1. Excretion occurs in various ways across different organisms.
2. Sponges and hydra rely on diffusion and osmosis to excrete waste, while flatworms use flame cells for filtration.
3. Annelids possess nephridia, arthropods have malpighian tubules, and crustaceans use antennal glands and green glands for excretion.
1. Excretion occurs in various ways across different organisms.
2. Sponges and hydra rely on diffusion and osmosis to excrete waste, while flatworms use flame cells for filtration.
3. Annelids possess nephridia, arthropods have malpighian tubules, and crustaceans use antennal glands and green glands for excretion.
Osmoregulation and excretion systems allow animals to balance water and solute levels. Freshwater animals gain water and lose salts, while marine animals deal with water loss and salt gain. Land animals conserve water. Kidneys and other tubular systems filter, reabsorb, and secrete materials to produce urine for nitrogen waste excretion. The form of nitrogenous waste, such as ammonia, urea, or uric acid, depends on an animal's habitat and phylogeny. Diverse excretory organs, including protonephridia, metanephridia, Malpighian tubules, and kidneys, regulate solute levels through tubular networks. Kidneys consist of nep
The document discusses osmoregulation and excretion in animals, explaining how different organisms balance water and solute levels. It describes the mechanisms that freshwater and marine animals use to regulate osmolarity, such as drinking seawater or excreting dilute urine. The kidney is highlighted as a major organ of osmoregulation that adapts its function depending on an animal's aquatic or terrestrial habitat.
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