Flower Pollination Algorithm (matlab code)Xin-She Yang
This document describes the flower pollination algorithm (FPA), a nature-inspired metaheuristic algorithm for optimization problems. It contains the basic components of FPA implemented in a demo program for single objective optimization of unconstrained functions. FPA mimics the pollination process of flowers, where pollen can be transported over long distances by insects or animals, and reproduced by local pollination among neighboring flowers of the same species. The demo program initializes a population of solutions, evaluates their fitness, and then iteratively updates the solutions using either long distance global pollination or local pollination until a maximum number of iterations is reached.
This document describes the circuit diagram and operation of an op-amp differentiator. The input signal is connected to the inverting input through a capacitor, while the non-inverting input is grounded. Negative feedback is provided through a resistor. The output is proportional to the time derivative of the input signal, functioning as a differentiator. A small capacitor can be added parallel to the feedback resistor to bypass high frequency noise. Example input and output waveforms are provided for square, triangular, and sine waves. Uses include solving differential equations, wave shaping, and detecting high frequency components.
Infinite bus bar is one which keeps constant voltage and frequency although the load varies. Thus it may behave like a voltage source with zero internal impedance and infinite rotational inertia.
This presentation is based on the subject electric power system.Circle diagram of transmission line.In this presentation two topics covered about the circle diagram of transmission line.It is about the medium and long transmission line circle diagram.Receiving-end circle diagram and sending-end circle diagram of the transmission line.This presentation help you to the improve knowledge about the transmission line circle diagram.
This document discusses power MOSFETs, including their characteristics and advantages over bipolar junction transistors. Some key points:
1) Power MOSFETs can operate at high voltages up to 1400V and high currents up to 500A, with switching frequencies ranging from 10-100kHz depending on the device.
2) Power MOSFETs use a metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor design that allows the gate voltage to fully control the channel conductance.
3) Their on-resistance can be made very low, allowing them to operate efficiently at high power levels before breakdown occurs. This makes them well-suited for applications requiring high power switching.
Identifying and Overcoming Noise in Data AcquisitionYokogawa1
Have you ever captured noisy data to your PC, having to then use software to "massage" the data to try and yield useful results?
Join us for this 1-hour, complimentary webcast and learn the basic sources of electrical noise in data-acquisition systems including power line, aliasing, common mode, and quantization noise. You will learn how to easily identify, isolate, and remove these noise sources to ensure measurement data is accurate and reliable.
From these webinar slides, you will learn how to easily identify and isolate these noise sources and the basic steps to remove them. These noise sources include:
Quantization noise
A/D internal noise
Power line noise
Aliasing noise
Common mode noise
Radiated noise (EMI)
We developed a simulation and practical application of the project, which is to control the speed of the engine through a buck converter, and the appropriate mechanism has been identified for that and its success has been recorded when evaluating it.
Flower Pollination Algorithm (matlab code)Xin-She Yang
This document describes the flower pollination algorithm (FPA), a nature-inspired metaheuristic algorithm for optimization problems. It contains the basic components of FPA implemented in a demo program for single objective optimization of unconstrained functions. FPA mimics the pollination process of flowers, where pollen can be transported over long distances by insects or animals, and reproduced by local pollination among neighboring flowers of the same species. The demo program initializes a population of solutions, evaluates their fitness, and then iteratively updates the solutions using either long distance global pollination or local pollination until a maximum number of iterations is reached.
This document describes the circuit diagram and operation of an op-amp differentiator. The input signal is connected to the inverting input through a capacitor, while the non-inverting input is grounded. Negative feedback is provided through a resistor. The output is proportional to the time derivative of the input signal, functioning as a differentiator. A small capacitor can be added parallel to the feedback resistor to bypass high frequency noise. Example input and output waveforms are provided for square, triangular, and sine waves. Uses include solving differential equations, wave shaping, and detecting high frequency components.
Infinite bus bar is one which keeps constant voltage and frequency although the load varies. Thus it may behave like a voltage source with zero internal impedance and infinite rotational inertia.
This presentation is based on the subject electric power system.Circle diagram of transmission line.In this presentation two topics covered about the circle diagram of transmission line.It is about the medium and long transmission line circle diagram.Receiving-end circle diagram and sending-end circle diagram of the transmission line.This presentation help you to the improve knowledge about the transmission line circle diagram.
This document discusses power MOSFETs, including their characteristics and advantages over bipolar junction transistors. Some key points:
1) Power MOSFETs can operate at high voltages up to 1400V and high currents up to 500A, with switching frequencies ranging from 10-100kHz depending on the device.
2) Power MOSFETs use a metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor design that allows the gate voltage to fully control the channel conductance.
3) Their on-resistance can be made very low, allowing them to operate efficiently at high power levels before breakdown occurs. This makes them well-suited for applications requiring high power switching.
Identifying and Overcoming Noise in Data AcquisitionYokogawa1
Have you ever captured noisy data to your PC, having to then use software to "massage" the data to try and yield useful results?
Join us for this 1-hour, complimentary webcast and learn the basic sources of electrical noise in data-acquisition systems including power line, aliasing, common mode, and quantization noise. You will learn how to easily identify, isolate, and remove these noise sources to ensure measurement data is accurate and reliable.
From these webinar slides, you will learn how to easily identify and isolate these noise sources and the basic steps to remove them. These noise sources include:
Quantization noise
A/D internal noise
Power line noise
Aliasing noise
Common mode noise
Radiated noise (EMI)
We developed a simulation and practical application of the project, which is to control the speed of the engine through a buck converter, and the appropriate mechanism has been identified for that and its success has been recorded when evaluating it.
This document discusses performing a slip test on a salient pole synchronous machine to determine the direct and quadrature axis reactances. [1] The test involves driving the machine at a speed slightly less than synchronous speed and measuring voltages and currents along the direct and quadrature axes. [2] This allows calculating the direct axis reactance Xd when the magnetic fields are aligned, and the quadrature axis reactance Xq when they are 90 degrees out of phase. [3] Oscilloscope measurements provide more accurate results than voltmeter-ammeter methods.
This document discusses and analyzes the voltage gain, input resistance, and output resistance of cascode and cascade amplifiers. It shows that cascode amplifiers have a voltage gain of -gm1gm2rπ2(1+β2)(RcRL) and input resistance of R2R3rπ1. Cascade amplifiers have an overall voltage gain that is the product of the individual stage gains, gm1gm2RC2RLRC1Ri2(Ri1/(Ri1+RS)), and output resistance of RC2. Cascode amplifiers have higher gain than single stage amplifiers, while cascade amplifiers have multiple stages to further increase gain.
Objectives: This course will provide a comprehensive overview of power system stability and control problems. This includes the basic concepts, physical aspects of the phenomena, methods of analysis, the integration of MATLAB and SINULINK in the analysis of power system .
Course Content: 1. Power System Stability: Introduction
2. Stability Analysis: Swing Equation
3. Models for Stability Studies
4. Steady State Stability
5. Transient Stability
6. Multimachine Transient Stability
7. Power System Control: Introduction
8. Load Frequency Control
9. Automatic generation Control
10. Reactive Power Control
Vocational training presentation on Railway Communication SystemAshutosh Verma
The document provides information on the Indian Railway communication system. It discusses key parts of the railway communication network including Railnet, the passenger reservation system (PRS), and the freight operation information system (FOIS). It describes the methods of communication used in railways such as optical fiber, microwave transmission, radio, and telephone. It also outlines the network components that enable communication, including routers, switches, firewalls, and network interface cards.
Here are the answers to the review questions:
1) The capacitor in a clamping circuit effectively acts as a battery by holding the DC level set during the clamping portion of the input cycle.
2) A +ve limiter only allows positive excursions of the input signal above a certain threshold, while a -ve limiter only allows negative excursions below a certain threshold. So a +ve limiter clips the positive portions and a -ve limiter clips the negative portions.
- The document discusses equations for calculating the induced EMF in alternator windings.
- It derives the basic EMF equation for a concentrated full-pitched winding as Eph=4.44fTph, where f is frequency, Tph is turns per phase.
- It introduces pitch factor Kp and distribution factor Kd to account for short-pitched and distributed windings.
- The general EMF equation is given as Eph=4.44fTphKpKd, accounting for various winding configurations.
- Examples are given to demonstrate calculating EMF values using the equations.
The document discusses different techniques for commutating thyristors, including natural commutation which occurs in AC circuits, and forced commutation which is applied to DC circuits using elements like inductance and capacitance. It describes various methods of forced commutation such as self commutation, resonant pulse commutation, complementary commutation, and impulse commutation. Examples and equations are provided for calculating timing and component values for resonant pulse commutation and complementary commutation circuits.
The Trishuli Hydropower Project is a 21 MW hydropower plant located 70 km from Kathmandu along the Trishuli River in Nuwakot, Nepal. It was constructed in 1967 with an installed capacity of 21 MW from 7 units of 3 MW each. It was later upgraded in 1995 to its current capacity of 24 MW from 6 units of 3.5 MW and 1 unit of 3 MW. The plant utilizes a 51.4 m maximum head from the Trishuli River, which has an average annual flow of 45.66 cubic meters per second. While it was one of Nepal's oldest hydropower plants, it continues operating through upgrades but still faces issues like silt accumulation and lack of
This document provides details about a practical training report submitted by Srijan Tripathi at the 220KV Grid Substation in Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India. It includes an introduction to the Uttar Pradesh Power Transmission Corporation Limited, which is responsible for electricity transmission and distribution across Uttar Pradesh. It also describes the key equipment housed at the 220KV grid substation, including transformers, circuit breakers, insulators, control panels, and more. The report contains chapters on each major component, diagrams, tables, and serves to document Srijan Tripathi's work and training completed at the substation.
JFET Construction, Working Principle And V-I CharactersticsBiplap Bhattarai
JFET (Junction Field Effect Transistor)
It is a voltage controlled semiconductor device.
In this, the current is carried by only one type of carriers.
So, it is a Unipolar device (one polarity of charge carrier)
No minority carrier storage
JFET consists of a doped Si
This document provides an overview of a 220kV grid substation in Kishangarh Bas, Rajasthan, India. It contains two incoming 220kV feeders and seven outgoing 132kV and 33kV feeders. The substation consists of a yard and administration room. The yard contains two 100MVA power transformers, circuit breakers, isolators, current and potential transformers, lightning arrestors, and bus bars. The administration room houses equipment like batteries to provide backup DC power. The document describes the various equipment and their functions.
This document proposes a direct torque control strategy for doubly fed induction machine-based wind turbines that can operate under voltage dips without crowbar protection. The control strategy generates a rotor flux amplitude reference to control the torque of the wind turbine and reduce stator and rotor overcurrents during faults. It also provides fast dynamic response. While the control does not eliminate the need for crowbar protection entirely, it can prevent the crowbar from activating during low-depth voltage dips. The direct torque control approach maintains machine connection to the grid and reduces torque oscillations during faults.
This document discusses magnetic levitation train systems like Transrapid and Chuo Shinkansen. It explains how they work using magnets to levitate above the track and propel trains at high speeds without friction. Projects to build maglev systems are mentioned, such as a planned route between Shanghai and Beijing in China. While maglev trains offer safety, speed, and efficiency advantages, their development and adoption faces challenges related to technology readiness and high costs.
The document discusses high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs). It describes some problems with conventional transistors like impurity scattering. HEMTs solve this issue using modulation doping, which separates doping and carrier regions. This allows for high carrier mobility. The document outlines HEMT structure, characteristics, materials used, band diagrams, and I-V characteristics. It also compares HEMTs to MOSFETs and discusses applications and future areas of research like improving reliability at high frequencies.
Seminar on synchronization to infinite busSHRADDHA ARON
This document discusses synchronization of a synchronous generator to an infinite bus. It explains that an infinite bus has large capacity so its frequency and voltage are unaffected by connections to it. The key conditions for synchronization are that the generator terminal voltage must be equal to the bus voltage, the generator frequency must equal the bus frequency, and their phase sequences must match. Synchronization is checked using the three dark lamp method, where the lamps go dark simultaneously when voltages are perfectly aligned.
Electrical Power Systems Synchronous GeneratorMubarek Kurt
Here are the steps to solve this problem:
a) Given: Generator is 6 pole, 50 Hz
Using the synchronous speed formula: nm = 120f/P
nm = 120*50/6 = 1000 RPM
b) Terminal voltage at different power factors:
1) Given load: Ia = 60 A, PF = 0.8 lagging
Using phasor diagram: Vt = Ea - IaXs
Ea = Vt + IaXs = 480 + 60*1 = 540 V
Vt = 540*cos(cos-1(0.8)) = 480 V
2) PF = 1.0
Vt = Ea = 540 V
3) PF
The document discusses various types of phase-controlled converters including single-phase and three-phase semiconverters, full converters, and dual converters. It provides details on their operating characteristics, modes, and derivations of output voltages and currents. Specifically, it describes a three-phase half-wave converter with an RL load and derives an expression for the average output voltage under continuous load current conditions. Trigonometric relationships between the three-phase supply voltages are used in the derivation.
This document contains a series of numbers, symbols, and punctuation that do not form coherent words, sentences, or convey clear meaning on their own. It is impossible to determine what the high level ideas or essential information from the document might be based on the unintelligible grouping of characters provided.
This document discusses performing a slip test on a salient pole synchronous machine to determine the direct and quadrature axis reactances. [1] The test involves driving the machine at a speed slightly less than synchronous speed and measuring voltages and currents along the direct and quadrature axes. [2] This allows calculating the direct axis reactance Xd when the magnetic fields are aligned, and the quadrature axis reactance Xq when they are 90 degrees out of phase. [3] Oscilloscope measurements provide more accurate results than voltmeter-ammeter methods.
This document discusses and analyzes the voltage gain, input resistance, and output resistance of cascode and cascade amplifiers. It shows that cascode amplifiers have a voltage gain of -gm1gm2rπ2(1+β2)(RcRL) and input resistance of R2R3rπ1. Cascade amplifiers have an overall voltage gain that is the product of the individual stage gains, gm1gm2RC2RLRC1Ri2(Ri1/(Ri1+RS)), and output resistance of RC2. Cascode amplifiers have higher gain than single stage amplifiers, while cascade amplifiers have multiple stages to further increase gain.
Objectives: This course will provide a comprehensive overview of power system stability and control problems. This includes the basic concepts, physical aspects of the phenomena, methods of analysis, the integration of MATLAB and SINULINK in the analysis of power system .
Course Content: 1. Power System Stability: Introduction
2. Stability Analysis: Swing Equation
3. Models for Stability Studies
4. Steady State Stability
5. Transient Stability
6. Multimachine Transient Stability
7. Power System Control: Introduction
8. Load Frequency Control
9. Automatic generation Control
10. Reactive Power Control
Vocational training presentation on Railway Communication SystemAshutosh Verma
The document provides information on the Indian Railway communication system. It discusses key parts of the railway communication network including Railnet, the passenger reservation system (PRS), and the freight operation information system (FOIS). It describes the methods of communication used in railways such as optical fiber, microwave transmission, radio, and telephone. It also outlines the network components that enable communication, including routers, switches, firewalls, and network interface cards.
Here are the answers to the review questions:
1) The capacitor in a clamping circuit effectively acts as a battery by holding the DC level set during the clamping portion of the input cycle.
2) A +ve limiter only allows positive excursions of the input signal above a certain threshold, while a -ve limiter only allows negative excursions below a certain threshold. So a +ve limiter clips the positive portions and a -ve limiter clips the negative portions.
- The document discusses equations for calculating the induced EMF in alternator windings.
- It derives the basic EMF equation for a concentrated full-pitched winding as Eph=4.44fTph, where f is frequency, Tph is turns per phase.
- It introduces pitch factor Kp and distribution factor Kd to account for short-pitched and distributed windings.
- The general EMF equation is given as Eph=4.44fTphKpKd, accounting for various winding configurations.
- Examples are given to demonstrate calculating EMF values using the equations.
The document discusses different techniques for commutating thyristors, including natural commutation which occurs in AC circuits, and forced commutation which is applied to DC circuits using elements like inductance and capacitance. It describes various methods of forced commutation such as self commutation, resonant pulse commutation, complementary commutation, and impulse commutation. Examples and equations are provided for calculating timing and component values for resonant pulse commutation and complementary commutation circuits.
The Trishuli Hydropower Project is a 21 MW hydropower plant located 70 km from Kathmandu along the Trishuli River in Nuwakot, Nepal. It was constructed in 1967 with an installed capacity of 21 MW from 7 units of 3 MW each. It was later upgraded in 1995 to its current capacity of 24 MW from 6 units of 3.5 MW and 1 unit of 3 MW. The plant utilizes a 51.4 m maximum head from the Trishuli River, which has an average annual flow of 45.66 cubic meters per second. While it was one of Nepal's oldest hydropower plants, it continues operating through upgrades but still faces issues like silt accumulation and lack of
This document provides details about a practical training report submitted by Srijan Tripathi at the 220KV Grid Substation in Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India. It includes an introduction to the Uttar Pradesh Power Transmission Corporation Limited, which is responsible for electricity transmission and distribution across Uttar Pradesh. It also describes the key equipment housed at the 220KV grid substation, including transformers, circuit breakers, insulators, control panels, and more. The report contains chapters on each major component, diagrams, tables, and serves to document Srijan Tripathi's work and training completed at the substation.
JFET Construction, Working Principle And V-I CharactersticsBiplap Bhattarai
JFET (Junction Field Effect Transistor)
It is a voltage controlled semiconductor device.
In this, the current is carried by only one type of carriers.
So, it is a Unipolar device (one polarity of charge carrier)
No minority carrier storage
JFET consists of a doped Si
This document provides an overview of a 220kV grid substation in Kishangarh Bas, Rajasthan, India. It contains two incoming 220kV feeders and seven outgoing 132kV and 33kV feeders. The substation consists of a yard and administration room. The yard contains two 100MVA power transformers, circuit breakers, isolators, current and potential transformers, lightning arrestors, and bus bars. The administration room houses equipment like batteries to provide backup DC power. The document describes the various equipment and their functions.
This document proposes a direct torque control strategy for doubly fed induction machine-based wind turbines that can operate under voltage dips without crowbar protection. The control strategy generates a rotor flux amplitude reference to control the torque of the wind turbine and reduce stator and rotor overcurrents during faults. It also provides fast dynamic response. While the control does not eliminate the need for crowbar protection entirely, it can prevent the crowbar from activating during low-depth voltage dips. The direct torque control approach maintains machine connection to the grid and reduces torque oscillations during faults.
This document discusses magnetic levitation train systems like Transrapid and Chuo Shinkansen. It explains how they work using magnets to levitate above the track and propel trains at high speeds without friction. Projects to build maglev systems are mentioned, such as a planned route between Shanghai and Beijing in China. While maglev trains offer safety, speed, and efficiency advantages, their development and adoption faces challenges related to technology readiness and high costs.
The document discusses high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs). It describes some problems with conventional transistors like impurity scattering. HEMTs solve this issue using modulation doping, which separates doping and carrier regions. This allows for high carrier mobility. The document outlines HEMT structure, characteristics, materials used, band diagrams, and I-V characteristics. It also compares HEMTs to MOSFETs and discusses applications and future areas of research like improving reliability at high frequencies.
Seminar on synchronization to infinite busSHRADDHA ARON
This document discusses synchronization of a synchronous generator to an infinite bus. It explains that an infinite bus has large capacity so its frequency and voltage are unaffected by connections to it. The key conditions for synchronization are that the generator terminal voltage must be equal to the bus voltage, the generator frequency must equal the bus frequency, and their phase sequences must match. Synchronization is checked using the three dark lamp method, where the lamps go dark simultaneously when voltages are perfectly aligned.
Electrical Power Systems Synchronous GeneratorMubarek Kurt
Here are the steps to solve this problem:
a) Given: Generator is 6 pole, 50 Hz
Using the synchronous speed formula: nm = 120f/P
nm = 120*50/6 = 1000 RPM
b) Terminal voltage at different power factors:
1) Given load: Ia = 60 A, PF = 0.8 lagging
Using phasor diagram: Vt = Ea - IaXs
Ea = Vt + IaXs = 480 + 60*1 = 540 V
Vt = 540*cos(cos-1(0.8)) = 480 V
2) PF = 1.0
Vt = Ea = 540 V
3) PF
The document discusses various types of phase-controlled converters including single-phase and three-phase semiconverters, full converters, and dual converters. It provides details on their operating characteristics, modes, and derivations of output voltages and currents. Specifically, it describes a three-phase half-wave converter with an RL load and derives an expression for the average output voltage under continuous load current conditions. Trigonometric relationships between the three-phase supply voltages are used in the derivation.
This document contains a series of numbers, symbols, and punctuation that do not form coherent words, sentences, or convey clear meaning on their own. It is impossible to determine what the high level ideas or essential information from the document might be based on the unintelligible grouping of characters provided.
