0 500.0 350.0 165.0 275.0 30.0
FOG 1,000.0 30.0 30.0 60.0 45.0 5.0
Waste Water Flow m3/day
A.- Kitchen 1,300.0
D.- Kitchen Dap tank capacity 650 m3 x 2 1,300.0
B.- Soil 1,900.0
C.- Soil Sceptic Tank capacity 2000 m3 1,900.0
E.- Equalizer Tank flow 3200 m3 3,200.0
F.- Efluent flow water 3,200.0
Actual level of BOD > specs at B & C
Actual level of FOG> specs at B
Recommendation: use anaerobic bacteria Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6
at Sceptic Tank in dosis per week as follows 15 ppm 5 ppm 5 ppm 5 ppm 5 ppm 2 ppm
23 –
7 kg 2 kg 2 kg 2 kg 2 kg 1 kg
1st application early Monday morning 3.5 kg 1 kg 1 kg 1 kg 1 kg 0.5 kg
2nd application 6 hrs later on Monday 3.5 kg 1 kg 1 kg 1 kg 1 kg 0.5 kg
24. L | C | LOGISTICS
PLANT MANUFACTURING AND BUILDING FACILITIES EQUIPMENT
Engineering-Book
ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTALS AND HOW IT WORKS
MECHANICS WATER
Thank You