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G-10, PPT RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT (2).pptx
- 1. RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT Everythingavailable in our environment which can be used to satisfy our needs, provided, it is technologically accessible, economically feasible and culturally acceptable can be termed as ‘Resource’.
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- 3. RESOURCE CLASSIFICATION • (a)On the basis of origin – biotic and abiotic • (b) On the basis of exhaustibility – renewable • and non-renewable • (c) On the basis of ownership – individual, • community, national and international • (d) On the basis of status of development – • potential, developed stock and reserves.
- 4. Types of resources originexhaustibility ownership status of development biotic abiotic non- renewable renewable national community individual potential developed stock reserves international
- 5. On the Basisof Origin • BIOTIC RESOURCES: biosphere and have life. EX- Human beings, flora and fauna, fisheries, livestock etc. • ABIOTIC RESOURCES: non-living things EX- rocks and metals.
- 6. On the Basisof Exhaustibility • RENEWABLE RESOURCES: renewed or reproduced by physical, chemical or mechanical processes • continuous or flow • ex- solar and wind energy, water, forests and wildlife • NON-RENEWABLE RESOURCES: millions of years in their formation • ex- Minerals and fossil fuels • metals are recyclable and some like fossil fuels cannot be recycled
- 7. On the Basisof Ownership Individual Resources: These are also owned privately by individuals. EX- PLOTS, HOUSES Community Owned Resources: There are resources which are accessible to all the members of the community. EX- grazing grounds, burial grounds National resources: All the minerals, water resources, forests, wildlife, land within the political boundaries and oceanic area up to 12 nautical miles (22.2 km) from the coast termed as territorial water International Resources: The oceanic resources beyond 200 nautical miles of the Exclusive Economic Zone belong to open ocean
- 8. On the Basisof the Status of Development Potential Resources: Resources which are found in a region, but have not been utilised. Developed Resources: Resources which are surveyed and their quality and quantity have been determined for utilisation. Stock: Materials in the environment which have the potential to satisfy human needs but human beings do not have the appropriate technology to access Reserves: are the subset of the stock, which can be put into use with the help of existing technical ‘know-how’ but their use has not been started
- 9. Indiscriminate use ofresources • Depletion of resources for satisfying the greed of a few individuals. • Accumulation of resources in few hands, which, in turn, divided the society into two segments i.e. haves and have nots or rich and poor • Indiscriminate exploitation of resources has led to global ecological crises such as, global warming, ozone layer depletion, environmental pollution and land degradation
- 10. Sustainable development • developmentshould take place • without damaging the environment • and development in the present • should not compromise with the needs of the future generations.
- 11. Rio de JaneiroEarth Summit, 1992 • June 1992 • 100 heads of states • Rio de Janeiro in Brazil • for the first International Earth Summit. • problems of environmental protection and socioeconomic development • signed the Declaration on Global Climatic Change and Biological Diversity. • global Forest Principles • Agenda 21 for achieving Sustainable Development in the 21st century.
- 12. Agenda 21 • declarationsigned in 1992 at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), • global sustainable development. • agenda - environmental damage, poverty, disease • major objective - Agenda 21 is that every local government should draw its own local Agenda 21.
- 13. Resource Planning place richDeficient Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh Minerals and coal deposits Arunachal pradesh water infrastructural development Rajasthan Solar and wind energy water Ladakh Cultural heritage Water, infrastructure, minerals
- 14. Resource Planning inIndia (i) identification and inventory of resources across the regions of the country. This involves surveying, mapping and qualitative and quantitative estimation and measurement of the resources. (ii) Evolving a planning structure endowed with appropriate technology, skill and institutional set up for implementing resource development plans. (iii) Matching the resource development plans with overall national development plans.
- 15. Resource Planning inIndia • Resource planning – from first five year plan • Availability of resources • Technology • Institutions • It was primarily the higher level of technological development of the colonising countries that helped them to exploit resources of other regions and establish their supremacy over the colonies.
- 16. Conservation of Resources Gandhiji •There is enough for everybody’s need and not for any body’s greed.” • modern technology as the root cause for resource depletion at the global level. • He was against mass production and wanted to replace it with the production by the masses.
- 17. Conservation of Resources TheClub of Rome - resource conservation - 1968. 1974, Gandhian philosophy - Schumacher - Small is Beautiful. Resource conservation- Brundtland Commission Report, 1987 -‘Sustainable Development’ - book - Our Common Future. Earth Summit at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 1992.
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- 19. LAND UTILISATION Land resourcesare used for the following purposes: 1. Forests 2. Land not available for cultivation (a) Barren and waste land (b) Land put to non-agricultural uses, e.g. buildings, roads, factories, etc. 3. Other uncultivated land (excluding fallow land) (a) Permanent pastures and grazing land, (b) Land under miscellaneous tree crops groves (not included in net sown area), (c) Cultruable waste land (left uncultivated for more than 5 agricultural years).
- 20. 4. Fallow lands (a)Current fallow-(left without cultivation for one or less than one agricultural year), (b) Other than current fallow-(left uncultivated for the past 1 to 5 agricultural years). 5. Net sown area Area sown more than once in an agricultural year plus net sown area is known as gross cropped area.
- 21. LAND USE PATTERNIN INDIA USE OF LAND 1. physical factors - topography, climate, soil types 2. human factors – population,density technological capability and culture and traditions etc. • geographical area - 3.28 million sq km. • Land use data - 93 per cent • land use data - north-east states except Assam, Jammu and Kashmir occupied by Pakistan and China.
- 22. NSA • NSA –54% • PUNJAB, HARYANA – 80% • ARUNACHAL PRADESH, MIZORAM, MANIPUR AND ANDAMAN NICOBAR ISLANDS – LESS THAN 10 % • Desired forest area – 33% (National Forest Policy - 1952)
- 23. LAND DEGRADATION Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh,Odisha Deforestation – mining Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra Overgrazing Punjab, Haryana, Western Uttar Pradesh Water logging
- 24. land degradation andconservation measures Afforestation Proper management of grazing, control on over grazing Planting of shelter belts of plants stabilisation of sand dunes by growing thorny bushes Proper management of waste lands control of mining activities proper discharge and disposal of industrial effluents and wastes after treatment
- 25. SOIL AS ARESOURCE It is the medium of plant growth and supports different types of living organisms on the earth. • Relief • parent rock or bed rock, • Climate • vegetation and other forms of life • time FORCES OF NATURE • change in temperature, • actions of running water, • wind • glaciers, • activities of decomposers • Chemical and organic changes
- 26. Alluvial Soil • mostwidely spread • northern plains - alluvial soil. • deposited by Himalayan river – the Indus, the Ganga and the Brahmaputra. (BIG) • Rajasthan and Gujarat through a narrow corridor. • Eastern coastal plains – deltas of the Mahanadi, the Godavari, the Krishna and the Kaveri rivers.
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- 28. Alluvial Soil • sand,silt and clay. • Inland - river valleys - soil - bigger in size. • upper reaches of the river valley - coarse. • piedmont plains such as Duars, Chos and Terai.
- 29. Alluvial Soil Age -old alluvial (Bangar) higher concentration of kanker nodules New alluvial (Khadar)fine particles and is more fertile very fertile - intensively cultivated and densely populated potash, phosphoric acid and lime sugarcane, paddy, wheat and other cereal and pulse crops drier areas - alkaline - proper treatment and irrigation.
- 30. Black Soil • blackin colour • regur soils. • growing cotton • black cotton soil • climatic condition, parent rock material - formation • Deccan trap (Basalt) region - Deccan plateau and is made up of lava flows. • plateaus of Maharashtra, Saurashtra, Malwa, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh and south east direction along the Godavari and the Krishna valleys
- 31. Black Soil • clayeymaterial. • capacity to hold moisture. • soil nutrients - calcium carbonate, magnesium, potash and lime. • poor- phosphoric contents. • deep cracks during hot weather - aeration of the soil. • sticky when wet • difficult to work on unless tilled immediately after the first shower or during the pre-monsoon period.
- 32. Red and Yellowsoil • develops on crystalline igneous rocks • low rainfall in the eastern and southern parts of the Deccan plateau. • Odisha, Chhattisgarh, southern parts of the middle Ganga plain and along the piedmont zone of the Western Ghats. • reddish colour due to diffusion of iron in crystalline and metamorphic rocks. • It looks yellow when it occurs in a hydrated form.
- 33. Laterite soil • Laterite- Latin word ‘later’ - brick. • tropical and subtropical climate with alternate wet and dry season. • intense leaching due to heavy rain. • deep to very deep, acidic (pH<6.0) • deficient in plant nutrients • southern states, Western Ghats region of Maharashtra, Odisha, some parts of West Bengal and North-east regions. • deciduous and evergreen forests - humus rich • Less vegetation and in semi-arid environment - humus poor. • erosion and degradation due to their position on the landscape
- 34. Laterite soil • Withsoil conservation techniques particularly in the hilly areas of Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu, this soil is very useful for growing tea and coffee. • Red laterite soils in Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Kerala are more suitable for crops like cashew nut.
- 35. Arid soil • redto brown in colour. • sandy in texture and saline in nature. • common salt - evaporating the water. • dry climate, high temperature, evaporation is faster and the soil lacks humus and moisture. • The Kankar layer - bottom horizons - restrict the infiltration of water. • proper irrigation - western Rajasthan
- 36. 6. Forest soils •found in the hilly and mountainous areas • texture - mountain environment • loamy and silty - valley sides • coarse grained - upper slopes. • Himalayas - soil denudation and are acidic with low humus
- 37. The soils foundin the lower parts of the valleys particularly on the river terraces and alluvial fans are fertile
- 38. SOIL EROSION ANDSOIL CONSERVATION • The denudation of the soil cover and subsequent washing down is described as soil erosion • Human - deforestation, over-grazing, construction and mining etc • natural - wind, glacier and water
- 39. • The runningwater cuts through the clayey soils and makes deep channels as gullies. • The land becomes unfit for cultivation and is known as bad land. • In the Chambal basin such lands are called ravines.
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- 42. water flows overlarge areas, soil is washed away. This is known as sheet erosion
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- 47. shelter belts inwestern India
- 48. Map work (typesof soil) – resources and development