The document discusses the anatomy of the visual pathway and tumors of the optic nerve. It describes the components of the visual pathway including the optic nerve, optic chiasma, optic tracts, lateral geniculate bodies, optic radiations, and visual cortex. It then discusses lesions that can occur along the visual pathway and their effects. Finally, it describes three types of tumors that can affect the optic nerve: optic nerve glioma, optic nerve sheath meningioma, and optic nerve melanocytoma.
The document discusses various types of diplopia (double vision) and visual field defects, their causes and treatments. It describes defects that can occur due to cranial nerve palsies or strokes affecting the third, fourth, sixth or optic nerves. Treatments mentioned include Fresnel prisms, eye patching, Botox injections, eye muscle surgery, visual field testing, and vision therapy. The orthoptist aims to restore binocular single vision through various orthoptic treatments and management strategies for visual defects.
optical coherence tomography is a new tool that makes retinal diagnosis easier. the above ppt includes a detailed and precise notes on OCT and its interpretation.
This document presents the case of a 68-year-old male who presented with fever and loss of consciousness followed by a fall and weakness on his right side. He experienced brief episodes of dysarthria lasting 5-10 minutes associated with swallowing difficulty. Imaging showed a subdural hematoma in the right frontal-temporal-parietal region. He was treated and improved but later experienced paroxysmal dysarthria again, which was controlled with anti-seizure medication. The causes and potential mechanisms of his paroxysmal dysarthria are discussed.
Toxic amblyopia is caused by damage to the optic nerve or retina due to exogenous or endogenous poisons. It can be caused by substances like tobacco, alcohol, methyl alcohol, quinine, and ethambutol. Tobacco and alcohol amblyopia typically affect the central vision and cause fogginess and difficulty with near work. Methyl alcohol amblyopia is usually acute and can cause complete and permanent blindness due to optic nerve damage. Testing is important to differentiate functional and organic amblyopia and guide appropriate treatment.
Diabetic retinopathy is a complication of diabetes mellitus where changes occur in the retina. It is a leading cause of vision loss among working age adults in Malaysia. The risk of retinopathy rises with longer duration of diabetes and poor blood glucose control. Annual eye screening is recommended to detect early signs and plan treatment. Laser photocoagulation is commonly used to treat early stages while vitrectomy may be used for advanced proliferative cases with vitreous hemorrhage. Anti-VEGF drugs combined with laser can also treat diabetic macular edema.
The document discusses temporal bone fractures, including their causes, diagnosis, and management. It notes that 20% of patients with significant head trauma and skull base fractures will sustain temporal bone fractures. Common injuries requiring surgical management include hearing loss, facial nerve dysfunction, and cerebrospinal fluid leak. The evaluation and management of temporal bone fractures aims to restore functional deficits without necessarily reducing bone fragments.
The document discusses the anatomy of the visual pathway and tumors of the optic nerve. It describes the components of the visual pathway including the optic nerve, optic chiasma, optic tracts, lateral geniculate bodies, optic radiations, and visual cortex. It then discusses lesions that can occur along the visual pathway and their effects. Finally, it describes three types of tumors that can affect the optic nerve: optic nerve glioma, optic nerve sheath meningioma, and optic nerve melanocytoma.
The document discusses various types of diplopia (double vision) and visual field defects, their causes and treatments. It describes defects that can occur due to cranial nerve palsies or strokes affecting the third, fourth, sixth or optic nerves. Treatments mentioned include Fresnel prisms, eye patching, Botox injections, eye muscle surgery, visual field testing, and vision therapy. The orthoptist aims to restore binocular single vision through various orthoptic treatments and management strategies for visual defects.
optical coherence tomography is a new tool that makes retinal diagnosis easier. the above ppt includes a detailed and precise notes on OCT and its interpretation.
This document presents the case of a 68-year-old male who presented with fever and loss of consciousness followed by a fall and weakness on his right side. He experienced brief episodes of dysarthria lasting 5-10 minutes associated with swallowing difficulty. Imaging showed a subdural hematoma in the right frontal-temporal-parietal region. He was treated and improved but later experienced paroxysmal dysarthria again, which was controlled with anti-seizure medication. The causes and potential mechanisms of his paroxysmal dysarthria are discussed.
Toxic amblyopia is caused by damage to the optic nerve or retina due to exogenous or endogenous poisons. It can be caused by substances like tobacco, alcohol, methyl alcohol, quinine, and ethambutol. Tobacco and alcohol amblyopia typically affect the central vision and cause fogginess and difficulty with near work. Methyl alcohol amblyopia is usually acute and can cause complete and permanent blindness due to optic nerve damage. Testing is important to differentiate functional and organic amblyopia and guide appropriate treatment.
Diabetic retinopathy is a complication of diabetes mellitus where changes occur in the retina. It is a leading cause of vision loss among working age adults in Malaysia. The risk of retinopathy rises with longer duration of diabetes and poor blood glucose control. Annual eye screening is recommended to detect early signs and plan treatment. Laser photocoagulation is commonly used to treat early stages while vitrectomy may be used for advanced proliferative cases with vitreous hemorrhage. Anti-VEGF drugs combined with laser can also treat diabetic macular edema.
The document discusses temporal bone fractures, including their causes, diagnosis, and management. It notes that 20% of patients with significant head trauma and skull base fractures will sustain temporal bone fractures. Common injuries requiring surgical management include hearing loss, facial nerve dysfunction, and cerebrospinal fluid leak. The evaluation and management of temporal bone fractures aims to restore functional deficits without necessarily reducing bone fragments.
Coloboma is a congenital defect caused by the failure of the fetal fissure to close during eye development between weeks 5-7 of gestation. It can affect various eye structures traversed by the fetal fissure, most commonly the iris, choroid, retina, and optic nerve. Coloboma is classified as typical (inferonasal quadrant) or atypical (elsewhere). It may be isolated or associated with syndromes like CHARGE. Treatment depends on the site and severity but may include lubricants, patching, or reconstructive eyelid surgery to address issues like exposure. Prognosis relates to the structures involved and presence of other ocular or systemic abnormalities.
This document presents a case study of a 68-year-old man with aphasia. He had two strokes, in 2010 and 2015, with the second one causing aphasia and a mild phonatory gap. Assessment results showed Broca's aphasia based on limited speech and fair comprehension. On the WAB, he scored 18.9 for aphasia quotient. Voice assessment found hoarseness and a limited pitch range. Therapy was recommended, including speech and language therapy to improve communication and vocal exercises to address the phonatory gap.
This document describes a case of carcinoma of the larynx in a 65-year-old male patient who presented with hoarseness of voice for 6 months and breathing difficulty for 2 weeks. Examination revealed a growth on the left vocal cord. The patient underwent an emergency tracheostomy followed by a total laryngectomy and biopsy, which showed well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. The patient recovered well post-operatively and was discharged on adjuvant radiotherapy and voice rehabilitation.
Optical Coherence Tomography - principle and uses in ophthalmologytapan_jakkal
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses light to capture high-resolution, cross-sectional images of the retina and anterior segment of the eye. OCT provides depth resolution on the scale of 10 microns, allowing it to visualize detailed layers and structures within the retina. OCT can be used to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze the retina, detecting various pathological features and measuring retinal thickness. Anterior segment OCT also allows high-resolution imaging of the cornea, iris, angle, and anterior chamber.
Cochlear implants are surgically implanted devices that provide a sense of sound to those who are profoundly deaf or hard of hearing. They work by bypassing the damaged portions of the ear and directly stimulating the auditory nerve. The first modern cochlear implant was developed in 1961 and they have since become smaller and more advanced, allowing for implantation in younger children. Cochlear implants require extensive preoperative testing and evaluation to determine candidacy as well as postoperative programming and mapping to optimize hearing outcomes for each individual recipient.
Glaucoma 3 primary open angle glaucoma,dr.k.n.jha, 03.11.16ophthalmgmcri
Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is characterized by optic nerve damage and visual field loss due to increased intraocular pressure without obstruction of the eye's drainage angle. It has no known cause but risks include older age, family history, and higher eye pressure. Diagnosis is based on optic nerve head changes, visual field testing showing blind spots, and elevated intraocular pressure. Treatment aims to lower pressure through eye drops, laser therapy, or surgery to slow progression and preserve vision. Regular monitoring of pressure and nerve changes is needed for long-term management.
This document provides information on rehabilitation of deafness, including definitions, classifications, causes, assessment, and treatment of hearing loss. It discusses the WHO definition of hearing impairment and deafness. Clinical classifications are based on decibel levels, while educational and sociological classifications depend on ability to benefit from education or employment. Causes of hearing loss include congenital, acquired, conductive, sensorineural, and mixed. Assessment involves history, examination, audiometric tests like pure tone audiometry and speech audiometry. Treatment methods include hearing aids, speech therapy, education, and surgery for conductive losses.
This document discusses various causes of acute visual loss, categorizing them as ocular or non-ocular. In the ocular category, it describes common causes such as media opacities, retinal issues including vascular occlusions, and optic nerve disorders. It provides details on evaluating and treating specific conditions like acute angle closure glaucoma, retinal detachment, macular diseases, and ischemic optic neuropathies. It emphasizes that many ocular causes of acute visual loss require prompt diagnosis and treatment to prevent permanent vision loss. Non-ocular causes discussed include stroke and functional visual loss.
This document summarizes a seminar on optical coherence tomography (OCT). OCT uses low-coherence interferometry to produce high-resolution, cross-sectional tomographic images of internal tissue microstructures. It has advantages over other imaging modalities like high resolution, rapid acquisition, and small catheter designs. The document outlines OCT applications in fields like cardiology, dermatology, and gastroenterology. It also discusses current limitations and future work to improve penetration depth, resolution, and acquisition rates to further clinical applications.
This document provides an overview of diabetic eye disease and its treatment. It begins with an introduction and discusses pathogenesis, classification, signs, and advanced complications such as retinopathy and macular edema. Risk factors for progression are described, including duration of diabetes, glycemic control, hypertension, and nephropathy. Treatment focuses on glycemic and blood pressure control as well as laser photocoagulation, intravitreal anti-VEGF agents, and steroids to treat macular edema. Several major clinical trials are summarized that demonstrate the benefits of tighter glucose and blood pressure control, as well as anti-VEGF therapies, on slowing progression of diabetic retinopathy and vision outcomes.
This document discusses oropharyngeal cancers. It begins with the anatomy of the oropharynx and its boundaries. It then discusses the epidemiology, risk factors, clinical features, staging, workup, and management of oropharyngeal cancers. Early stage cancers are often treated with either radiotherapy or surgery alone, while locoregionally advanced cancers may be treated with surgery followed by radiation and chemotherapy or with primary chemoradiation. HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancers often have a better prognosis than HPV-negative cancers.
Sympathetic ophthalmia and Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease are both rare granulomatous uveitides that can cause bilateral eye inflammation. Sympathetic ophthalmia occurs after trauma or surgery to one eye, while VKH disease is thought to be an autoimmune response against ocular and skin melanocytes. Both can lead to vision loss if not treated promptly with high-dose corticosteroids and immunosuppressants. Imaging like fluorescein angiography and optical coherence tomography are useful for monitoring disease activity and response to treatment.
Traumatic optic neuropathy occurs when the optic nerve is injured from blunt force trauma anywhere along its path. While high-dose steroids and optic canal decompression surgery have been used as treatments, the evidence for their efficacy is limited. For non-transected injuries, observation is typically recommended, as primary damage to the optic nerve fibers is often permanent. Effective treatment options are extremely limited, and patients should be informed of the uncertainties regarding any proposed interventions.
1) The document discusses orbital anatomy and types of orbital fractures. It provides details on the bones that make up the orbital walls and important structures that pass through openings. 2) Common causes of orbital fractures include falling, aggression, sports injuries, and motor vehicle accidents. Signs and symptoms depend on the type and location of the fracture but may include diplopia, limited eye movement, numbness, and vision changes. 3) Treatment involves repairing the fracture through approaches like plate stabilization to restore the orbital walls and prevent complications like enophthalmos.
Diabetic retinopathy is a disease of the retina caused by damage to blood vessels due to long-term effects of diabetes, and is a leading cause of vision loss. It can cause microaneurysms, hemorrhages, cotton wool spots, hard exudates, and the growth of new abnormal blood vessels. Prolonged poor blood sugar control, hypertension, and other factors increase the risk. Treatment involves laser therapy such as focal laser treatment for macular edema or pan-retinal photocoagulation for proliferative retinopathy. Anti-VEGF injections are also used to treat macular edema and neovascularization by inhibiting vascular leakage and growth of abnormal vessels. Regular screening is important
This document provides information on macular dystrophies. It begins with the anatomical landmarks of the macula including the fovea and foveola. It then discusses various hereditary macular dystrophies including X-linked juvenile retinoschisis, Stargardt's disease, Best's disease, dominant familial drusen, and pattern dystrophy. For each condition, it provides information on genetics, symptoms, signs, imaging findings, and management. The document uses images to illustrate many of the clinical features described.
1. The document discusses various cranial nerves including CN3, CN4, CN6 and CN7. It describes the anatomy, nuclei, course and clinical features of lesions involving these nerves.
2. Several clinical syndromes are mentioned that result from lesions in different locations along the course of the nerves like the cavernous sinus syndrome, cerebellopontine angle syndrome and lateral medullary syndrome.
3. The etiologies of cranial nerve palsies including vascular causes like aneurysms, inflammatory causes like Tolosa-Hunt syndrome and tumors are summarized. Clinical features of specific cranial nerve palsies are also provided.
A macular hole is a full-thickness defect in the neurosensory retina located within or just eccentric to the fovea. It is commonly classified based on size and associated findings on exam and OCT imaging. Stage 1 holes show early changes like cysts or pseudocysts at the fovea. Stage 2 holes are full-thickness defects under 400um. Stage 3 holes are larger, over 400um. Stage 4 holes have a complete posterior vitreous detachment. Risk factors include age, female sex, myopia, and trauma. Patients may experience vision distortion or loss.
Coloboma is a congenital defect caused by the failure of the fetal fissure to close during eye development between weeks 5-7 of gestation. It can affect various eye structures traversed by the fetal fissure, most commonly the iris, choroid, retina, and optic nerve. Coloboma is classified as typical (inferonasal quadrant) or atypical (elsewhere). It may be isolated or associated with syndromes like CHARGE. Treatment depends on the site and severity but may include lubricants, patching, or reconstructive eyelid surgery to address issues like exposure. Prognosis relates to the structures involved and presence of other ocular or systemic abnormalities.
This document presents a case study of a 68-year-old man with aphasia. He had two strokes, in 2010 and 2015, with the second one causing aphasia and a mild phonatory gap. Assessment results showed Broca's aphasia based on limited speech and fair comprehension. On the WAB, he scored 18.9 for aphasia quotient. Voice assessment found hoarseness and a limited pitch range. Therapy was recommended, including speech and language therapy to improve communication and vocal exercises to address the phonatory gap.
This document describes a case of carcinoma of the larynx in a 65-year-old male patient who presented with hoarseness of voice for 6 months and breathing difficulty for 2 weeks. Examination revealed a growth on the left vocal cord. The patient underwent an emergency tracheostomy followed by a total laryngectomy and biopsy, which showed well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. The patient recovered well post-operatively and was discharged on adjuvant radiotherapy and voice rehabilitation.
Optical Coherence Tomography - principle and uses in ophthalmologytapan_jakkal
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses light to capture high-resolution, cross-sectional images of the retina and anterior segment of the eye. OCT provides depth resolution on the scale of 10 microns, allowing it to visualize detailed layers and structures within the retina. OCT can be used to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze the retina, detecting various pathological features and measuring retinal thickness. Anterior segment OCT also allows high-resolution imaging of the cornea, iris, angle, and anterior chamber.
Cochlear implants are surgically implanted devices that provide a sense of sound to those who are profoundly deaf or hard of hearing. They work by bypassing the damaged portions of the ear and directly stimulating the auditory nerve. The first modern cochlear implant was developed in 1961 and they have since become smaller and more advanced, allowing for implantation in younger children. Cochlear implants require extensive preoperative testing and evaluation to determine candidacy as well as postoperative programming and mapping to optimize hearing outcomes for each individual recipient.
Glaucoma 3 primary open angle glaucoma,dr.k.n.jha, 03.11.16ophthalmgmcri
Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is characterized by optic nerve damage and visual field loss due to increased intraocular pressure without obstruction of the eye's drainage angle. It has no known cause but risks include older age, family history, and higher eye pressure. Diagnosis is based on optic nerve head changes, visual field testing showing blind spots, and elevated intraocular pressure. Treatment aims to lower pressure through eye drops, laser therapy, or surgery to slow progression and preserve vision. Regular monitoring of pressure and nerve changes is needed for long-term management.
This document provides information on rehabilitation of deafness, including definitions, classifications, causes, assessment, and treatment of hearing loss. It discusses the WHO definition of hearing impairment and deafness. Clinical classifications are based on decibel levels, while educational and sociological classifications depend on ability to benefit from education or employment. Causes of hearing loss include congenital, acquired, conductive, sensorineural, and mixed. Assessment involves history, examination, audiometric tests like pure tone audiometry and speech audiometry. Treatment methods include hearing aids, speech therapy, education, and surgery for conductive losses.
This document discusses various causes of acute visual loss, categorizing them as ocular or non-ocular. In the ocular category, it describes common causes such as media opacities, retinal issues including vascular occlusions, and optic nerve disorders. It provides details on evaluating and treating specific conditions like acute angle closure glaucoma, retinal detachment, macular diseases, and ischemic optic neuropathies. It emphasizes that many ocular causes of acute visual loss require prompt diagnosis and treatment to prevent permanent vision loss. Non-ocular causes discussed include stroke and functional visual loss.
This document summarizes a seminar on optical coherence tomography (OCT). OCT uses low-coherence interferometry to produce high-resolution, cross-sectional tomographic images of internal tissue microstructures. It has advantages over other imaging modalities like high resolution, rapid acquisition, and small catheter designs. The document outlines OCT applications in fields like cardiology, dermatology, and gastroenterology. It also discusses current limitations and future work to improve penetration depth, resolution, and acquisition rates to further clinical applications.
This document provides an overview of diabetic eye disease and its treatment. It begins with an introduction and discusses pathogenesis, classification, signs, and advanced complications such as retinopathy and macular edema. Risk factors for progression are described, including duration of diabetes, glycemic control, hypertension, and nephropathy. Treatment focuses on glycemic and blood pressure control as well as laser photocoagulation, intravitreal anti-VEGF agents, and steroids to treat macular edema. Several major clinical trials are summarized that demonstrate the benefits of tighter glucose and blood pressure control, as well as anti-VEGF therapies, on slowing progression of diabetic retinopathy and vision outcomes.
This document discusses oropharyngeal cancers. It begins with the anatomy of the oropharynx and its boundaries. It then discusses the epidemiology, risk factors, clinical features, staging, workup, and management of oropharyngeal cancers. Early stage cancers are often treated with either radiotherapy or surgery alone, while locoregionally advanced cancers may be treated with surgery followed by radiation and chemotherapy or with primary chemoradiation. HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancers often have a better prognosis than HPV-negative cancers.
Sympathetic ophthalmia and Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease are both rare granulomatous uveitides that can cause bilateral eye inflammation. Sympathetic ophthalmia occurs after trauma or surgery to one eye, while VKH disease is thought to be an autoimmune response against ocular and skin melanocytes. Both can lead to vision loss if not treated promptly with high-dose corticosteroids and immunosuppressants. Imaging like fluorescein angiography and optical coherence tomography are useful for monitoring disease activity and response to treatment.
Traumatic optic neuropathy occurs when the optic nerve is injured from blunt force trauma anywhere along its path. While high-dose steroids and optic canal decompression surgery have been used as treatments, the evidence for their efficacy is limited. For non-transected injuries, observation is typically recommended, as primary damage to the optic nerve fibers is often permanent. Effective treatment options are extremely limited, and patients should be informed of the uncertainties regarding any proposed interventions.
1) The document discusses orbital anatomy and types of orbital fractures. It provides details on the bones that make up the orbital walls and important structures that pass through openings. 2) Common causes of orbital fractures include falling, aggression, sports injuries, and motor vehicle accidents. Signs and symptoms depend on the type and location of the fracture but may include diplopia, limited eye movement, numbness, and vision changes. 3) Treatment involves repairing the fracture through approaches like plate stabilization to restore the orbital walls and prevent complications like enophthalmos.
Diabetic retinopathy is a disease of the retina caused by damage to blood vessels due to long-term effects of diabetes, and is a leading cause of vision loss. It can cause microaneurysms, hemorrhages, cotton wool spots, hard exudates, and the growth of new abnormal blood vessels. Prolonged poor blood sugar control, hypertension, and other factors increase the risk. Treatment involves laser therapy such as focal laser treatment for macular edema or pan-retinal photocoagulation for proliferative retinopathy. Anti-VEGF injections are also used to treat macular edema and neovascularization by inhibiting vascular leakage and growth of abnormal vessels. Regular screening is important
This document provides information on macular dystrophies. It begins with the anatomical landmarks of the macula including the fovea and foveola. It then discusses various hereditary macular dystrophies including X-linked juvenile retinoschisis, Stargardt's disease, Best's disease, dominant familial drusen, and pattern dystrophy. For each condition, it provides information on genetics, symptoms, signs, imaging findings, and management. The document uses images to illustrate many of the clinical features described.
1. The document discusses various cranial nerves including CN3, CN4, CN6 and CN7. It describes the anatomy, nuclei, course and clinical features of lesions involving these nerves.
2. Several clinical syndromes are mentioned that result from lesions in different locations along the course of the nerves like the cavernous sinus syndrome, cerebellopontine angle syndrome and lateral medullary syndrome.
3. The etiologies of cranial nerve palsies including vascular causes like aneurysms, inflammatory causes like Tolosa-Hunt syndrome and tumors are summarized. Clinical features of specific cranial nerve palsies are also provided.
A macular hole is a full-thickness defect in the neurosensory retina located within or just eccentric to the fovea. It is commonly classified based on size and associated findings on exam and OCT imaging. Stage 1 holes show early changes like cysts or pseudocysts at the fovea. Stage 2 holes are full-thickness defects under 400um. Stage 3 holes are larger, over 400um. Stage 4 holes have a complete posterior vitreous detachment. Risk factors include age, female sex, myopia, and trauma. Patients may experience vision distortion or loss.
This document provides a syllabus planner for the third term of the 2017-18 school year for a History & Civics class. It includes the following key details:
- Lists the textbooks to be used for the term.
- Outlines a schedule spanning 11 weeks, noting the topics and subtopics to be covered each week ending on a given date.
- Indicates time will need to be allotted for extracurricular activities like sports competitions and annual day celebrations.
- Notes the class will have Asset examinations during the fourth week of February evaluating each grade for 75 minutes daily.