Selection of Heat Exchanger Types
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 BACKGROUND
5 FACTORS INFLUENCING SELECTION
5.1 Type of Duty
5.2 Temperatures and Pressures
5.3 Materials of Construction 5.4 Fouling
5.5 Safety and Reliability
5.6 Repairs
5.7 Design Methods
5.8 Dimensions and Weight
5.9 Cost
5.10 GBHE Experience
6 TYPES OF EXCHANGER
6.1 Shell and Tube Exchangers
6.2 Cylindrical Graphite Block Heat Exchangers
6.3 Cubic Graphite Block Heat Exchangers
6.4 Air Cooled Heat Exchangers
6.5 Gasketed Plate and Frame
6.6 Spiral Plate
6.7 Tube in Duct
6.8 Plate-fin
6.9 Printed Circuit Heat Exchanger (PCHE)
6.10 Scraped Surface/Wiped Film Exchangers
6.11 Welded or Brazed Plate
6.12 Double Pipe
6.13 Electric Heaters
6.14 Fired Process Heaters
TABLE
(1) ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF DIFFERENT SHELL AND TUBE DESIGNS
FIGURES
1 ESTIMATED MAIN PLANT ITEM COSTS
2 ESTIMATED INSTALLED COSTS
3 TEMA HEAT EXCHANGER NOMENCLATURE
4 F ‘CORRECTION FACTORS' : TEMA E SHELL WITH EVEN NUMBER OF PASSE
5 SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER HEAD TYPES
6 GENERAL ARRANGEMENT OF A CYLINDRICAL GRAPHITE BLOCK HEAT EXCHANGER
7 EXPLODED VIEW OF A CUBIC GRAPHITE BLOCK
HEAT EXCHANGER
8 TYPICAL AIR COOLED HEAT EXCHANGER
9 GENERAL VIEW OF ONE END OF A 3-STREAM
PLATE-FIN HEAT EXCHANGER
10 TYPICAL PCHE PLATE
11 VICARB ‘COMPABLOC' EXCHANGER
12 ‘BROWN FINTUBE' MULTITUBE HEAT EXCHANGER
13 FIRED HEATER : SCHEMATICS AND NOMENCLATURE
Selection of Heat Exchanger Types
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 BACKGROUND
5 FACTORS INFLUENCING SELECTION
5.1 Type of Duty
5.2 Temperatures and Pressures
5.3 Materials of Construction 5.4 Fouling
5.5 Safety and Reliability
5.6 Repairs
5.7 Design Methods
5.8 Dimensions and Weight
5.9 Cost
5.10 GBHE Experience
6 TYPES OF EXCHANGER
6.1 Shell and Tube Exchangers
6.2 Cylindrical Graphite Block Heat Exchangers
6.3 Cubic Graphite Block Heat Exchangers
6.4 Air Cooled Heat Exchangers
6.5 Gasketed Plate and Frame
6.6 Spiral Plate
6.7 Tube in Duct
6.8 Plate-fin
6.9 Printed Circuit Heat Exchanger (PCHE)
6.10 Scraped Surface/Wiped Film Exchangers
6.11 Welded or Brazed Plate
6.12 Double Pipe
6.13 Electric Heaters
6.14 Fired Process Heaters
TABLE
(1) ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF DIFFERENT SHELL AND TUBE DESIGNS
FIGURES
1 ESTIMATED MAIN PLANT ITEM COSTS
2 ESTIMATED INSTALLED COSTS
3 TEMA HEAT EXCHANGER NOMENCLATURE
4 F ‘CORRECTION FACTORS' : TEMA E SHELL WITH EVEN NUMBER OF PASSE
5 SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER HEAD TYPES
6 GENERAL ARRANGEMENT OF A CYLINDRICAL GRAPHITE BLOCK HEAT EXCHANGER
7 EXPLODED VIEW OF A CUBIC GRAPHITE BLOCK
HEAT EXCHANGER
8 TYPICAL AIR COOLED HEAT EXCHANGER
9 GENERAL VIEW OF ONE END OF A 3-STREAM
PLATE-FIN HEAT EXCHANGER
10 TYPICAL PCHE PLATE
11 VICARB ‘COMPABLOC' EXCHANGER
12 ‘BROWN FINTUBE' MULTITUBE HEAT EXCHANGER
13 FIRED HEATER : SCHEMATICS AND NOMENCLATURE
Selection and Design of Condensers
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 CHOICE OF COOLANT
5 LAYOUT CONSIDERATIONS
5.1 Distillation Column Condensers
5.2 Other Process Condensers
6 CONTROL
6.1 Distillation Columns
6.2 Water Cooled Condensers
6.3 Refrigerant Condensers
7 GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
7.1 Heat Transfer Resistances
7.2 Pressure Drop
7.3 Handling of Inerts
7.4 Vapor Inlet Design
7.5 Drainage of Condensate
8 SUMMARY OF TYPES AVAILABLE
8.1 Direct Contact Condensers
8.2 Shell and Tube Exchangers
8.3 Air Cooled Heat Exchangers
8.4 Spiral Plate Heat Exchangers
8.5 Internal Condensers
8.6 Plate Heat Exchangers
8.7 Plate-Fin Heat Exchangers
8.8 Other Compact Designs
9 BIBLIOGRAPHY
FIGURES
1 DIRECT CONTACT CONDENSER WITH INDIRECT COOLER FOR RECYCLED CONDENSATE
2 SPRAY CONDENSER
3 TRAY TYPE CONDENSER
4 THREE PASS TUBE SIDE CONDENSER WITH INTERPASS LUTING FOR CONDENSATE DRAINAGE
5 CROSS FLOW CONDENSER WITH SINGLE PASS COOLANT
A Brief Introduction to Industrial boiler. And details about Boiler of Monnet Power Company Ltd(2X525 MW) Thermal Power Plant. Details about parts of Boiler, Water & Steam path, Oil Circuit, flue Gas Circuit.
Furnaces in Refinery and Petrochemicals
Process furnaces
Crude distillation unit
Reaction Heaters
Reformer Heater
Heater Performance objectives
Reasons to save Energy
Heater Types
Radiant section
Convection section
Crossover section
Burners
Selection and Design of Condensers
0 INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE
1 SCOPE
2 FIELD OF APPLICATION
3 DEFINITIONS
4 CHOICE OF COOLANT
5 LAYOUT CONSIDERATIONS
5.1 Distillation Column Condensers
5.2 Other Process Condensers
6 CONTROL
6.1 Distillation Columns
6.2 Water Cooled Condensers
6.3 Refrigerant Condensers
7 GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
7.1 Heat Transfer Resistances
7.2 Pressure Drop
7.3 Handling of Inerts
7.4 Vapor Inlet Design
7.5 Drainage of Condensate
8 SUMMARY OF TYPES AVAILABLE
8.1 Direct Contact Condensers
8.2 Shell and Tube Exchangers
8.3 Air Cooled Heat Exchangers
8.4 Spiral Plate Heat Exchangers
8.5 Internal Condensers
8.6 Plate Heat Exchangers
8.7 Plate-Fin Heat Exchangers
8.8 Other Compact Designs
9 BIBLIOGRAPHY
FIGURES
1 DIRECT CONTACT CONDENSER WITH INDIRECT COOLER FOR RECYCLED CONDENSATE
2 SPRAY CONDENSER
3 TRAY TYPE CONDENSER
4 THREE PASS TUBE SIDE CONDENSER WITH INTERPASS LUTING FOR CONDENSATE DRAINAGE
5 CROSS FLOW CONDENSER WITH SINGLE PASS COOLANT
A Brief Introduction to Industrial boiler. And details about Boiler of Monnet Power Company Ltd(2X525 MW) Thermal Power Plant. Details about parts of Boiler, Water & Steam path, Oil Circuit, flue Gas Circuit.
Furnaces in Refinery and Petrochemicals
Process furnaces
Crude distillation unit
Reaction Heaters
Reformer Heater
Heater Performance objectives
Reasons to save Energy
Heater Types
Radiant section
Convection section
Crossover section
Burners
Mathcad Functions for Boiling heat transfertmuliya
This file contains slides on Mathcad Functions for Boiling heat transfer.
The slides were prepared while teaching Heat Transfer course to the M.Tech. students in Mechanical Engineering Dept. of St. Joseph Engineering College, Vamanjoor, Mangalore, India, during Sept. – Dec. 2010.
Contents: Functions for properties of sat. water and steam- Nucleate boiling for water – heat flux – crit. heat flux for: flat surface, horizl. cylinder – min. heat flux for horizl. surface – Film boiling for horizl. surface , very large dia tube, horizl. cylinder, sphere - Nucleate boiling of water for submerged horizl. and vertical surfaces
Water efficiency in Thermal Power Plants ~ An outline of Cooling Technologies.
A presentation by Kalyan Bhattacharya, Vice President, E&BD, Paharpur Cooling Towers Ltd.
Water Efficiency in Thermal power PlantAtanu Maity
Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF)
in its recent notification dated December 07, 2015 on
Environment (Protection) Amendment Rules, 2015 have
notified the following:
I. All plants with Once Through Cooling (OTC) shall install Cooling Tower (CT) and achieve specific water consumption upto maximum of 3.5m3/MWh within a period of two years from the date of publication of this notification.
II. All existing CT-based plants shall have to reduce specific water consumption upto maximum of 3.5m3/MWh within a period of two years from the date of publication of this notification.
III. New plants to be installed after 1st January, 2017 shall have to meet specific water consumption upto maximum of 2.5 m3/MWh and achieve zero waste water discharged.
In light of the above a presentation on water consumption in cooling towers / Air Cooled Condensers and other comparisons.
Heating consists of the majority of the energy demand in Industries. Around 123 Gwh of energy is consumed every year.
The workshop was conducted to give an understanding of the various ways to sustainably provide heat for processes.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
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Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
4. ENTHALPY IN KCal/kg
Gauge
pressure
bar
Specific
Enthalpy of
evap'tion (hfg)
Volume
Dry Sat.
m /kg
Temp.
ºC
Water
(hf)
Steam
(hg) 3
1 120 120 526.2 646.2 0.881
2
3
4
5
6
134
144
152
159
165
133
144
152
159
166
517.6
509.7
504
498.9
493.5
650.6
653.7
656
657.9
659.5
0.603
0.461
0.374
0.315
0.272
7 170 171 489.8 660.8 0.24
0 100 100 540 640 1.673
What is steam?(Cont.…)
5. What is so different about Steam?
Fixing one parameter fixes all others.
Steam at 1 barg pressure will have -
1200CTs - Saturation Temp.
h -
L -
V -
Sensible Heat
Latent heat
Specific Volume
120 Kcal/kg.
526.2 Kcal/kg.
0.902 m3/kg. (steam)
0.0011 m3/kg. (cond.)
Exercise -
What will be the above properties at a pressure of 3.5 Kg/cm2g.
6. What is so different about Steam - contd.
Steam quality is a changing parameter
be measured on-line.
It is indicated by a term called Dryness
and can’t
Fraction.
Dryness fraction ‘x’ indicates fraction of dry steam
present in given total mass
x=0.9
Means 90% steam with SH+LH and 10% water
(only SH)
Exercise - What will be total heat in steam at 3
kg/cm2g pressure and 0.85 dry?
7. What is so different about Steam? - contd.
Steam Quality depends on type of boiler and
effectiveness of steam distribution.
A coil type boiler will deliver wet steam at load
variation as it has no steam space.
A shell type boiler will ensure better quality
under all load conditions
steam
Saturated steam will never be 100% dry
8. What is so different about Steam?-contd.
Steam has higher Specific Volume
Volume of steam at 1 kg/cm2g
Volume of steam at 7 kg/cm2g
at low pressure
0.902m3/kg
0.24m3/kg
376% more volume to be handled at 1 kg/cm2g
(lower pressure) as compared to 7 kg/cm2g.
Always advisable to reduce steam pressure near
the equipment and not in Boiler House.
9. What is so different about Steam - contd.
Saturated steam is a condensing vapor with
instant heat release on phase change.
Latent heat is released when steam condenses
Superheated steam is a gas with very slow release
of superheat before latent heat can be released.
It is ideal to use saturated steam for any indirect
heat transfer.
11. Actual Enthalpy of Wet Steam
; Dryness fraction is the proportion of dry steam within a given sample.
; The ‘actual’ enthalpy of evaporation of wet steam is the product of the
dryness fraction (x) and the specific enthalpy (hfg) from the steam
tables. This in short means the lower the dryness fraction more
amount of steam would be needed for the providing the same heat
input.
Enthalpy of
evaporation
Dryness
fraction
Actual
enthalpy
; What will be the actual enthalpy of 0.9 dry steam at 3 barg pressure?
12. Advantage Steam
; High heat content, Easily available, Very cheap in comparison.
;
;
Steam lines are relatively light in weight.
Steam flows in response to the pressure drop along the line and
there is no need for circulating pumps.
Steam is flexible and loads can be added or subtracted at will,;
within the limitations of the supply.
Heat transfer coefficients from steam are often twice as high as
those from water.
Constant temperature gradient will occur along the heat emitting
surfaces.
Relatively easy plant maintenance
;
;
;
13. Energy Equivalent Flow rate for 1KW
Hot Water
Flow rate kg/s = 1000W = 0.0217 kg/s
78 Kg/hr.(BDT 10/hr.)4187J/kg K (82ºC - 71ºC)
Hot oil
Flow rate kg/s = 1000W = 0.091 kg/s
550J/kg K (300ºC - 280ºC) 328 Kg/hr. (BDT 9/hr.)
Steam
Taking steam at 6 bar g. Enthalpy of evaporation per kilogram = 2066 kCal/kg
= 1 = 0.00048 kg/s
1.7 Kg/hr.(BDT 1.25/hr)2066
Cost of equivalent electrical energy will be BDT 6.74/hr.
The comparison in flow rates are well in favour of steam !
14. Engineering involved with Steam
• Quality of steam is a constant variable.
Dry steam at boiler end may become wet at equipment.
Process steam demand is fluctuating with time
On an average a process boiler works at 50% load
•
• Steam may not get due importance at ‘Project’ stage.
Sizing and component selection lacks engineering touch.
The problems start during normal operations
High pressure drops, Water-hammer, Air binding, Longer
batch timings, Poor product quality are very common
•
15. Common operational problems
In an average process plant steam load is variable
peaks occurring for short periods.
with
Steam has major ingress of air whenever used for
intermittent heating applications
Equipments use steam intermittently
Plant
Plant
Plant
works only for one/two shifts in a day
has seasonal operations
works for five days or six days in a week.
16. Steam Should Be Supplied At The
Desired Time
Demand Satisfied by
a drop in Boiler
Demand Not
Satisfied
Pressure
Peak
Boiler Maximum Continuous Rating
Average Steam Flow RateSteam
Flow
Rate
Actual Steam
Flow Rate
Time
17. Layers That Reduce Heat
Transfer Efficiency
Scale Film
Air Film
Condensate Film
Stagnant Water
Steam
Metal Wall
Water
Being
Heated
18. Steam Engineering - Related Problems
• Incorrect Basis For Boiler Capacity
• Lack Of Info On Boiler Efficiency
• Flue Gas Not Monitored
• Improper Loading Of Boiler Plant
No Relation With Process Demand
Confusion On Relation Between
Blow-down & Boiler Load
Blow-down & Hardness
•
19. Common Problems in Steam Distribution
High And Abnormal Pressure Drops
Manufacturing Operations Limited To Only Few
Longer Processing Timings’
Lower Productivity On Machines
Steam Starvation At End Points
20. • No Modification In Piping System To Reflect
Changes In Equipment, Etc.
.
• Misconceptions Regarding Flash Steam
• Hot Condensate Cooled Because Pump - Motor
Set Cannot Handle It
• Operating Staff Unaware Of Cost Of Steam And
Its Components
Common Problems In Steam Distribution cont...
21. • Bypass Of Traps/Control Valves Open
• Wrong Trap Selection (Open Bypass) And
Installation
• Use Of Traps For Lifting Condensate
• No Air Vents Except On Headers/Jacketed
Vessels. Mostly Manual Venting
Common Problems In Steam Distribution cont...
22. High - Pressure Steam Necessary For Fast Heating.
Required
PRV Not
Improper Sizing Of PRV Assembly
Absence Of External Pressure - Balancing
Pressure Reduction/Control By Blowing Rather Than
Control Valve
Using
Common Problems In Steam Distribution cont...