The document summarizes accounts from several European travelers who visited India in the late medieval and early modern periods. It discusses their observations and representations of various aspects of Indian society and culture, including:
- Al Biruni's Kitab al-Hind, a text that studied Hindu religious and philosophical texts and translated Sanskrit works.
- Ibn Battuta's travelogue Rihla, which described his travels across India in the 14th century and observations of cities, culture, and the efficient postal system.
- Francois Bernier compared Mughal India unfavorably to Europe and described the land as ruined and impoverished due to the lack of private land ownership.
- European travelers
Era of one party dominance
Second challenge for Independe
Adoption of Constitution
The first general election
Election :- A big mammoth task
Dominance of Congress
Inclusive nature of Congress
Management of factions
Opposition parties
Few opposition parties
Socialist party
The communist Party of india
Swatantra party
Bhartiya Jana Sangh
IDEOLOGY
One country = one culture
Advantages of opposition
Congress
So the Election Commission
Poverty in India is widespread, and a variety of methods have been proposed to measure it. The official measure of Indian government, before 2005, was based on food security and it was defined from per capita expenditure for a person to consume enough calories and be able to pay for associated essentials to survive. Since 2005, Indian government adopted the Tendulkar methodology which moved away from calorie anchor to a basket of goods and used rural, urban and regional minimum expenditure per capita necessary to survive.
The World Bank has similarly revised its definition and benchmarks to measure poverty since 1990, with $2.25 per day income on purchasing power parity basis as the definition in use from 2005 to 2013. Some semi-economic and non-economic indices have also been proposed to measure poverty in India; for example, the Multi-dimensional Poverty Index placed 33% weight on number of years spent in school and education and 6.25% weight on financial condition of a person, in order to determine if that person is poor.
A helpful powerpoint presentation that covers the entire chapter 15 of class 12 NCERT in the form of short bullet points. Extremely informative with pictures and extra information from outside the book to give a more in-depth understanding of the chapter
this ppt proides u a glimpse of cbse history -6th chapter{bhakti sufi traditions} if u found it interesting then please donot hesitate to hit like......thank u god bless...
Class 12th
Political Science
Chapter 2
The End of Bipolarity
The things are explained in the completely and in better way.
It cover all the topics of NCERT Contemporary World Politics class 12
The PPT has been made under the guidance of an Political Science teacher
1 Title page
2 Berlin Wall
3 and 4 Some Important Leaders Of Soviet Union
5 What was soviet union
6 Merits of soviet union
7 Demerit of soviet union
8 On Verge of Stagnation
9 Gorbachev and the Disintegration
10 Common wealth of Independent State
11 to 18 why did soviet union disintegrate
19 to 22 Consequences of Disintegration of Soviet Union
23 to 26 shock therapy in post- communist regimes
27 Consequences of Shock Therapy
28 Tension and Conflicts
29 India and Post-Communist Country
30 to 34 During the world war era, India and the USSR enjoyed multi-dimensional relationship
35 thanks page
Rise of British Rule and other International powers in India; Positive and Negative reforms of British in Indian System, Rebellions and Mutiny, Effects of World War on India under British Rule. Independent Kashmir Issue and other outcomes of end of British rule.
The Swadeshi Movement is an economy strategy
aimed at removing the British empire from power
and improving economics conditions in India.
5 phases of Swadeshi Movement:
- 1852 to 1904: Known as first Swadeshi Movement.
- 1905 to 1917: This phase began because of the partition of Bengal.
- 1918 to 1947: Rise of Indian industrialists.
- 1948 to 1991: Widespread curbs on international and interstate trade.
- 1991 onwards: Liberalization and Globalization and Growth of Industrialization.
Lokmanya Tilak
INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT
1857Revolt
Jallianwala bhag
khilafat movement
rawlet act
Non cooperation
Round table conference
Cabinet mission, Mound batten act
Dr, Ambedkar has written very good thesis on Ancient Indian Commerce.
Bharat had very well developed Agriculture, manufacturing, trade and services since ancient time.
Era of one party dominance
Second challenge for Independe
Adoption of Constitution
The first general election
Election :- A big mammoth task
Dominance of Congress
Inclusive nature of Congress
Management of factions
Opposition parties
Few opposition parties
Socialist party
The communist Party of india
Swatantra party
Bhartiya Jana Sangh
IDEOLOGY
One country = one culture
Advantages of opposition
Congress
So the Election Commission
Poverty in India is widespread, and a variety of methods have been proposed to measure it. The official measure of Indian government, before 2005, was based on food security and it was defined from per capita expenditure for a person to consume enough calories and be able to pay for associated essentials to survive. Since 2005, Indian government adopted the Tendulkar methodology which moved away from calorie anchor to a basket of goods and used rural, urban and regional minimum expenditure per capita necessary to survive.
The World Bank has similarly revised its definition and benchmarks to measure poverty since 1990, with $2.25 per day income on purchasing power parity basis as the definition in use from 2005 to 2013. Some semi-economic and non-economic indices have also been proposed to measure poverty in India; for example, the Multi-dimensional Poverty Index placed 33% weight on number of years spent in school and education and 6.25% weight on financial condition of a person, in order to determine if that person is poor.
A helpful powerpoint presentation that covers the entire chapter 15 of class 12 NCERT in the form of short bullet points. Extremely informative with pictures and extra information from outside the book to give a more in-depth understanding of the chapter
this ppt proides u a glimpse of cbse history -6th chapter{bhakti sufi traditions} if u found it interesting then please donot hesitate to hit like......thank u god bless...
Class 12th
Political Science
Chapter 2
The End of Bipolarity
The things are explained in the completely and in better way.
It cover all the topics of NCERT Contemporary World Politics class 12
The PPT has been made under the guidance of an Political Science teacher
1 Title page
2 Berlin Wall
3 and 4 Some Important Leaders Of Soviet Union
5 What was soviet union
6 Merits of soviet union
7 Demerit of soviet union
8 On Verge of Stagnation
9 Gorbachev and the Disintegration
10 Common wealth of Independent State
11 to 18 why did soviet union disintegrate
19 to 22 Consequences of Disintegration of Soviet Union
23 to 26 shock therapy in post- communist regimes
27 Consequences of Shock Therapy
28 Tension and Conflicts
29 India and Post-Communist Country
30 to 34 During the world war era, India and the USSR enjoyed multi-dimensional relationship
35 thanks page
Rise of British Rule and other International powers in India; Positive and Negative reforms of British in Indian System, Rebellions and Mutiny, Effects of World War on India under British Rule. Independent Kashmir Issue and other outcomes of end of British rule.
The Swadeshi Movement is an economy strategy
aimed at removing the British empire from power
and improving economics conditions in India.
5 phases of Swadeshi Movement:
- 1852 to 1904: Known as first Swadeshi Movement.
- 1905 to 1917: This phase began because of the partition of Bengal.
- 1918 to 1947: Rise of Indian industrialists.
- 1948 to 1991: Widespread curbs on international and interstate trade.
- 1991 onwards: Liberalization and Globalization and Growth of Industrialization.
Lokmanya Tilak
INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT
1857Revolt
Jallianwala bhag
khilafat movement
rawlet act
Non cooperation
Round table conference
Cabinet mission, Mound batten act
Dr, Ambedkar has written very good thesis on Ancient Indian Commerce.
Bharat had very well developed Agriculture, manufacturing, trade and services since ancient time.
4 Songhai Empire to the 21st century Su2014Robert Ehrlich
The rise and fall of the Songhai Empire. While the fall is an immediate consequence of the Moroccan invasion subsequent events are dominated by conflicts with the Tuaregs of the Sahara and episodes of 'jihadist' regimes. Colonial powers enter the fray. Timbuktu becomes both a legend and a source of intellectual industry.
1 tracing changes through a thousand yearsMahendra SST
NCERT CBSE SOCIAL SCIENCE CLASS 6,7,8,9,10 HISTORY POLITICAL SCIENCE GEOGRAPHY ECONOMICS
IN THIS CHAPTER YOU WILL GET ACCESS ABOUT CLASS 67HISORY CHAPTER 1
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they work on street .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................please share it
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This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
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Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
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for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
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2. Al Biruni and the
Kitab-ul-hind.
• Al biruni was born in 973 in present day
Uzbekistan.
• He was well knowledgeable in various
languages.
• He was captivated and taken to ghazni and died
there at the age of 70 .
• He spent years in the company with the
local of Punjab and the Brahman priest.
• He studied Sanskrit and religious and
philosophical texts.
5. The kitab-ul-hind
• It is written in Arabic. It is simple, lucid and
voluminous. It talks about various subjects in
India.
• The book has a district structure, it begins
with a question, the description based on
sanskritic tradition, and the conclusion
with a comparison with other cultures.
• He translated text from sanskrit, pali and
prakrit into arabic.
• He was Critical about the way text was
written and wanted to approve them.
6. Ibn-battuta‟s
Rihala
• Origin: morocco, born in tangier and educated in sharia
law
• The book „Rihal‟is written in Arabic, it is rich in detail
of social and cultural like in the sub continent in the
14th century.
• He left his family and friends behind to travel. He
reached sind in 1333.
• Muhammad bin tughlaq appointed as a qazi or a judge at
delhi.
• He remained in this position for many years, then
due to a misunderstanding he was imprisoned.
7. The„enjoyment ofcuriosities‟
• Several year travelling through north
Africa, west Africa, west Asia and
central Asia.
• India and china.
• His stories were recorded.
9. • India part of the global
network of
communication in the 14
century.
• Spend much of his time
with learned men and
enjoyed the cosmopolitan
culture.
• Interaction between
various multi-linguists.
• Highlighted anything
which he found
unfamiliar to impress his
readers.
DID YOU KNOW?
Ibn Battuta travelled
75,000 miles for
about 29 years and
visited around 60
rulers.
10. The coconut and paan- One of the
best examples of Ibn Battuta‟s
representation.
11. IbnBattuta and Indian Cities.
Cities full of
exciting
opportunities.
Densely
populated and
prosperous.
Crowded streets
with bright and
colourful
markets.
Bazaars-hub of
social and
cultural
activities.Had
mosque and
temples.Public
Performances.
Hefound Indian
agriculture very
productive.
India- well integratedwith
Inter Asian networks of
trade andcommerce.
Richin
textiles, silk, muslin,satin
and were in demand.
12. SYSTEM OF
COMMUNICATION.
• State evidently took
measures to
encourage
merchants.
• Trade routes supplied withinns and guest
houses.• Amazed by the efficiency of
the postal system.
• Allowed merchants to send
information and also remit
credit across long
distance.
DID YOU KNOW?
The postal system
was so efficient
that the news
reports of the
spies would reach
in 5 days from
Delhi to Sind.
13. BERNIER AND THE
“DEGENERATE” EAST.
• Francois Bernier belonged
to a different intellectual
tradition.
• Preoccupied with comparing
and contrasting what he saw
in India in particular to that of
europe.
• His aim was to influence
the policy-makers to ensure
that they made the right
decisions.
14. BERNIERS TRAVELS INTHE
MUGHALEMPIRE.
Marked by detailed observations,critical
insights and reflection.
His account contains discussions trying to
place the history of the Mughals within
the same sort of a universal framework.
Representation
works on the model
of binary opposition.
India presented as
the universe of
Europe.
Compared Mughal
India to that of
Europe.
India appeared to be
inferior in the
Western World.
15. The question of landownership.
• Fundamental differences- lack of
private property among Indians
compared to Europe.
• Firm believer of the virtues of
private property.
• Crown ownership- harmful to
society.
• This perception not unique to
Bernier.
• Land could not be inherited-
crown ownership.
• Averse to long- term investments.
DID YOU KNOW?
Bernier, a son of a
farmer was an
orphan at a very
young age and he
wad cared by
his uncle.
16. • Absence of property in land denied the
emergence of “improving” landlords to
maintain or improve lands.
• Uniform ruination of agriculture and
excessive oppression of peasantry.
• Decline in the living standards.
• Bernier on India- undifferentiated
masses of impoverished people
subjugated by a small minority of rich.
• Confidently asserted, “ there is no middle
state in India.”
17. Bernier described the Mughal
Empire as:
Its king was the king of “beggars
and barbarians”; it‟s cities and
towns were ruined and
contaminated with “ill air”; and its
fields, “ overspread with bushes”
and full of pestilential marshes.
18. • Abul Fazl, the Mughal
chronicler described the land
revenue as „remunerations of
sovereignty‟.
• Possible that European
Travelers regarded such
claims as rent because land
revenue demands was very
high.
• This was actually a rent on
the crop.
19. • Berniers description
influenced Western
th
theorists from the 18
century.
• French
Philosopher, Montesquie
u- oriental despotism.
• Asiatic mode of
production- Karl Marx.
• Rural society
characterized by social
and economic
differentiation.
BIG
ZAMINDARS
BIG
PEASANTS
UNTOUCHABLE
LANDLESS
LABOURERS
SPECTRUM- RURAL SOCIETY.
20. A more complex rural society.
• Berniers preoccupation hint at a
complex reality.
• Artisans had no incentives to improve
the life of their manufactures.
• Manufactures were already in decline.
• Precious metals flowed into India.
• Also noted the existence of a
prosperous merchant community
engaged in trade.
21. Cities and towns
• 15 of the population lived in towns
compared to that of proportion in Europe.
• Mughal cities – “camp towns”.
• All kinds of towns- port towns, trading
towns, pilgrimage towns etc. Their
existence- index of prosperity of merchant
communities.
• Merchants- strong community organised
into caste-cum occupational bodies.
23. Women- Slaves, Sati and
Labourers.
• Travelers interested in the condition
of women in the subcontinent.
• Took inequities as a „natural state of
affairs‟.
• Women openly sold in the markets
like any other commodity even
exchanged as gifts.
• Differentiation among slaves.
• Slaves generallly used for domestic
labour.
24. Differentiation among slaves.
SLAVES
• Female slaves in service ofsultans.
• Experts in dance andmusic.
SLAVES
• Slaves also employed as spies to keepwatch on the nobles.
• Ibn battuta found their service indispensible forcarrying
men or woman onDola’s.
SLAVES
• Price of slaves especially women for domestic laborwere
very low.
• Affordable by mostfamilies.
27. PRACTICE OF SATI
• Bernier has provided a detailed description of sati in
his account.
• He mentioned that while some women seemed to
embrace death cheerfully, others were forced to
death.
• He also noticed the child satin which a twelve year
old young widow sacrificed.
28. CONCLUSIO
N• Contemporary European travelers and
writers often highlighted the treatment of
women as a crucial marker of difference
between Western and Eastern societies.
• Women's lives not only revolved around
sati. They were also crucial in both
agricultural and non-agricultural
production.
• They even participated in commercial
activities.