The document summarizes key factors that enabled the Industrial Revolution in Britain, including abundant natural resources like iron, coal and water power as well as developments in agriculture, transportation, and technology. Agricultural improvements in the 1700s increased crop yields and the labor supply. Inventions like the spinning jenny, water frame and steam engine mechanized textile production. New transportation networks including canals and railroads facilitated trade and distribution. The factory system replaced domestic production with larger, mechanized facilities that employed many workers.

1. THE INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION

2. WHY BRITAIN?
 Good labour supply.
 Better farming technology.
 Middle class passed laws
to increase business.
 Surplus of capital.
 Science improved technology.
 Transportation networks.
 Raw materials.
 Iron & coal.
 Colonies.

3. THE AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION
ENCLOSURE - Poor farmers were
kicked off land as land became more
valuable for sheep and larger farms.
aka ‘Clearances’
COMMONS LAND - became private
and farmers had nowhere to graze livestock.
FARMING became a business & NOT a way of life.
NEW BREEDS - produced more
meat, thicker wool, hardier.
Gloucester Old Spot Pig
Enclosure produced labourers
Commons Lands

4. THE AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION
NEW CROPS & TECHNOLOGIES
=>
JETHRO TULL’S
Seed Drill - faster,
less waste, plowed,
fewer workers,
planted in rows.Broadcasting
MEDIEVAL
THREE FIELD
SYSTEM
(fallow crop)
=>
IND. REVOLUTION
FOUR FIELD
SYSTEM
(no fallow)
=>Turnip
=> Barley
⇒Grasses
⇒wheat
=>
RESULT - As farming improved population increased and diets
improved. This provided the necessary labour force
needed for the Industrial Revolution to occur.
- France and other nations remained “backward.”

6. ECONOMIC REVOLUTION
 Entrepreneurs.
 A person who takes risks to runs a
business.
 Middle Class - earned $
 Only the wealthy could sit in gov’t.
 Franchise.
 The right to vote.
 Only the wealthy & no women.
 Two political parties.
 Tories - rich landowners.
 Whigs - middle class businessmen.
LAISSEZ-FAIRE - Economic policy that discouraged gov’t
regulation. “Let it Be.”
- Often hurt the common labourer => wages, conditions, living
conditions, etc.
The Entrepreneur
The Workers

7. THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY
SPINNING JENNY
Spun the yarn needed
for the Flying Shuttle
FLYING SHUTTLE
Used for weaving cloth.
John
Kay
James Hargreaves
New inventions made inventors a fortune and would completely
change society.
Everything once done by hand was now being
completed mechanically.

8. OTHER INVENTIONS
WATER FRAME
Way to spin yarn
With rollers. Faster than
The Spinning Jenny
Richard
Arkwright
THE MULE
Combined the Water Frame
And the Spinning Jenny
STEAM MACHINE
Originally used to take water
out of the mines.
Samuel Compton
James Watt

9. IRON AND COAL
Abraham Darby - invented a process
to create cast iron.
- Coke is used to create iron.
- Coke comes from coal => coal
mining boomed.
Coal was also used to heat homes.
- working conditions
were harsh.
- wages were low
- many died from
Black Lung.

10. TRANSPORTATION
 ROADS
 Had to find a way to improve on the
old medieval ‘mud tracks’.
 Turnpike system
 built roads and charged tolls.
 James Macadam -
 3 layers of graded stone.
 Still used today.
 CANALS
 By 1800, 4000km of canals had
been built.
 RAILWAYS
 1829 George & Robert Stevenson used
a steam engine to build ‘The Rocket”
 Train = 39 km / hr.
 Train became most important means of transportation.

11. THE FACTORY SYSTEM
THE DOMESTIC SYSTEM
- rural & family oriented.
- quality varied.
- income supplemented
lifestyle.
- poorly paid.
- many weavers lowered
prices => supply &
demand.
=>
THE FACTORY SYSTEM
- urban
- faster & cheaper
- consistent quality
- living conditions ???
- poor working conditions
- required large spaces
and power sources.
- poor wages.
- child labour
Factories would give rise to ‘The Factory Acts’ & Unions.

12. SOCIETY AND CULTURE
 The Class System
 Upper-class
 Middle-class/Working-Class
 Dr., Engineer, Lawyer, etc.
 Lower Middle Class
 Stores, Teachers, Offices, etc.
 Working Class
 Skilled, Unskilled, Casual Labourers.