11. 1.2 Discharge Time Characteristics
18V
D1
DMOD
PARAMETERS: Voch
16V rate = 1 16.8Vdc
CAh = 4400m 0
Hi
0.2C ( 880 mA ) 0
C1 U1
14V 0.5C ( 2200 mA ) IN+ OUT+ 1n + - PBT-BAT-0001
IN- OUT-
G1 0 TSCALE = 3600
GVALUE SOC1 = 100
1C ( 4400 mA ) limit(V(%IN+, %IN-)/0.01, 0, rate*CAh )
12V TSCALE=3600 means
0 time Scale (Simulation
time : Real time) is
Batteries Pack Model Parameters 1:3600
10V
NS (number of batteries in series) = 4 cells
C (capacity) = 4400 mA
SOC1 (initial state of charge) = 100%
8V TSCALE (time scale) , simulation : real time
0s 1.0s 2.0s 3.0s 4.0s 5.0s 6.0s 1 : 3600s or
V(Hi) 1s : 1h
Time
Discharge Rate : 0.2C(880mA), 0.5C(2200mA), and 1C(4400mA)
Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2010 11
12. 1.3 Single Cell Discharge Characteristics
Single cell
Measurement Simulation
4.50
0.2C ( 880mA )
0.5C ( 2200mA )
1.0C ( 4400mA )
4.00
VOLTAGE [V]
3.50
3.00
2.50
2.00
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 -10
SOC [%]
• Single cell discharge characteristics are compared between measurement data and simulation data.
Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2010 12
13. 1.4 Charge Time Characteristics
SOC [%] D1
100V PARAMETERS:
rate = 0.2 DMOD
CAh = 4400m
80V G1 Voch
GVALUE 16.8Vdc
Limit(V(%IN+, %IN-)/0.1, 0, rate*CAh ) 0
Hi
60V
OUT+
OUT-
C1 U1 0
40V 1n + - PBT-BAT-0001
IN+
IN-
0 TSCALE = 3600
20V SOC1 = 0
Vin
20.5Vdc
SEL>>
0V
Vbatt [V] ICharge [A] V(X_U1.SOC) 0
18V 5.0A
1 2 Batteries Pack Model Parameters
16V 4.0A NS (number of batteries in series) = 4 cells
C (capacity) = 4400 mA
14V 3.0A SOC1 (initial state of charge) = 100%
TSCALE (time scale) , simulation : real time
12V 2.0A 1 : 3600s or
1s : 1h
10V 1.0A
Charger Adaptor
>>
8V 0A Input Voltage = 20.5 Vdc
0s 1.0s 2.0s 3.0s 4.0s 5.0s 6.0s 7.0s
Input Current = 880 mA(max.)
1 V(Hi) 2 I(U1:PLUS)
Time
Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2010 13
14. 2.1 Solar Cells Specification
BP Solar’s photovoltaic module : SX330
• Maximum power (Pmax)..............30[W]
• Voltage at Pmax (Vmp).............16.8[V]
• Current at Pmax (Imp)...............1.78[A] 502mm
• Short-circuit current (Isc)...........1.94[A]
• Open-circuit voltage(Voc)...........21.0[V]
595mm
Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2010 14
15. 2.2 Output Characteristics vs. Incident Solar Radiation
SX330 Output Characteristics vs. Incident Solar Radiation
2.5A
SOL=1
2.0A
Current (A)
1.5A
SOL=0.5
+ 1.0A
U1 0.5A SOL=0.16
SX330 0A
SX330 SOL = 1 I(Isence)
40W
SOL=1
30W
Power (W)
20W
Parameter, SOL is added as SOL=0.5
normalized incident radiation, 10W
SOL=0.16
where SOL=1 for AM1.5 conditions SEL>>
0W
0V 5V 10V 15V 20V 25V 30V
I(Isence)* V(V1:+)
V_V1
Voltage (V)
Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2010 15
16. 3. Solar Cell Battery Charger
• Solar Cell charges the Li-ion batteries pack (PBT-BAT-001) with direct connect technique.
Choose the solar cell that is able to provide current at charging rate or more with the
maximum power voltage 100V
(Vmp) nears the batteries pack charging voltage.
80V
• PBT-BAT-0001 (Li-ion batteries pack)
60V
– Charging time is approximately 5 hours with charging rate 0.2C or 880mA
40V
– Voltage during charging with 0.2C is between 14.7 to 16.9 V
20V
0V
V(X_U1.SOC)
18V 5.0A
1 2
14.9 V
16V 4.0A
14.7 V
14V 3.0A
12V 2.0A
0.2C or 880mA
10V 1.0A
SEL>>
8V 0A
0s 1.0s 2.0s 3.0s 4.0s 5.0s 6.0s 7.0s
1 V(Hi) 2 I(U1:PLUS)
Time
Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2010 16
17. 3.1 Concept of Simulation PV Li-Ion Battery Charger Circuit
Over Voltage Protection
Circuit
Short circuit current ISC
depends on condition: SOL
16.8V Clamp Circuit
Photovoltaic Lithium-Ion
Module Batteries Pack
SX 330 (BP Solar) PBT-BAT-0001 (BAYSUN)
Vmp=16.8V DC12.8~16.4V (4 cells)
Pmax=30W 4400mAh
Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2010 17
18. 3.2 PV Li-Ion Battery Charger Circuit
D1
PARAMETERS:
DMOD
sol = 1
Voch
16.8Vdc
pv 0
Hi
+ C1 U1 0
U2 1n + - PBT-BAT-0001
SX330
SX330 SOL = {sol}
0 TSCALE = 3600
SOC1 = 0
0
• Input value between 0-1 in the “PARAMETERS: sol = ” to set the normalized incident
radiation, where SOL=1 for AM1.5 conditions.
Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2010 18
19. 3.3 Charging Time Characteristics vs. Weather Condition
100V
80V
60V
40V
sol = 1.00
20V
sol = 0.50
sol = 0.16
0V
0s 1s 2s 3s 4s 5s 6s 7s 8s 9s 10s
V(X_U1.SOC)
Time
• Simulation result shows the charging time for sol = 1, 0.5, and 0.16.
Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2010 19
20. 3.4 Concept of Simulation PV Li-Ion Battery Charger Circuit
+ Constant Current
Over Voltage Protection
Circuit
Short circuit current ISC
depends on condition: SOL
16.8V Clamp Circuit
Constant
Photovoltaic Current Lithium-Ion
Module Control Batteries Pack
Circuit
SX 330 (BP Solar) Icharge=0.2C (880mA) PBT-BAT-0001 (BAYSUN)
Vmp=16.8V DC12.8~16.4V (4 cells)
Pmax=30W 4400mAh
Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2010 20
21. 3.5 Constant Current PV Li-Ion Battery Charger Circuit
D1
PARAMETERS: PARAMETERS:
DMOD
sol = 1 rate = 0.2
CAh = 4400m
Voch
16.8Vdc
pv 0
Hi
OUT+
OUT-
+ C1 U1 0
U2 1n + - PBT-BAT-0001
SX330
IN+
IN-
SX330 SOL = {sol}
0 TSCALE = 3600
G1 SOC1 = 0
GVALUE
0 Limit(V(%IN+, %IN-)/0.1, 0, rate*CAh)
• Input the battery capacity (Ah) and charging current rate (e.g. 0.2*CAh) in the
• “PARAMETERS: CAh = 4400m and rate = 0.2 ” to set the charging current.
Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2010 21
22. 3.6 Charging Time Characteristics vs. Weather Condition
(Constant Current)
100V
80V
60V
40V
sol = 1.00
20V
sol = 0.50
sol = 0.16
0V
0s 1s 2s 3s 4s 5s 6s 7s 8s 9s 10s
V(X_U1.SOC)
Time
• Simulation result shows the charging time for sol = 1, 0.5, and 0.16. If PV can generate
current more than the constant charge rate (0.2A), battery can be fully charged in about 5
hour.
Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2010 22
23. 4.1 Concept of Simulation PV Li-Ion Battery System in 24hr.
Over Voltage Protection
The model contains 24hr. Circuit
solar power data (example).
16.8V Clamp Circuit
Photovoltaic Lithium-Ion
Module Batteries Pack
Low-Voltage PBT-BAT-0001 (BAYSUN)
SX 330 (BP Solar) Shutdown DC12.8~16.4V (4 cells)
Vmp=16.8V Circuit 4400mAh
Pmax=30W
Vopen= (V)
Vclose= (V)
DC/DC
DC Load
Converter
VIN=10~18V VIN = 5V
VOUT=5V IIN = 1.5A
Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2010 23
24. 4.2 Short-Circuit Current vs. Time (24hr.)
The model contains
24hr. solar power data
(example).
2.0A
1.6A
+
1.2A
U2
SX330 SX330_24H_TS3600
0.8A
0.4A
0A
0s 4s 8s 12s 16s 20s 24s
I(X_U1.I_I1)
Time
• Short-circuit current vs. time characteristics of photovoltaic module SX330 for 24hours as the
solar power profile (example) is included to the model.
Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2010 24
25. 4.3 PV-Battery System Simulation Circuit
Solar cell model with D1
24hr. solar power Set initial battery
data. voltage, IC=16.4, for DMOD
convergence aid. Voch
16.8Vdc
pv 0
D2
batt
DMOD
C1
+ 100n U1 0
Low-Voltage Shutdown Circuit IC = 16.4 + - PBT-BAT-0001
U2
SX330 SX330_24H_TS3600
VON = 0.7 0 TSCALE = 3600
VOFF = 0.3 E1 SOC1 = 70
RON = 0.01 Ronof f EVALUE
0 ROFF = 10MEG 100 IF(V(batt1)>V(dchth),5,0) Ronof f 1
+ Lctrl batt1
+ OUT+ IN+
C3
- - OUT- IN- dchth 100
10n
S2
Conof f
1n
SOC1 value is initial
0 OUT+ IN+
S IC = 5
OUT- IN-
Conof f 1 State Of Charge of the
100n
PARAMETERS: E2 battery, is set as 70%
Lopen = 14 EVALUE
IF( V(lctrl) > 0.25 ,Lopen ,Lclose) of full voltage.
Lclose = 15.2 0
Lopen value is load DC/DC Converter 7.5W Load
shutdown voltage. (5Vx1.5A).
PARAMETERS:
Lclose value is load n=1 out_dc
reconnect voltage IN OUT
G1 Iomax I1
E3
IN+ OUT+ 1.5Adc
IN+ OUT+ IN+ OUT+
IN- OUT- IN- OUT- IN- OUT-
GVALUE ecal_Iomax EVALUE
EVALUE IF( I(OUT)-V(Iomax) > 0 ,n*V(%IN+, %IN-)*I(IN)/(I(OUT)+1u), 5 )
0
n*V(%IN+, %IN-)*I(IN)/5
Limit( V(%IN+, %IN-)/0.1, 1m, 5*I(out)/(n*limit(V(%IN+, %IN-),10,25)) )
0
DCDCコンバータの簡易モデル
0 Simulation at 15W load, change I1 from 1.5A to 3A
DCACコンバータの簡易モデルもあります。
Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2010 25
26. 4.3.1 Simulation Result (SOC1=100)
PV generated current
1.0A
0A
I(pv) PV module charge the battery
17.5V 2.0A
1 2
Battery voltage
15.0V 0A
Battery current >>
12.5V -2.0A Battery supplies current when solar
1 V(batt) 2 I(U1:PLUS) power drops.
100V
75V
Battery SOC SOC1=100 Fully charged,
50V
stop charging
25V
0V
V(X_U1.SOC)
7.5V 600mA
DC output voltage
1 2
5.0V
DC/DC input current 500mA
2.5V
SEL>>
0V 400mA
0s 4s 8s 12s 16s 20s 24s
1 V(out_dc) 2 I(IN)
Charging
Time
time
• C1: IC=16.4
• Run to time: 24s (24hours in real world) • .Options ITL4=1000
• Step size: 0.01s
Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2010 26
27. 4.3.2 Simulation Result (SOC1=70)
PV generated current
1.0A
0A
I(pv) PV module charge the battery
17.5V 2.0A
1 2 V=Lopen (7.6750,15.199)
Battery voltage
15.0V 0A
Battery current V=Lclose
SEL>> (5.1850,14.000)
12.5V -2.0A Battery supplies current when solar
1 V(batt) 2 I(U1:PLUS) power drops.
100V
SOC1=70
75V
Battery SOC Fully charged,
50V
stop charging
25V 10.152m,69.889)
0V
V(X_U1.SOC)
7.5V 1.0A Shutdown
DC output voltage
1 2
5.0V
DC/DC input current 0.5A
2.5V
>> Reconnect
0V 0A
0s 4s 8s 12s 16s 20s 24s
1 V(out_dc) 2 I(IN)
Charging
Time
time
• C1: IC=16.4
• Run to time: 24s (24hours in real world)
• .Options ITL4=1000
• Step size: 0.01s
• SKIPBP
Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2010 27
28. 4.3.3 Simulation Result (SOC1=30)
PV generated current
1.0A
0A
I(pv) PV module charge the battery
17.5V 2.0A
1 2 (7.6150,15.193)
Battery voltage V=Lopen
15.0V 0A
Battery current >> V=Lclose
(1.6328,14.004) Battery supplies current when solar
12.5V -2.0A
1 V(batt) 2 I(U1:PLUS) power drops.
100V
Battery SOC (12.800m,29.854) Fully charged,
SOC1=30 stop charging
SEL>>
0V
V(X_U1.SOC)
7.5V 1.0A
DC output voltage
1 2
5.0V Shutdown
DC/DC input current 0.5A
2.5V Reconnect
>>
0V 0A
0s 4s 8s 12s 16s 20s 24s
1 V(out_dc) 2 I(IN) Charging time
Time
• C1: IC=15
• Run to time: 24s (24hours in real world)
• .Options ITL4=1000
• Step size: 0.01s
• Total job time = 2s
Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2010 28
29. 4.3.4 Simulation Result (SOC1=10)
PV generated current
1.0A
0A
I(pv) PV module charge the battery
17.5V 2.0A
1 2 (7.6163,15.200)
Battery voltage
15.0V 0A
Battery current SEL>> V=Lclose
12.5V -2.0A Battery supplies current when solar
1 V(batt) 2 I(U1:PLUS) power drops.
100V
Battery SOC Fully charged,
SOC1=10 stop charging
0V
V(X_U1.SOC)
7.5V 1.0A
DC output voltage
1 2
5.0V Shutdown
DC/DC input current 0.5A
2.5V Reconnect
>>
0V 0A
0s 4s 8s 12s 16s 20s 24s
1 V(out_dc) 2 I(IN) Charging time
Time
• C1: IC=14.4
• Run to time: 24s (24hours in real world) • .Options RELTOL=0.01
• Step size: 0.01s • .Options ITL4=1000
• SKIPBP
Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2010 29
30. 4.3.5 Simulation Result (SOC1=100, IL=3A or 15W load)
PV generated current
1.0A
0A
I(pv) PV module charge the battery
17.5V 2.0A V=Lopen
1 2
Battery voltage V=Lopen (7.6086,15.200)
(3.8973,14.000) (20.473,14.003)
15.0V 0A
Battery current SEL>>
12.5V -2.0A
1 V(batt) 2 I(U1:PLUS)
Battery supplies current when solar
100V
power drops.
75V
Battery SOC SOC1=100 Fully charged,
50V
stop charging
25V
0V
V(X_U1.SOC)
7.5V 2.0A
DC output voltage
1 2 Shutdown
5.0V Shutdown
DC/DC input current 1.0A
2.5V
>>
0V 0A
0s 4s 8s 12s 16s 20s 24s
1 V(out_dc) 2 I(IN)
Charging
Time
time
• C1: IC=16.4
• Run to time: 24s (24hours in real world) • .Options ITL4=1000
• Step size: 0.001s
Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2010 30
31. 4.3.4 Simulation Result (Example of Conclusion)
The simulation start from midnight(time=0).
The system supplies DC load 7.5W.
• If initial SOC is 100%,
– this system will never shutdown.
• If initial SOC is 70%,
– this system will shutdown after 5.185 hours (about 5:11AM.).
– system load will reconnect again at 7:40AM (Morning).
• If initial SOC is 30%,
– this system will shutdown after 1.633 hours (about 1:38AM.).
– system load will reconnect again at 7:37AM (Morning).
• If initial SOC is 10%,
– this system will start shutdown.
– this system will reconnect again at 7:37AM (Morning).
• With the PV generated current profile, battery will fully charged in about 4.25
hours.
Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2010 31
32. 4.3.4 Simulation Result (Example of Conclusion)
The simulation start from midnight(time=0).
The system supplies DC load 15W.
• If initial SOC is 100%,
– this system will shutdown after 3.897 hours (about 3:54AM.).
– system load will reconnect again at 7:37AM (Morning).
– this system will shutdown again at 8:28 PM (Night).
• With the PV generated current profile, battery will fully charged in about
5.5 hours.
Copyright (C) Bee Technologies Inc. 2010 32