Language acquisition involves learning one's native language and any additional languages. The process of acquiring a second language involves five stages: pre-production, early production, speech emergence, intermediate fluency, and advanced fluency. Each stage is characterized by increasing vocabulary size and language ability, from not speaking at all in the earliest stage to functioning similar to a native speaker after 5-10 years.
Communicative Language Teaching is the cornerstone for approaches that have shifted from a grammar-based language view to a functional view of language where communication is the main objective. Such approaches are CBI (Content-based instruction) and TBI (Task-based instruction). Today, both CBI and TBI are the leading approaches most teachers are currently using to teach a second/foreign language around the world. Both approaches have been proven to be effective, and the most important thing is that students are truly learning to use language to communicate their ideas to different audiences.
Communicative Language Teaching is the cornerstone for approaches that have shifted from a grammar-based language view to a functional view of language where communication is the main objective. Such approaches are CBI (Content-based instruction) and TBI (Task-based instruction). Today, both CBI and TBI are the leading approaches most teachers are currently using to teach a second/foreign language around the world. Both approaches have been proven to be effective, and the most important thing is that students are truly learning to use language to communicate their ideas to different audiences.
Community Language Learning advises teachers to take their students as “whole person.” Students decide the topic and teachers act to like conselors. The learning is inductive.
Stages of Acquisition of first LanguageJoel Acosta
Language acquisition is the process by which humans acquire the capacity to perceive and comprehend language, as well as to produce and use words to communicate. The capacity to successfully use language requires one to acquire a range of tools including syntax, phonetics, and an extensive vocabulary. This language might be vocalized as with speech or manual as in sign. The human language capacity is represented in the brain.
Teaching English to First Generation Learners - Jaya George, Christel House i...CSFCommunications
Jaya George shares English teaching methodologies at the NISA School Leaders Summit.
The objective of this summit was to provide a platform for school owners and school leaders from affordable private schools to share best practices across multiple areas of school efficacy.
Community Language Learning advises teachers to take their students as “whole person.” Students decide the topic and teachers act to like conselors. The learning is inductive.
Stages of Acquisition of first LanguageJoel Acosta
Language acquisition is the process by which humans acquire the capacity to perceive and comprehend language, as well as to produce and use words to communicate. The capacity to successfully use language requires one to acquire a range of tools including syntax, phonetics, and an extensive vocabulary. This language might be vocalized as with speech or manual as in sign. The human language capacity is represented in the brain.
Teaching English to First Generation Learners - Jaya George, Christel House i...CSFCommunications
Jaya George shares English teaching methodologies at the NISA School Leaders Summit.
The objective of this summit was to provide a platform for school owners and school leaders from affordable private schools to share best practices across multiple areas of school efficacy.
Summary of Teaching Vocabulary by Nation (2005)
Presentation for Magister en Innovación de la Enseñanza, Aprendizaje y Evaluación del Inglés, Universidad de Concepción by Sebastian Calisto Miranda
All students are capable of learning. Teachers must find the best strategies to reach all learners. This presentation gives you hints about what can be done to help them learn at their level.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
3. L1 and L2 Acquisition
• First Language Acquisition is a universal process regardless
of home language.
• Second Language Acquisition is the process of learning
other languages in addition to the native language.
4. Stephen Krashen divides the process of second-language
acquisition into five stages:
1. preproduction
2. early production
3. speech emergence
4. intermediate fluency
5. advanced fluency
Five Stages of Second Language Acquisition
5. Stage I: Pre-Production
This stage lasts for about six weeks or longer. At this stage
learners do not speak they just listen to second language.
6. Stage I: Pre-Production
Student Characteristics
• Hesitant and unsure
• May use one word responses
• Develop listening skills
• Need time to be comfortable
with classroom environment
procedures and activities
• Respond non-verbally by:
Pointing
Nodding
Gesturing
Drawing
Teachers Strategies
• Encourage listening; don't
force speaking
• Slow speech, emphasize key
words
• Use gestures and body
language
• Use multimedia aids to
illustrate concepts
7. Stage II: Early Production
This stage may last up to six months and students will develop a
receptive and active vocabulary of about 1000 words. During this stage,
students can usually speak in one- or two-word phrases.
8. Stage II: Early Production
Student Characteristics
• Begin to grasp main ideas of message
• Begin to focus on contextual clues
• Use routine expressions
independently
• Demonstrate improved
comprehension
• May not tell you if they do not
understand
• Mispronounce words
Teachers Strategies
• Speak only in target language, using the
native language only for clarification of
difficult words
• Ask Yes/No and directed choice questions
• Ask Who? What? Where? Questions
• Ask listing type questions
• Use Think-Pair-Share technique when
asking questions of the class
• Work intensively on their articulation by
putting their sentences together
• Allow students to illustrate knowledge
9. Stage III: Speech Emergence
Learners' vocabularies increase to around 3000 words during this
stage, and they can communicate using simple questions and phrases.
10. Stage III: Speech Emergence
• Demonstrate expanded
vocabulary
• May ask for clarification or
meaning
• Participate in small group
discussions
• May rely on native language to
communicate complex ideas
• Start to acquire basic
communication
Student Characteristics
• Encourage efforts to participate
small group discussions
• Ask How and Why questions
• Emphasize content area
vocabulary
• Provide opportunities for
participation in reading and
writing activities
• Modify work according to
individual need
Teachers Strategies
11. Stage IV: Intermediate Fluency
At this stage, learners have a vocabulary of around 6000
words, and can use more complicated sentence structures.
12. Stage IV: Intermediate Fluency
• Describe with details a place or an
event they have attended
• Retell stories with good command of
verb tenses
• Begin to think in the new language
instead of translating from native
language
• Interact with native speakers with
some support
• Understand the main idea of movies,
songs, reports, articles in the target
language
Student Characteristics Teachers Strategies
• Explore the richness of adjectives,
language constructions, phrasal
verbs and idioms.
• Engage the student in retelling
stories in order to expose students
to the language
• Explore different ways to express
the same things
• Promote ways of self-assessment
and learner empowerment
13. Stage V: Advanced Fluency
The final stage is advanced fluency, which is typically reached
somewhere between five and ten years of learning the language.
Learners at this stage can function at a level close to native speakers.
14. Student Characteristics
• Can interact extensively with native
speakers
• Have high levels of comprehension but
may not understand all of the academic
language
• Read and write for a variety of purposes
• Continue to need extensive vocabulary
development in content
Teachers strategies
• Encourage reading newspapers
and magazines in target language
• Encourage watching different TV
channels in the target language
• Encourage using Internet to read
different topics and to listen to
podcasts and videos in target
language
Stage IV: Advanced Fluency
