3. •A resourceis a source orsupply from which benefit is produced. Typically resources are
materials, money, services, staff, orotherassets that produce benefit.
•Froma human perspective a natural resource is anything obtained from the environment to
satisfy human needs and wants.
•Froma broader biological orecological perspective a resource satisfies the needsof a living
organism.
•Resources have three main characteristics: utility, limit, availability, and potential
for depletion orconsumption.

5. Resource
s
Natural
Renewabl
e
Continuo
us or flow
e.g.
wind,wate
r
Biological
Natural
vegetatio
n
Wildlife
Non-
Renewabl
e
Recyclabl
e
eg.metals
Non
recyclables
e.g.. Fossil
fuels
Human
Structure
s and
Institution
Quantity
& Quality

7. On the basis
of origin
Biotic
Abiotic

8. •Biotic – Biotic resources are obtained from the biosphere
(living and organic material), such as forests and animals,
and the materials that can be obtained from them. Fossil fuels
such as coal and petroleum are also included in this category
because they are formed from decayed organic matter.
•Abiotic – Abiotic resources are those that come from non-
living, non-organic material. Examples of abiotic resources
include land, fresh water, air and heavy metals including ores
such as gold, iron, copper, silver, etc.

9. On the basis
of
exhaustibility
Renewable
resources
Non-
renewable
resources

10. •Renewable resources are ones that can
be replenished naturally.
•Some of these resources, like sunlight,
air, wind, etc., are continuously available
and their quantity is not noticeably
affected by human consumption.
•Resources from a human use perspective
are classified as renewable only so long as
the rate of replenishment/recovery
exceeds that of the rate of consumption.

11. •A naturalresourcesuchascoal, gas,or oil
that,once consumed, cannotbe replaced.
•Most energy resources currently in use are
non-renewable.
•A non-renewableresourceismade upof
mostlydead animalskin.The skinthen turns
into aresource suchas oil.
•Also considered non-renewableare
resources thatare consumedmuchfaster
thannaturecan create them.

12. On the basis
of ownership
Individual
resources
Community
owned
resources
National
resources
International
resources

13. INDIVIDUAL RESOURCES-Individual resources are
those resources which are owned by an individual
and can 't be accessed by someone else. These
are also referred as private resource. These are
indicators of a capitalist country and its influence.
E.g.. Land , property, houses, cars etc.
COMMUNITY OWNED RESOURCES-Community
resources are a group of assistance programs that
are provided to the members of a community for
free. Each resource is made available to
community members to help them become self-
reliant and maintain their human rights and well
being. E.g.. Public parks, village commons etc.

14. -All the resources belong to
the nation. The country has legal powers to acquire even
private property for public good. Urban Development
Authorities get empowered by the government to acquire land.
E.g. All the minerals, water resources, forests, wildlife, land
within the political boundaries are resources which belong to
the nation.
-All the resources
lying beyond 200 kms of Exclusive Economic Zone in the
oceans are called International Resources. No individual
country can use it without the permission of International
agencies.

16. On the basis of
the status of the
development
Potential
resource
Developed
resource
Stock
Reserves

17. Potential Resources- These are known to exist
and may be used in the future. For example, petroleum
may exist in many parts of India and Kuwait that have
sedimentary rocks, but until the time it is actually drilled
out and put into use, it remains a potential resource.
Developed Resources-Developed resources are
those that have been surveyed, their quantity and quality
determined and are being used in present times. The
development of an actual resource, such as wood
processing depends upon the technology available and the
cost involved

18. Stock Resources – Stock resources are those that
have been surveyed but cannot be used by organisms
due to lack of technology. For example: water is a
compound of 2 inflammable gases: hydrogen and
oxygen, which can be used as a rich source of energy.
But we do not have the required technical know-how to
use them for this purpose. Hence it can be considered as
stock.
Reserve Resources – The part of an actual
resource which can be developed profitably in the future
is called a reserve resource. The water in dams, forests
etc. is a reserve which can be used in future.

20. •With increasing population, the demand for
resources is increasing.
•There are marked differences in resource
distribution and associated economic inequality
between regions or countries, with developed
countries using more natural resources than
developing countries.
•Typically resources cannot be consumed in their
original form, but rather through resource
development they must be processed into more
usable commodities.

21. •SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT is
development that meets the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs.
•Sustainable development constantly seeks to
achieve social and economic progress in ways that
will not exhaust the earth’s finite natural resources.
•The needs of the world today are real and
immediate, yet it’s necessary to develop ways to
meet these needs that do not disregard the future,
sustainable development practices can help us do
this, and through education and building
awareness, preserving the future is within
everyone’s reach.

22. a. Many resources got depleted. Ex: Forest
b. Resources got accumulated in the hands of
few people. The society is divided into rich
and poor.
c. Global warming, ozone layer depletion,
environmental degradation are other
problems.

24.  The upper most layer of the earth’s crust which is
loose , broken and useful for plants is called soil.
 Soil consists of mineral matter such as sand and clay
and Organic matter such as humus, bacteria and
earth worms.
 Soil is formed mainly due to the process of
weathering. As a result of weathering a layer of loose
rock materials is formed on the land surface. If this
layer remains undisturbed for a long period of time,
chemical, physical and organic changes take place
in it. These changes lead to the formation of soil.

25. 1) Climate:
Climate decides the rate of weathering
and the type of vegetation.
2) Topography:
Topography of the land decides the
accumulation of soil.
3) Nature of parent rock:
It decides compositions and texture of
the soil.
4)Vegetation:
Vegetation decides the amount of
humus available in the soil.

26. i). Man depends on the soil directly
or indirectly for his food.
ii). Agriculture can be practiced only if
soils are available.
iii). Man gets the materials needed for
shelter and clothing directly (or)
indirectly from the soil.
iv). Soils are essential for the growth of
forests.

28. i). Alluvial soil is the most fertile and wide
spread soil found in India.
ii). It is formed due to the deposition of fine silt
called alluvium by the rivers.
iii). It is found in the northern plains, Gujarat
plains and the coastal plains.
iv). It consists of sand, silt and clay.
v). It is divided into khadar and Bangar [new
alluvium and old alluvium] It contains soil
nutrients such as potash, phosphoric acid and
lime. So, it is fertile and good for the growth of
sugarcane, rice, wheat and pulses.

31.  Red soils are formed due to the weathering of
crystalline igneous rocks under low rainfall
conditions.
 It is red in colour because of the presence of
iron in it.
 It is found in Tamilnadu, Karnataka, Andhra
Pradesh, Orissa, Chattisgarh and Jharkhand.

33.  The word laterite originated from the Latin
word later which means brick.
 Laterite soil is formed due to intense leaching
caused by tropical rainfall.
 Humus content is less because the micro-
organisms get destroyed due to high
temperature.
 This soil can be cultivated by using manure
and fertilizers. It is good for the cultivation of
tea, coffee and cashew nut. It is found in
Kerala, Karnataka, Tamilnadu, Madhya
Pradesh, Orissa and Assam.


35.  Arid soils are red or brown in colour. They are
sandy and saline.
 Humus and moisture contents are very less.
They can be cultivated after irrigation.
 Kankar layer in the soil prevent the water
from seeping under ground.

37.  Forest soils are found in hilly and mountainous
regions.
 They are loamy and silty in valleys and coarse
in the upper slopes.
 In Himalayas they suffer denudation and are
acidic with low humus content.
 The soils found in the lower slopes of the valley
are fertile.

38.  Removal of top soil from one place to
another by natural agencies is called soil
erosion.
 It is caused by running water and wind.
 Deforestation, over grazing and
unscientific agricultural practices are
responsible for large scale soil erosion.

39.  The rain water when moves down on an
uneven land scoops away the soil and form
deep channels called gullies. This type of
erosion is called gully erosion.
 A land which is broken into many small parts
by the gullies is called bad land. A bad land is
unfit for cultivation and for other economic
activities.

41.  Some times water flows as a sheet over large
areas down a slope. The water takes away
the top soil. This type of erosion is called sheet
erosion.

42. i). Contour ploughing reduces the flow of water
and prevent soil erosion.
ii). In hilly areas terraced farming should be
followed.
iii). Strip farming helps to reduces the force of
winds.
iv). Shelter belts of plants around the fields
reduce soil erosion.
v). Afforestation should be practiced on a large
scale and deforestation should be stopped.
vi).Over grazing by animals should be avoided.

43. MADE BY:
Alay Patel & Deep Patel