This document discusses resources and sustainability. It defines a resource as anything that satisfies human wants or helps achieve societal objectives. Resources are classified in various ways, such as renewable vs. non-renewable and biotic vs. abiotic. Soil is an important resource but is vulnerable to erosion, so conservation methods like afforestation, contour plowing and terracing can help prevent erosion. Sustainability is about meeting present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs. We are using resources faster than the planet can replenish them, so sustainable practices are needed.

1. RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT
Geography

2. WHAT IS A RESOURCE?
• The standard definition of a resource is that it is an economic or
productive factor required to accomplish an activity, or as means to
undertake an endeavour and achieve a desired outcome.
• Three most basic resources are land, labour, and capital; other
resources include energy, information, expertise, and time.

3. SOUNDS COMPLICATED?
• It isn’t. Let us take a step back and have a look.
• A resource satisfies individual human wants or helps attain the
objectives of the society as a whole.
• It also refers to the positive interaction between humankind and
nature.
• A resource is any physical material constituting part of Earth that
people need and value. Natural materials become resources when
humans value them.
• The uses and values of resources change from place to place and
from time to time.

4. CLASSIFICATION OF RESOURCES
• Resources are spatially distributed varying in quantity and quality.
Some resources are finite, while others can be replenished at
varying rates.
• However, humans need to balance short-term rates of use against
long-term availability to ensure a sustainable future.
• To do this, we need to know more about them; we must study them
and of course, classify them.
• We do this in several ways.

5. On the basis of nature
Material
Biotic Abiotic
Non-material
Information,
Ideas etc

6. On the basis of
Spatial Distribution
Ubiquitous Localized
Continual Utility
Renewable
Non-
renewable

7. Ownership
Individual
Community
National
International
Development
Potential
Developed
Stock
Reserve
Even more
classifications…

8. NEW TERMS EXPLAINED
• Biotic: When a resource is
obtained from the biosphere
i.e. it is an organism or
obtained from an organism.
• Abiotic: An inorganic
resource, not obtained from a
living being.
• Non- material: Refers to non-
physical objects like ideas,
information and the like.
• Renewable: These resources
have natural regeneration and
are inexhaustible.
• Non-renewable: These
resources are finite and
exhaustible.
• Ubiquitous: These resources
are found everywhere.
• Localized: These resources
are found only in certain
places.

9. NEW TERMS EXPLAINED
• Potential Resources: Resources
found in a region which have not
been utilised.
• Developed Resources: Resources
that have been surveyed and
determined for utilisation both
qualitatively and quantitatively.
• Stock: Objects in the environment
which have the potential to fulfil our
needs but generally inaccessible at
present level of technology.
• Reserves: Subset of the stock; which
are yet to be put into use with present
technology.
• Individual Resources: Resources
owned by individuals
• Community Resources: Resources
owned by community as a whole.
• National Resources: Resources
owned by Individual Countries.
• International Resources:
Resources regulated by International
.

10. RENEWABLE
ENERGY
The future is green energy,
sustainability, renewable energy.

11. WHAT IS SUSTAINABILITY?
• Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of
the present without compromising the ability of future generations to
meet their own needs.
• Development without damaging the environment is called as
sustainable development.
• The production of natural resources in agriculture, forestry and
fisheries, stable natural hydrological cycles, fertile soils, a balanced
climate and numerous other vital ecosystem services can only be
permanently secured through the protection and sustainable use
only.

12. WHY SUSTAINABILITY?
• Our population and our use of the finite resources
of planet Earth are growing exponentially, along
with our technical ability to change the environment
for good or ill. ~ S. Hawking
• We are using resources as if we had two planets,
not one. There can be no 'plan B' because there is
no 'planet B.' ~ Ban Ki-moon

13. LAND USE
• Land or soil is the upper most part of the earth’s surface which is
used for the production of crops and other biological materials
needed for food, fodder, medicine and associated material.
• Of all our resources, land is the most tangible one. Land, by
definition, is the solid part of the earth’s surface. It is a finite
resource, so great care should be taken to preserve it. Land has
been put to many new uses, apart from traditional ones.

14. LAND USE PATTERN IN INDIA

15. SOIL
• Soil is the part of the earth’s surface comprised of disintegrated rock
and humus that provides the medium for plant growth.
• The soil is constituted as a result of long term processes of complex
interaction leading to the production of a mineral matrix in close
contact with organic matter both living and dead after a long time.
• The Soil is described by the following formula S = (g.e.b) t where S
is soil, ‘g’ is geology, ‘e’ is environment; ‘b’ is biological influences
and ‘t’ is time. The formation of one inch of soil takes 500 to 1000
years.

16. SOIL DISTRIBUTION IN INDIA
Percentages of Various soils
Alluvial soils 22.16
Black Soils 29.69
Red and yellow
Soils
28.00
Laterite Soils 2.62
Arid Soils 6.13
Saline soils 1.29
Peaty and
Organic Soils
2.17
Forest 7.94

17. NOTES ON SOILS
ALLUVIAL SOIL
• pH range: 6.5-8.4
• Two types: Khaddar- light in color,
more siliceous in composition and
composed of newer deposit.
Bhaggar- the older alluvium is
composed of lime nodules and has
clayey composition. It is dark in color.
• Rice , Wheat, Sugarcane, oilseeds
are grown.
DESERT SOIL
• pH range: 7.6-8.4
• Contain a high percentage of soluble
salts but are poor in organic matter;
rich enough in phosphate though
poor in nitrogen
• Wheat, grams, melon, bajra (with
irrigation) are grown.

18. NOTES ON SOILS
BLACK SOIL
• pH range: 6.5-8.4
• The soils are derived from basalts of
Deccan trap. Consist of calcium and
magnesium carbonates; high quantities
of iron, aluminium, lime and magnesia
and poor percentage of phosphate,
nitrogen and organic matter.
• Cotton , millets(include Jowar ,Bajra
and ragi ), tobacco, sugarcane.
RED SOIL
• pH range: below 5.5-7.5
• Mainly formed due to decomposition
of ancient crystalline rocks like
granites and gneisses and from rock
type rich in minerals such as iron and
magnesium.
• Wheat, Rice , Cotton , Sugarcane,
pulses are grown.

19. NOTES ON SOILS
LATERITE SOIL
• pH range: below 5.5
• Found under conditions of high
temperature and heavy rainfall with
alternate wet and dry periods. This
leads to the leaching away of silica and
lime. A soil rich in oxides of iron and
aluminium compounds is left behind.
• Best for tea, coffee, rubber, cinchona,
coconut and suitable for rice and millet
cultivation if manured.
MOUNTAIN SOIL
• pH range: 5.0-6.5
• Very rich in humus but are deficient in
Potash, phosphorous and lime and
needs fertilizers.
• Plantation of tea, coffee, spices and
tropical fruits.

20. NOTES ON SOILS
• pH range: > 8.5
• Known by different names: Reh,
kallar, USAR, etc.
• Some of the salts are transported in
solution by the rivers and canals,
which percolates in the sub-soils of
the plains.
• The accumulation of salts makes the
soil infertile and renders it unfit for
agriculture.
• pH range: 6.5-7
• Originate in the humid regions as a
result of accumulation of large
amounts of organic matter in the soil.
They contain considerable amounts
of soluble salts and 10 – 40% of
organic matter.
• Peaty soils are found in Kottayam
and Alappuzha districts of Kerala,
where it is called Kari
Saline and Alkaline Soils Peaty and Marshy Soils

21. NOTES ON SOILS
MIXED RED AND BLACK SOIL
• pH range: 6.5-7.5
• Scattered in Peninsular India.
• Millets, wheat are grown.
GREY AND BROWN SOIL
• pH range: 7.6-above 8.5
• Semi- arid tract of Rajasthan and
Gujarat.
• Cotton, oilseeds are grown.

22. SOIL EROSION
• Soil erosion is the displacement of the top layer of soil by various
agents, particularly water, wind, and mass movement.
• Human activities have increased by 10–40 times the rate at which
erosion is occurring globally. Soil erosion depletes agriculture’s
ultimate resource, degrades the land and lost soil layers pollute
water resources too.
• Construction of roads and buildings, deforestation due to logging,
mining, loss of vegetation cover due to over-grazing and other
agricultural activities have resulted in large amounts of soil erosion.

23. PREVENTING SOIL EROSION
• Irrigation improvements.
• Cover crops.
• Contour bundling, Windbreaks, Dune stabilization.
• Mulching.
• Afforestation and Reforestation.
• Contour Plowing, Strip farming, Buffer strips.
• Terracing.

24. A FEW IMPORTANT TERMS
• Afforestation: Afforestation means planting trees.
• Conservation: Conservation of natural resources means judicious and
planned use of natural resources.
• Fallow Land: It is arable land which is uncropped or partially cropped for
one or more seasons so that it can regain its fertility.
• Gully Erosion: Gully erosion is defined as the removal of the top soil
along drainage channels by surface water runoff; water cuts deep ravines
in the absence of vegetation.
• Land Degradation: Deterioration in the quality of land, its topsoil,
vegetation, and/or water resources, caused usually by excessive or
inappropriate exploitation.

25. A FEW IMPORTANT FACTS
• Manganese nodules are extracted from Indian Ocean.
• UNCED is United Nations Conference on Environment and
Development.
• Rajasthan has abundant solar and wind energy potential.
• Earth Summit was held in Rio [Brazil] in 1992.
• Resource planning means avoiding wastage, misuse and overuse of
resources. There are three steps for resource planning :
Identification and inventory; Evolving a planning structure; Matching
resource development plan with national development plan.

26. TAKE-AWAY QUESTIONS
• Describe the various stages of Resource Planning.
• What is land degradation? How can it be prevented?
• Why is land use data not available for the entire country?
• Why has pasture land and forested land decreased in our country?
• “The term 'natural resources' confuses people. 'Natural resources'
are not like a finite number of gifts under the Christmas tree. Nature
is given, but resources are created.” Comment.

27. MAN IS STILL THE GREATEST
MIRACLE AND THE GREATEST
PROBLEM ON THIS EARTH.
The end.
Thank you.