The Industrial Revolution was a period from the late 18th to early 19th century where major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transport, and technology had a profound effect on socioeconomic and cultural conditions. New inventions like the steam engine allowed factories to mechanize production, while new processes like Bessemer steel made goods cheaper. This transition shifted economies from agriculture to industry and led to the rise of new social classes. The Industrial Revolution began in Britain and spread throughout Europe and North America.

1. HISTORY
Industrial Revolution

3. The Industrial Revolution was a period from the
18th to the 19th century where major changes in
agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transport,
communication and technology had a profound effect on
the socio-economic and cultural conditions.
The revolution took place in Britain, then subsequently
spreading throughout Europe, North America, and
eventually the world.
Before Industrial revolution manufacturing took place in
homes or rural areas and it was done by hand.
Some products made in home (including clothing,
furniture, tools, cloth, hardware, jewelry, leather,
silverware, and weapons) were even exchanged for food

4. As people lived in fear that the crops they grew might
fail, as many of them already suffered from
malnutrition.
In addition, diseases and other epidemics were
unfortunately common. Hence machines were introduced to
enhance the effective production.
Industrial revolution specifically emerged from Britain
because it had natural resources like coal, iron ore and
developed farmlands. The urge to increase the quality of
human like, to make technological advancement led to the
causes of the Industrial revolution.

6. The Weaving Machine
The steam engine

7. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION & DEVELOPMENT
 The Industrial Revolution was a fundamental change in the way goods were
produced ,i.e. from human labor to machines.
 Mass production of goods - Increased numbers of goods and Increased diversity
of goods produced
 Commitment to research & development - Investments in new technologies
and Industrial and Governmental interest in promoting invention, the sciences,
and overall industrial growth
 New energy sources were developed to power the new machinery – coal, steam,
electricity, oil (gas, kerosene)and also increased use of metals and minerals like
Aluminum, coal, copper, iron, etc
 Development of capitalism - Financial capital for continued industrial growth
 Development and growth of new socio-economic classes -Working class,
bourgeoisie, and wealthy industrial class

8. The Industrial Revolution brought machinery to
farms
The use of farm machinery meant that fewer
farm workers were needed
Displaced farm workers moved to the cities to
find work in factories
This is called rural-to-urban migration
Growing populations in urban cities required
farmers to grow more crops
Food to eat
Raw materials (like cotton) for textile factories
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION –
AGRICULTURE AND INDUSTRY

10. MINING
• Factories were built, to produce goods such as
textiles, iron, and chemicals on a large scale.
• The STEAM-ENGINE was invented, which could do
more work than men or animals, and canals and
railways were built, to transport goods and
materials for manufacturing.
• As the demand for coal increased, miners were
forced to go deeper underground to find new coal.
Deep tunnels were dug underground, where the
conditions were dark, hot, and cramped.
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION -

11. STEAM ENGINE
The steam engine was one of the most important
technologies of the Industrial Revolution, although
steam did not replace water power in importance in
Britain until after the Industrial Revolution.
From Englishman Thomas Newcomen's atmospheric
engine, of 1712, through major developments by
Scottish inventors and mechanical engineer James Watt,
the steam engine began to be used in many industrial
settings, not just in mining, where the first engines had
been used to pump water from deep workings.
Early mills had run successfully with water power, but by
using a steam engine a factory could be located
anywhere, not just close to water.

13. BESSEMER PROCESS AND STEEL
 Prior to the Industrial Revolution, steel was difficult to produce and expensive
 Henry Bessemer, 1856
 Developed the Bessemer process
 Brought on the “Age of Steel”
 Steel is the most important metal used over the past 150+ years

14. Increased
production
Search for more
markets and
raw materials
Better and
faster means of
transportation
Before the Industrial Revolution
•Canal barges pulled by mules
•Ships powered by sails
•Horse-drawn wagons, carts, and
carriages
After the Industrial Revolution
•Trains
•Steamships
•Trolleys
•Automobiles
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION-TRANSPORTATION

16. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION-TRANSPORTATION
Ships
 Wooden ships → Iron ships → Steel ships
 Wind-powered sails → Steam-powered boilers
Trains
Automobiles (late 1800s)

17. • Railroads
– Industrialized nations first laid track in their own countries, then
in their colonies and other areas under their political influence
– Russia – Trans-Siberian railroad (1891-1905)
– Germany – Berlin-to-Baghdad railroad across Europe to the
Middle East
– Great Britain – Cape-to-Cairo railroad vertically across Africa
• Canals
– Suez Canal (1869) – provided access to the Indian Ocean from
the Mediterranean Sea without the need to sail around Africa
– Kiel Canal (1896) – North Sea connected to the Baltic Sea
– Panama Canal (1914) – provided access from one side of the
Americas to the other without the need to sail around the tip of
South America
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION-TRANSPORTATION

18. Automobiles
Charles Goodyear – vulcanized rubber, 1839
Gottlieb Daimler – gasoline engine, 1885
Henry Ford – assembly line, 1908-1915
Airplanes
Orville and Wilbur Wright – airplane, 1903
Charles Lindbergh – first non-stop flight across the
Atlantic, 1927
20th-century – growth of commercial aviation
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION-TRANSPORTATION

19. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION-TRANSPORTATION
COMMUNICATION
 Telegraph
 Telephone
 Radio (1920s)

20. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION -TEXTILES
 The textile industry significantly grew during the
Industrial Revolution. The demand for cloth grew, so
merchants had to compete with others for the supplies
to make it.
This raised a problem for the consumer because the
products were at a higher cost.
The solution was to use machinery, which was cheaper
then products made by hand (which took a long time to
create), therefore allowing the cloth to be cheaper to the
consumer.
In 1813, Francis Cabot Lowell set up the first American
textile factory. It combined the tasks that were needed to
transform raw cotton into finished cotton

21. One of the new spinning machines to produce cloth
faster was the “spinning jenny,” invented by
Englishman James Hargreaves. This new machine
connected multiple spinning wheels in such a manner
that up to eight threads can be processed at once.
Unfortunately, this machine was so beneficial that it
replaced workers- resulting in riots.
 In 1789, Samuel Slater memorized the secrets to
textile manufacturing and brought them over to
America to build the first water-powered cotton mill in
America; being set up in Pawtucket, Rhode Island.
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION -TEXTILES

22. Samuel Slater's Spinning Frame

24. The Birth and Growth of the Textile Industry
Richard Arkwright (English)
Water frame,
1769
Water-powered spinning machine that was too large for
use in a home – led to the creation of factories
James Hargreaves (English)
Spinning jenny,
1765
Home-based machine that spun thread 8 times faster than
when spun by hand
John Kay (English)
Flying shuttle,
1733
Hand-operated machine which increased the speed of
weaving

25. Elias Howe (American)
Sewing machine,
1846
Speed of sewing greatly increased
Eli Whitney (American)
Cotton gin,
1793
Device separated raw cotton from cotton seeds, increasing
the cotton supply while lowering the cost of raw cotton
Edward Cartwright (English)
Power loom,
1785
Water-powered device that automatically and quickly wove
thread into cloth
Samuel Crompton (English)
Spinning mule,
1779
Combined the spinning jenny and the water frame into a
single device, increasing the production of fine thread

26. Samuel Slater's Spinning Frame

27. Eli Whitney Cotton Gin

28. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION - STRUCTURES
The Industrial Revolution is inseparable from the growth of
communications which, indeed, made the revolution
possible; and so most of the great buildings and feats of
construction of this neroic age are connected with
transport.
First came canal-building, initiated on an industrial scale in
the 18th century, but reaching a climax in the 19th with
Thomas Telford’s waterways, bridges and aqueducts and
the handsome warehouses that served them.

30. Then came road-building, of which the heroes were
McAdam and Telford, whose Menai Suspension
Bridge of 1826 was the first great example of its kind
(although the first iron bridge, at Coal-brookdale, had been
constructed as long before as 1779).
Next was railway-building, of which the heroes were the
Stephenson's and the younger Brunel. Railways endowed
Britain not only with such major works of engineering as
bridges, tunnels and viaducts, but which the great
terminal stations, the requirements of which produced the
iron and glass arched roofs that are among the most
spectacular achievements of 19th century architecture.

33. After the railway age came the age of ocean trade, on
which the growth of Britain’s manufacturing industry
equally depended and which necessitated enlarged
harbor basins (in London, Liverpool and elsewhere)
surrounded by tall warehouses that were made more
capacious by the use of iron columns and beams.
Iron was used similarly in the great textile mills, whose
masonry walls concealed the earliest experiments in
iron-frame construction (the very first, a flax-mill at
Shrewsbury, was built by Charles Bage in 1796), which
lead eventually to the steel-framed skyscrapers of the
United States..

36. The Clifton Suspension Bridge spans 702 ft across the
Avon Gorge near Bristol.
It was designed in 1836 by the great railway
engineer I. K. Brunel and completed in 1864, five
years after his death, as a memorial to him.

37. The Crystal Palace was designed by Joseph Paxton for the great
exhibition of 1851, held in Hyde park, London.
It was afterwards re-erected on Sydenham hill, where it stood
until accidentally destroyed by fire in 1936
Its iron frame was
prefabricated in
sections and its glass
panels, set into
wooden sash-bars,
were of standard 4-ft
lengths.
In 1851, it was the
largest building ever
constructed, with an
area of 770,000 sq. ft.

38. The Paris Exhibition
GREAT EXHIBITIONS, since their birth in London’s
Hyde Park in 1851, have served repeatedly as testing
grounds for new architectural ideas.
Paxton’s Crystal Palace soon became the model for other
experiments in iron and glass. New York built its own
Crystal Palace two years later, in 1853. Paris held
exhibitions, at least partly housed in this still novel type of
building, in 1855, 1867, 1878, 1889 and 1900, as did
Vienna in 1873 and Philadelphia in 1876.

39. The Paris Exhibition of 1889
Although many of its buildings were ornately
conventional, the Paris exhibition of 1889 included two
great structures, which dominated the whole complex.
One of these was the Machine Hall, which carried a stage
further the British experiments with large-span glass roofs
first made in plant-houses and railway stations.
The other was a steel tower, the tallest structure in the
world at that time, designed by Alexandre-Gustave Eiffel

40. The Paris Exhibition of 1900 - The galleried machine hall is shown
in a contemporary photograph with its industrial exhibits.

41. The Machine Hall, Paris, now demolished, was a masterpiece of
engineering, created out of the need for a vast covered space to
display industrial machinery.

42. Spread of the new techniques
THE NEW TECHNIQUES, especially those involving the
use of iron that had originated in Britain as a by-product
of the Industrial Revolution, spread later in the 19th
century to the other industrialized countries.
In Britain, these techniques had first been used to do to
cover great spaces or to support heavy loads such as
goods in warehouses or machinery in textile mills – and
were therefore specially identified with transport and
engineering.
Well before the end of the century, however, in Britain
and in Europe, they were being adapted to nearly every
kind of building.

43. They showed themselves particularly well suited to
solving the problems posed by the new types of
building for which recent social developments and the
movement of populations into towns and cities had
created a demand.
Wholesale and retail trade, for example, was being
concentrated into larger buildings, and the new forms
of construction were used to provide market halls with
the advantage of unobstructed floor space and
department stores with the capacity to accommodate
large crowds.
Civic buildings, too, took advantage of the freedom of
planning and easier manipulation of space that the
new forms of structure encouraged.

44. With a few bold exceptions, however, these new
structural forms were generally regarded as a mere
technical convenience and were clothed in some style
that referred back to the pre-industrial age.
As land values increased, office buildings made use of
the new framed structures to multiply the number of
storey's, but these buildings, too, were normally clothed
in masonry and were indistinguishable from the earlier
type of stone-built structure.
Style and technique had still to be reintegrated. Only in
America did office buildings begin to evolve the
expressive style that was soon to make American city
architecture famous

45. The Reliance Building, Chicago, is one
of the ancestors of the modern
skyscraper, which was designed by
Daniel H. Burnham and John W. Root.
Its vigorous design is based on the
proportions, and its elegance on the
structural economy, of its steel frame.
The four-storey structure, completed
in 1890, was extended in 1894 to 13
floors.

46. The Magasin-Bon Marche, Paris,
built in 1876 by L. A. Boileau
and Gustave Eiffel, was one of
several Paris department stores
that used the new iron
construction to create spacious,
well-lighted interiors.
Although the ornamental detail
belongs to the past, the bold
use of iron, with its flying
bridges, gives the interior an air
of fantasy that is wholly of its
period.

47. The industrial revolution brought more conveniences
For the people such as:
It included of better lighting, heating, plumbing, etc.
Skylights, natural lighting, were becoming more
popular because of the advances in glass and steel.
The style was simple, and had a lack of clutter. They
used new materials but motifs and influences stayed the
same, or took from the past.
Decorative arts: Metal as the major material for gates,
porches with architectural details, windows, and cast iron
seating were the trends.
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION -INTERIORS

48. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
THE DIFFERENCE
DOMESTIC VS. FACTORY
POSITIVE OUTCOMES & NEGATIVE IMPACT

49. DETAILS DOMESTIC SYSTEM FACTORY SYSTEM
Location Home Factory
Methods Hand tools Machine
Ownership
&kinds of tools
Small hand tools owned by
workers
Large power driven
machines owned by the
capitalist
Output
Small level production, sold
to local market
Large level of production
and sold to worldwide
market
Working hours
Worker worked as much as
he/she would and could,
according to demand
Workers worked set daily
hours
Worker
dependence
on employer
Worker had multiple
source, as like having own
garden or farm and outside
farm labor.
Worker relied entirely on
capitalist for his/her
income

50. Industrial Revolution consisted of both positive and
negative aspects that impacted Great Britain,
its economy, and its people.
Positively, inventions such as the steam engine, pushed
Britain and other nations towards manufacturing and
engineering prowess.
Britain was by far the wealthiest nation, as it began
producing more efficiently. This led to set new standards to
form an industrial economy.
However with Industrial revolution, came many negative
impacts too.

51. Positive Effects/Outcomes
I. Infrastructure
II. Modern inventions
III. Class structure
IV.Erosion of gender inequality
V. Improvement in Education
system

52. Negative Impacts
I. Work conditions
II. Child labor
III.Rural - Urban migration
IV.Increase in Population
V. Pollution

53. THE RESULTS OF
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

54. ECONOMICAL CHANGES
Expansion of world trade
Factory system
Mass production of goods
Industrial capitalism
Increased standard of living
Unemployment

55. POLITICAL CHANGES
 Growth and expansion of democracy
 Increased government involvement in society
 Increased power of industrialized nations
 Nationalism and imperialism stimulated
 Rise to power of businesspeople
POLITICAL CHANGES: PROBLEMS
 With wealth came power
 Imperialism expanded
 Imperialistic, industrialized nations built up their navies to gain and protect
assets
 Along with the working classes, businesspeople gained political rights
 Wealth also brought political influence

56. SOCIAL CHANGES
 Development and growth of cities
 Improved status and earning power of women
 Increase in leisure time
 Population increases
 Problems – economic insecurity, increased deadliness of war, urban slums,
etc.
 Science and research stimulated
SOCIAL CHANGES: PROBLEMS
 Monotony of assembly lines and factory life
 Loss of craftsmanship in manufactured goods
 War became more deadly as weapons became more technologically
advanced and were mass produced
 Economic insecurity – workers relied entirely on their jobs to survive

57. SOCIAL CHANGES: INCREASE IN LEISURE TIME
Labor-saving devices invented and produced
Vacuum cleaners
Washing machines
Refrigerators
Entrepreneurs and inventors developed new
forms of entertainment
Moving pictures
Amusement parks
Birth of the weekend
Traditionally, Western nations had Sunday (the
Christian day of rest) as the only day off from work

58. THE SPREAD OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Mid-1800s – Great Britain, the world leader in the
Industrial Revolution, attempted to ban the export of
its methods and technologies, but this soon failed
1812 – United States industrialized after the War of
1812
After 1825 – France joined the Industrial Revolution
following the French Revolution and Napoleonic wars
Circa 1870 – Germany industrialized at a rapid pace,
while Belgium, Holland, Italy, Sweden, and
Switzerland were slower to industrialize
By 1890 – Russia and Japan began to industrialize

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