To transmit the data from one node to another, data link layer combines framing, flow control & error control schemes.
We divide the discussion protocols into those that can be used for noiseless(error free) channels and those that can be used for noisy (error creating) channels.
The Collections Framework (java.util)- Collections overview, Collection Interfaces, The Collection classes- Array List, Linked List, Hash Set, Tree Set, Priority Queue, Array Deque. Accessing a Collection via an Iterator, Using an Iterator, The For-Each alternative, Map Interfaces and Classes, Comparators, Collection algorithms, Arrays, The Legacy Classes and Interfaces- Dictionary, Hashtable ,Properties, Stack, Vector More Utility classes, String Tokenizer, Bit Set, Date, Calendar, Random, Formatter, Scanner
Exception handling - Fundamentals of exception handling, Exception types, Termination or resumptive models, Uncaught exceptions, using try and catch, multiple catch clauses, nested try statements, throw, throws and finally, built- in exceptions, creating own exception sub classes.
Multithreading- Differences between thread-based multitasking and process-based multitasking, Java thread model, creating threads, thread priorities, synchronizing threads, inter thread communication
Packages- Defining a Package, CLASSPATH, Access protection, importing packages. Interfaces- defining an interface, implementing interfaces, Nested interfaces, applying interfaces, variables in interfaces and extending interfaces.
Stream based I/O (java.io) – The Stream classes-Byte streams and Character streams, Reading console Input and Writing Console Output, File class, Reading and writing Files, Random access file operations, The Console class, Serialization, Enumerations, auto boxing, generics.
Object-Oriented Thinking- A way of viewing world – Agents and Communities, messages and methods, Responsibilities, Classes and Instances, Class Hierarchies- Inheritance, Method binding, Overriding and Exceptions, Summary of Object-Oriented concepts. Java buzzwords, An Overview of Java, Data types, Variables and Arrays, operators, expressions, control statements, Introducing classes, Methods and Classes, String handling.
Inheritance– Inheritance concept, Inheritance basics, Member access, Constructors, Creating Multilevel hierarchy, super uses, using final with inheritance, Polymorphism-ad hoc polymorphism, pure polymorphism, method overriding, abstract classes, Object class, forms of inheritance specialization, specification, construction, extension, limitation, combination, benefits of inheritance, costs of inheritance
JSP
The Anatomy of a JSP Page, JSP Processing, Declarations, Directives, Expressions, Code Snippets, implicit objects, Using Beans in JSP Pages, Using Cookies and session for session tracking, connecting to database in JSP.
Servlet
Common Gateway Interface (CGI), Lifecycle of a Servlet, deploying a servlet, The Servlet API, Reading Servlet parameters, Reading Initialization parameters, Handling Http Request & Responses, Using Cookies and Sessions, connecting to a database using JDBC.
Introduction to XML, Defining XML tags, their attributes and values, Document Type Definition, XML Schemas, Document Object Model, XHTML Parsing XML Data - DOM and SAX Parsers in java.
Introduction to PHP: Declaring variables, data types, arrays, strings, operators, expressions, control structures, functions, Reading data from web form controls like text boxes, radio buttons, lists etc., Handling File Uploads, Connecting to database (MySQL as reference), executing simple queries, handling results, Handling sessions and cookies File Handling in PHP: File operations like opening, closing, reading, writing, appending, deleting etc. on text and binary files, listing directories
Machine-Independent Optimizations: The Principal Sources of Optimization, Introduction to Data-Flow Analysis, Foundations of Data-Flow Analysis, Constant Propagation, Partial Redundancy Elimination, Loops in Flow Graphs
Run-Time Environments: Storage organization, Stack Allocation of Space, Access to Nonlocal Data on the Stack, Heap Management, Introduction to Garbage Collection, Introduction to Trace-Based Collection. Code Generation: Issues in the Design of a Code Generator, The Target Language, Addresses in the Target Code, Basic Blocks and Flow Graphs, Optimization of Basic Blocks, A Simple Code Generator, Peephole Optimization, Register Allocation and Assignment, Dynamic Programming Code-Generation
Syntax-Directed Translation: Syntax-Directed Definitions, Evaluation Orders for SDD's, Applications of Syntax-Directed Translation, Syntax-Directed Translation Schemes, and Implementing L-Attributed SDD's. Intermediate-Code Generation: Variants of Syntax Trees, Three-Address Code, Types and Declarations, Type Checking, Control Flow, Back patching, Switch-Statements
Syntax Analysis: Introduction, Context-Free Grammars, Writing a Grammar, Top-Down Parsing, Bottom-Up Parsing, Introduction to LR Parsing: Simple LR, More Powerful LR Parsers, Using Ambiguous Grammars, Parser Generators.
Introduction: Language Processors, the structure of a compiler, the science of building a compiler, programming language basics.
Lexical Analysis: The Role of the Lexical Analyzer, Input Buffering, Recognition of Tokens, The Lexical-Analyzer Generator Lex, Finite Automata, From Regular Expressions to Automata, Design of a Lexical-Analyzer Generator, Optimization of DFA-Based Pattern Matchers
E-Mail Security: Pretty Good Privacy, S/MIME IP Security: IP Security overview, IP Security architecture, Authentication Header, Encapsulating security payload, Combining security associations, Internet Key Exchange Case Studies on Cryptography and security: Secure Multiparty Calculation, Virtual Elections, Single sign On, Secure Inter-branch Payment Transactions, Cross site Scripting Vulnerability.
Security Concepts: Introduction, The need for security, Security approaches, Principles of security, Types of Security attacks, Security services, Security Mechanisms, A model for Network Security Cryptography Concepts and Techniques: Introduction, plain text and cipher text, substitution techniques, transposition techniques, encryption and decryption, symmetric and asymmetric key cryptography, steganography, key range and key size, possible types of attacks
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2. PROTOCOLS
To transmit the data from one node to another, data link
layer combines framing, flow control & error control
schemes.
We divide the discussion protocols into
those that can be used for noiseless(error free) channels
and those that can be used for noisy (error creating)
channels.
4. NOISELESS CHANNELS
Let us first assume we have an ideal channel in which
no frames are lost, duplicated, or corrupted. We
introduce two protocols for this type of channel.
➢Simplest Protocol
➢Stop and wait Protocol
5. Simplest protocol
◼ Simplest protocol is a unidirectional protocol in which data
frames are travelling in only one direction from sender to
receiver.
◼ In this there are no errors that take place in physical channel.
◼ The data link layer on the sender side takes the packet from
the network layer & then adds the header and trailer to create
frame & transmit it to the physical layer.
◼ The receiver side data link layer removes the header from
frame and transmits as packet to the network layer.
◼ In this protocol the receiver will never be overwhelmed.
6. The design of the simplest protocol with no flow or error control
7. ➢Figure below shows an example of communication using this
protocol.
➢The sender sends a sequence of frames without even thinking
about the receiver.
➢To send three frames, three events occur at the sender site and
three events at the receiver site.
Note: that the data frames are shown by tilted boxes; the height of
the box defines the transmission time difference between the first
bit and the last bit in the frame.
Example
8. Stop and wait protocol
◼ Stop and wait is a protocol where sender sends one frame and
then waits for acknowledgment, before further proceedings.
◼ The advantage of stop and wait protocol is its simplicity. Each
frame is checked and acknowledged before the next frame is
sent.
◼ The disadvantage is its inefficiency. Stop & wait is very slow.
◼ Each frame must travel all the way to the receiver and an
acknowledgement must travel all the way back before next
frame can be transmitted.
10. Figure below shows an example of communication using this
protocol. The sender sends one frame and waits for feedback from
the receiver. When the ACK arrives, the sender sends the next
frame. Note that sending two frames in the protocol involves the
sender in four events and the receiver in two events.
11. NOISY CHANNELS
Although the Stop-and-Wait Protocol gives us an idea
of how to add flow control, noiseless channels are
nonexistent.
We discuss three protocols in this section that use
error control.
Stop-and-Wait Automatic Repeat Request
Go-Back-N Automatic Repeat Request
Selective Repeat Automatic Repeat Request
12. Stop-and-Wait Automatic Repeat Request(ARQ)
◼ Error correction in Stop-and-Wait ARQ is done by
keeping a copy of the sent frame and retransmitting
of the frame when the timer expires.
◼ In Stop-and-Wait ARQ, we use sequence numbers to
number the frames. The sequence numbers is
represented in modulo -2 arithmetic.
◼ In Stop-and-Wait ARQ, the acknowledgment
number always announces the sequence number of
the next frame expected.
13.
14. Example of Stop-and-Wait
ARQ.
◼ Frame 0 is sent and
acknowledged.
◼ Frame 1 is lost and resent
after the time-out. The resent
frame 1 is acknowledged and
the timer stops.
◼ Frame 0 is sent and
acknowledged, but the
acknowledgment is lost. The
sender has no idea if the
frame or the
acknowledgment is lost, so
after the time-out, it resends
frame 0, which is
acknowledged.
15. Go Back-N Automatic Repeat Request(ARQ)
◼ In this protocol we can send several frames before receiving
acknowledgements. We keep a copy of this frames until the
acknowledgements arrive.
◼ Frames from a sending station are numbered sequentially. In
the Go-Back-N Protocol, the sequence numbers are modulo
2m,where m is the size of the sequence number field in bits, the
sequence number range from 0 to 2m-1.
◼ For example if m is 4 the sequence numbers are 0 through
15.however we can repeat sequence numbers are
◼ 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11….
16. ◼ Sliding window is concept that defines the range of sequence
numbers that is concern of the sender and receiver.
◼ In other words sender and receiver need to deal with only
part of possible sequence numbers.
◼ The range which is concern of the sender is called send
sliding window.
◼ The range which is concern of the receiver is called receiver
sliding window.
17. The send sliding window is an define an imaginary box of
size 2m − 1 with three variables: Sf, Sn, and Ssize.
The send slide window can slide one or more slots when a valid
acknowledgement arrives.
18. The receive window is define an imaginary box of size 1 with
one single variable Rn. The window slides when a correct
frame has arrived; sliding occurs one slot at a time.
19. Figure below shows us design for this Go-Back N protocol. As we can see
multiple frames can be transmit in forward direction and multiple ACK in
reverse direction. The idea is similar to stop and wait ARQ but difference is
that send window allows us to have many frames in transition as there are
slots in send window.
20. ➢ The receiver sends positive ACK if a frame has arrived safe. If a frame is
damaged or received out of order the receiver will sent NACK frame and
will discard all subsequent frames until it receives the one expecting .
➢ When the timer expires the sender resends all outstanding frames. For
example suppose the sender has already sent frame 0, 1,2,3 but the timer
for frame 1 expires. This means that frame 1 has not been ACK: the sender
goes back and sends frames 1,2, 3 again. That is why the protocol is called
Go-Back-N ARQ
21.
22. Selective repeat ARQ
◼ The specific damaged or lost frames are retransmitted in
selective repeat ARQ.
◼ The receiver sends positive ACK if a frame has arrived safe
and sound. If a frame is damaged or received out of order
the receiver will sent NAK frame and it will not discard
previously sent frames.
23.
24. The send window is an abstract concept defining an imaginary
box of size 2m − 1 with three variables: Sf, Sn, and Ssize.
In Selective Repeat ARQ, the size of the sender and receiver
window must be at most one-half of 2m.
25. The receive window is an abstract concept defining an
imaginary box of size 2m − 1 with variable Rn
27. Piggy backing
◼ Data frames flow in only one direction although control
information such as ACK and NAK frames can travel in the
other direction.
◼ In real life, data frames are normally flowing in both
directions from node A to node B and from node B to node A.
◼ This means that the control information also needs to flow in
both directions.
◼ A technique called piggybacking is used to improve the
efficiency of the bidirectional protocols.
◼ When a frame is carrying data from A to B, it can also carry
control information about arrived (or lost) frames from B;
when a frame is carrying data from B to A, it can also carry
control information about the arrived (or lost) frames from A.