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The document discusses the Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID), which uses the Josephson junction effect to achieve extremely sensitive magnetic flux-to-voltage conversion. SQUIDs can be used to precisely measure small magnetic fields and currents. The document outlines how SQUIDs work and their applications in measuring DC and AC magnetic fields. It also describes temperature control systems, reciprocating sample options (RSO), and considerations for optimizing RSO measurements.
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Squids
This document discusses SQUIDs (Superconducting QUantum Interference Devices), which can detect extremely small magnetic fields. It begins by explaining superconductivity, including the Meissner effect, Cooper pairs, and flux quantization according to BCS theory. Josephson tunneling is described, in which Cooper pairs can tunnel through a small gap between two superconductors. A DC SQUID consists of a superconducting current loop with two Josephson junctions. Changes in the external magnetic field induce a phase change across the junctions, causing a measurable voltage that must be quantized. SQUIDs are used for applications like magnetic imaging and medical imaging due to their ultra-sensitive magnetic field detection.
Superconductivity
This document provides an introduction to the topic of superconductivity. It discusses several key aspects, including that superconductivity occurs below a critical temperature when electrical resistance is zero. It also mentions some important discoveries in the field, such as by Kamerlingh Onnes in 1911. BCS theory developed by Bardeen, Cooper and Schrieffer in 1957 is summarized, explaining how electron-phonon interaction leads to the formation of Cooper pairs which allows resistanceless current. Finally, some applications of superconductors are listed.
BCS theory
Dr. K. Ramya gave a lecture on superconductivity. The BCS theory proposed by Bardeen, Cooper and Schrieffer explains electron-phonon interaction in superconductors. In normal conductors, electrons scatter off vibrating atoms, increasing resistance. In superconductors, electron-phonon interaction decreases scattering, lowering energy. Electrons form Cooper pairs with equal and opposite momenta. Below a critical temperature, interaction between Cooper pairs and the positive ion core vanishes, resulting in zero resistivity and superconductivity. Applications of superconductivity include more efficient electrical generators, transformers, transmission lines, magnetic levitation, fast electrical switching, computer logic and storage, SQUIDs for magnetometry, and
Introduction to High temperature superconductors
This document provides an overview of high temperature superconductors. It defines superconductivity as zero electrical resistance below a critical temperature. High temperature superconductors have critical temperatures above that of liquid nitrogen. The two main types discussed are cuprates, which are copper-oxide based, and iron-based superconductors. Cuprates can achieve critical temperatures up to 133K, while iron-based conductors have reached 56K. Both exploit layered structures to achieve high critical temperatures. Applications of high temperature superconductors include magnetic levitation, power transmission, and superconducting magnets.
Superconductors
This document discusses superconductors and their properties. It begins by defining superconductors as materials that have zero resistivity and behave as perfect diamagnets below a critical temperature. The first discovery of superconductivity was made in 1911 by Heike Kamerlingh Onnes. Below the critical temperature, a superconductor's resistance gradually decreases to zero. Superconductors are classified as either type 1 or type 2, with type 2 being able to tolerate impurities better and having higher critical magnetic fields. Applications of superconductors discussed include maglev trains, MRI machines, and power transmission.
Superconductivity
- The Josephson effect describes the phenomenon of supercurrent flowing between two superconductors separated by a thin insulating barrier, known as a Josephson junction.
- The key equations governing the Josephson effect relate the supercurrent (I) flowing through the junction to the phase difference (φ) of the superconducting wave functions on either side of the barrier. A voltage (V) develops proportionally to the rate of change of the phase difference.
- Applications of the Josephson effect include SQUIDs for precision metrology, superconducting quantum computing using Josephson junctions as qubits, and superconducting tunnel junction detectors.
BCS THEORY NEW
This theory, developed by Bardeen, Cooper and Schrieffer, states that electrons experience an attractive interaction through the lattice that overcomes their normal repulsive interaction, forming Cooper pairs. At low temperatures, these pairs move without resistance through the lattice, causing the material to become a superconductor. The electron-lattice-electron interaction must be stronger than the direct electron-electron interaction for superconductivity to occur.
Superconductivity
This presentation covered most of topics related to the superconductor like properties of superconductors, the meissner effect, type 1 and type 2 superconductors their properties and diagram difference between type 1 and type 2 superconductors, Penetration depth,Josephson effect and it's applications, BCS theory, cooper pairs, flux quantization, Effect of current etc...
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Squids
This document discusses SQUIDs (Superconducting QUantum Interference Devices), which can detect extremely small magnetic fields. It begins by explaining superconductivity, including the Meissner effect, Cooper pairs, and flux quantization according to BCS theory. Josephson tunneling is described, in which Cooper pairs can tunnel through a small gap between two superconductors. A DC SQUID consists of a superconducting current loop with two Josephson junctions. Changes in the external magnetic field induce a phase change across the junctions, causing a measurable voltage that must be quantized. SQUIDs are used for applications like magnetic imaging and medical imaging due to their ultra-sensitive magnetic field detection.
Superconductivity
This document provides an introduction to the topic of superconductivity. It discusses several key aspects, including that superconductivity occurs below a critical temperature when electrical resistance is zero. It also mentions some important discoveries in the field, such as by Kamerlingh Onnes in 1911. BCS theory developed by Bardeen, Cooper and Schrieffer in 1957 is summarized, explaining how electron-phonon interaction leads to the formation of Cooper pairs which allows resistanceless current. Finally, some applications of superconductors are listed.
BCS theory
Dr. K. Ramya gave a lecture on superconductivity. The BCS theory proposed by Bardeen, Cooper and Schrieffer explains electron-phonon interaction in superconductors. In normal conductors, electrons scatter off vibrating atoms, increasing resistance. In superconductors, electron-phonon interaction decreases scattering, lowering energy. Electrons form Cooper pairs with equal and opposite momenta. Below a critical temperature, interaction between Cooper pairs and the positive ion core vanishes, resulting in zero resistivity and superconductivity. Applications of superconductivity include more efficient electrical generators, transformers, transmission lines, magnetic levitation, fast electrical switching, computer logic and storage, SQUIDs for magnetometry, and
Introduction to High temperature superconductors
This document provides an overview of high temperature superconductors. It defines superconductivity as zero electrical resistance below a critical temperature. High temperature superconductors have critical temperatures above that of liquid nitrogen. The two main types discussed are cuprates, which are copper-oxide based, and iron-based superconductors. Cuprates can achieve critical temperatures up to 133K, while iron-based conductors have reached 56K. Both exploit layered structures to achieve high critical temperatures. Applications of high temperature superconductors include magnetic levitation, power transmission, and superconducting magnets.
Superconductors
This document discusses superconductors and their properties. It begins by defining superconductors as materials that have zero resistivity and behave as perfect diamagnets below a critical temperature. The first discovery of superconductivity was made in 1911 by Heike Kamerlingh Onnes. Below the critical temperature, a superconductor's resistance gradually decreases to zero. Superconductors are classified as either type 1 or type 2, with type 2 being able to tolerate impurities better and having higher critical magnetic fields. Applications of superconductors discussed include maglev trains, MRI machines, and power transmission.
Superconductivity
- The Josephson effect describes the phenomenon of supercurrent flowing between two superconductors separated by a thin insulating barrier, known as a Josephson junction.
- The key equations governing the Josephson effect relate the supercurrent (I) flowing through the junction to the phase difference (φ) of the superconducting wave functions on either side of the barrier. A voltage (V) develops proportionally to the rate of change of the phase difference.
- Applications of the Josephson effect include SQUIDs for precision metrology, superconducting quantum computing using Josephson junctions as qubits, and superconducting tunnel junction detectors.
BCS THEORY NEW
This theory, developed by Bardeen, Cooper and Schrieffer, states that electrons experience an attractive interaction through the lattice that overcomes their normal repulsive interaction, forming Cooper pairs. At low temperatures, these pairs move without resistance through the lattice, causing the material to become a superconductor. The electron-lattice-electron interaction must be stronger than the direct electron-electron interaction for superconductivity to occur.
Superconductivity
This presentation covered most of topics related to the superconductor like properties of superconductors, the meissner effect, type 1 and type 2 superconductors their properties and diagram difference between type 1 and type 2 superconductors, Penetration depth,Josephson effect and it's applications, BCS theory, cooper pairs, flux quantization, Effect of current etc...
Superconductors and Superconductivity
Presentation about How Superconductivity was discovered, Types and Properties of Superconductors and Applications of Superconductors.
Superconductivity
Basically i have tried giving every details about the phenomenon Superconductivity in the simplest way. This is my first upload.I'll be very glad if u all give your valuable feedback. Thank u.
Superconductivity
Introduction.
Superconductivity.
Meissner effect.
Flux Quantization.
Types of Superconductors.
London Equations.
BCS Theory.
London Penetration Depth
Applications of Super conductors.
Superconductors
This document discusses superconductors and their properties. It begins by defining superconductivity as the phenomenon where certain materials conduct electricity without resistance when cooled below a critical temperature. It then discusses key properties of superconductors including zero electrical resistance, the effects of impurities and pressure, isotope effects, magnetic field effects, critical current density, and the Meissner effect. It categorizes superconductors as either type 1 or type 2 and provides examples of each. Finally, it outlines several applications of superconductors such as magnetic levitation trains, SQUID devices, and RF/microwave filters.
superconductivity
Superconductivity is characterized by zero electrical resistance and the Meissner effect, where magnetic fields are expelled. There are two types of superconductors - Type I, which have an abrupt transition to the normal state, and Type II, which have a more gradual transition. The BCS theory explains superconductivity as electrons pairing up into Cooper pairs at low temperatures, acting as bosons that condense into the same quantum state. Superconductors have applications in medical imaging, maglev trains, and power transmission due to their ability to carry high currents and create strong magnetic fields.
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The document discusses heterojunctions and p-n junctions. It defines a heterojunction as the interface between two dissimilar semiconductors with different band gaps. There are three types of heterojunctions based on band alignment: type I where bands straddle, type II where bands are staggered, and type III where there is a broken gap. A p-n heterojunction diode forms when a p-doped and n-doped semiconductor meet; electrons flow from the higher to lower Fermi level side and holes in the opposite direction.
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This document discusses metal-semiconductor contacts, including Schottky and ohmic contacts. It provides energy band diagrams to illustrate how Schottky and ohmic junctions work. Schottky contacts form a rectifying barrier between a metal and lightly doped semiconductor. Ohmic contacts have a low resistance non-rectifying junction between metal and heavily doped semiconductor. The document discusses the advantages of Schottky diodes for applications such as RF mixing and solar cells due to their higher current and frequency performance compared to PN junction diodes. Ohmic contacts are used where low resistance contact is needed to allow easy flow of charge carriers.
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Superconductivity is a phenomenon that occurs in certain materials below a critical temperature where they show zero electrical resistance. It was discovered in 1911 by Heike Kamerlingh Onnes who found that mercury's resistivity disappeared below 4K. Superconductors expel magnetic fields, known as the Meissner effect. An experiment is described where a ceramic disk made of yttrium-barium-copper oxide is cooled below its critical temperature using liquid nitrogen, causing it to become a superconductor and levitate a small magnet due to persistent electric currents. Theories like the BCS theory and London theory were developed to explain the microscopic mechanisms of superconductivity.
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This document discusses resonant tunneling diodes (RTDs). It begins by motivating the need for signal sources at very high frequencies beyond what conventional transistors can provide. It then introduces normal tunneling diodes and their limitations. RTDs are described as using quantum wells and barriers to allow tunneling only when electrons have a certain minimum energy. This produces negative differential resistance which can be used for oscillation. While RTDs are very fast devices, their output current and power is limited compared to other technologies. More research is needed to improve their power and integration.
Magnetic measurements
1. Magnetic measurements involve force and induction methods using instruments like SQUID magnetometers. Force methods measure the force on a sample in a magnetic field. Induction methods measure the voltage induced in a pickup coil by changes in the sample's magnetic moment.
2. SQUID magnetometers can detect very small magnetic moments down to 10-8 emu using superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs). They operate at millikelvin temperatures and can measure samples from 0.1-10g in fields up to 15T.
3. Different units are used in magnetism including emu/g which is a common unit expressing magnetic moment per gram of sample. SI units are amperes/
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superconductors
This document provides an overview of superconductivity and superconductors. It discusses the history of superconductors beginning in 1911 with liquid helium experiments. Key developments include the BCS theory from 1957 explaining electron pairing in superconductors. The document outlines the properties of superconductors including zero resistance and the Meissner effect. It describes the two main types of superconductors - low-temperature and high-temperature - and gives examples of superconducting elements and compounds. The applications of superconductors are highlighted in several fields like electricity, transportation, and medicine. The future potential of superconductors is noted but not detailed.
domain theroy
This theory proposes that ferromagnetic materials are divided into small magnetic regions called domains, with each domain spontaneously magnetized in a different random direction, resulting in no net magnetization. When an external magnetic field is applied, it causes the domains aligned parallel to increase in size through the motion of domain walls or rotation of the domains. The total internal energy of the domain structure includes exchange energy, crystalline anisotropy energy, domain wall energy, and magnetostriction energy.
Magnetic properties
The document discusses the history and properties of magnetism. It explains that magnets have been known since ancient times and were used for navigation. The key magnetic concepts covered include magnetic dipoles, magnetic fields, flux density, permeability, susceptibility, and the relationships between magnetic field intensity, flux density, and magnetization. Different units used to measure magnetic properties are also defined.
Introduction to superconductivity
Superconductivity is the ability of certain materials to conduct electric current with practically zero resistance. This capacity produces interesting and potentially useful effects. For a material to behave as a superconductor, low temperatures are required.
Dielectric Material and properties
Dielectrics are materials that have permanent electric dipole moments. All dielectrics are electrical insulators and are mainly used to store electrical energy by utilizing bound electric charges and dipoles within their molecular structure. Important properties of dielectrics include their electric intensity or field strength, electric flux density, dielectric parameters such as dielectric constant and electric dipole moment, and polarization processes including electronic, ionic, and orientation polarization. Dielectrics are characterized by their complex permittivity, which relates to their ability to transmit electric fields and is dependent on factors like frequency, temperature, and humidity that can influence dielectric losses.
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This document discusses various magnetic properties of materials. It defines magnetic induction, magnetic field intensity, and magnetic permeability. It describes diamagnetic, paramagnetic, ferromagnetic, antiferromagnetic, and ferrimagnetic materials. Diamagnetic materials have no unpaired electrons and are repelled by magnetic fields. Paramagnetic materials have some unpaired electrons and are weakly attracted to magnetic fields in a temperature-dependent manner. Ferromagnetic materials have strongly interacting unpaired electrons that align to produce spontaneous magnetization and strong attraction to magnetic fields.
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Presentation about How Superconductivity was discovered, Types and Properties of Superconductors and Applications of Superconductors.
Superconductivity
Basically i have tried giving every details about the phenomenon Superconductivity in the simplest way. This is my first upload.I'll be very glad if u all give your valuable feedback. Thank u.
Superconductivity
Introduction.
Superconductivity.
Meissner effect.
Flux Quantization.
Types of Superconductors.
London Equations.
BCS Theory.
London Penetration Depth
Applications of Super conductors.
Superconductors
This document discusses superconductors and their properties. It begins by defining superconductivity as the phenomenon where certain materials conduct electricity without resistance when cooled below a critical temperature. It then discusses key properties of superconductors including zero electrical resistance, the effects of impurities and pressure, isotope effects, magnetic field effects, critical current density, and the Meissner effect. It categorizes superconductors as either type 1 or type 2 and provides examples of each. Finally, it outlines several applications of superconductors such as magnetic levitation trains, SQUID devices, and RF/microwave filters.
superconductivity
Superconductivity is characterized by zero electrical resistance and the Meissner effect, where magnetic fields are expelled. There are two types of superconductors - Type I, which have an abrupt transition to the normal state, and Type II, which have a more gradual transition. The BCS theory explains superconductivity as electrons pairing up into Cooper pairs at low temperatures, acting as bosons that condense into the same quantum state. Superconductors have applications in medical imaging, maglev trains, and power transmission due to their ability to carry high currents and create strong magnetic fields.
Hetero junction
The document discusses heterojunctions and p-n junctions. It defines a heterojunction as the interface between two dissimilar semiconductors with different band gaps. There are three types of heterojunctions based on band alignment: type I where bands straddle, type II where bands are staggered, and type III where there is a broken gap. A p-n heterojunction diode forms when a p-doped and n-doped semiconductor meet; electrons flow from the higher to lower Fermi level side and holes in the opposite direction.
Metal semiconductor contacts
This document discusses metal-semiconductor contacts, including Schottky and ohmic contacts. It provides energy band diagrams to illustrate how Schottky and ohmic junctions work. Schottky contacts form a rectifying barrier between a metal and lightly doped semiconductor. Ohmic contacts have a low resistance non-rectifying junction between metal and heavily doped semiconductor. The document discusses the advantages of Schottky diodes for applications such as RF mixing and solar cells due to their higher current and frequency performance compared to PN junction diodes. Ohmic contacts are used where low resistance contact is needed to allow easy flow of charge carriers.
Superconductivity
Superconductivity is a phenomenon that occurs in certain materials below a critical temperature where they show zero electrical resistance. It was discovered in 1911 by Heike Kamerlingh Onnes who found that mercury's resistivity disappeared below 4K. Superconductors expel magnetic fields, known as the Meissner effect. An experiment is described where a ceramic disk made of yttrium-barium-copper oxide is cooled below its critical temperature using liquid nitrogen, causing it to become a superconductor and levitate a small magnet due to persistent electric currents. Theories like the BCS theory and London theory were developed to explain the microscopic mechanisms of superconductivity.
Resonant Tunneling Diodes
This document discusses resonant tunneling diodes (RTDs). It begins by motivating the need for signal sources at very high frequencies beyond what conventional transistors can provide. It then introduces normal tunneling diodes and their limitations. RTDs are described as using quantum wells and barriers to allow tunneling only when electrons have a certain minimum energy. This produces negative differential resistance which can be used for oscillation. While RTDs are very fast devices, their output current and power is limited compared to other technologies. More research is needed to improve their power and integration.
Magnetic measurements
1. Magnetic measurements involve force and induction methods using instruments like SQUID magnetometers. Force methods measure the force on a sample in a magnetic field. Induction methods measure the voltage induced in a pickup coil by changes in the sample's magnetic moment.
2. SQUID magnetometers can detect very small magnetic moments down to 10-8 emu using superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs). They operate at millikelvin temperatures and can measure samples from 0.1-10g in fields up to 15T.
3. Different units are used in magnetism including emu/g which is a common unit expressing magnetic moment per gram of sample. SI units are amperes/
Localized surface plasmon resonance
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Magnetic susceptibility of magnetic materials
This document summarizes the magnetic properties of different types of magnetic materials based on an experiment measuring their magnetic susceptibility. The four main types discussed are diamagnetic, paramagnetic, ferromagnetic, and antiferromagnetic. The experiment measures the magnetization of ZnO, ZnO doped with manganese, and nickel powder samples using a vibrator sample magnetometer. Based on the magnetic susceptibility calculations and curve shapes, ZnO is found to be diamagnetic, ZnO doped with manganese is paramagnetic, and nickel is ferromagnetic.
Photonic crystals
Photonic crystals are periodic optical nanostructures that affect the propagation of light. They contain regions of high and low dielectric constants arranged in a repeating pattern, allowing certain wavelengths of light to pass through while others are forbidden from propagating, known as a photonic band gap. Photonic crystals have applications in lasers, optical fibers, biosensing and more. They can be fabricated through methods like layer deposition, photolithography or drilling holes to achieve one, two or three-dimensional periodicity.
density of states
The document discusses the density of states in two-dimensional systems. It explains that the density of states function describes the number of available energy states in a system and is essential for determining carrier concentrations and distributions. In semiconductors, carrier motion is limited to two, one, or zero spatial dimensions, requiring the density of states to be known in quantum wells (2D), quantum wires (1D), and quantum dots (0D). The document then focuses on the density of states in 2D systems, noting that it is independent of energy and depends on the number of quantized levels in the confined dimension.
superconductors
This document provides an overview of superconductivity and superconductors. It discusses the history of superconductors beginning in 1911 with liquid helium experiments. Key developments include the BCS theory from 1957 explaining electron pairing in superconductors. The document outlines the properties of superconductors including zero resistance and the Meissner effect. It describes the two main types of superconductors - low-temperature and high-temperature - and gives examples of superconducting elements and compounds. The applications of superconductors are highlighted in several fields like electricity, transportation, and medicine. The future potential of superconductors is noted but not detailed.
domain theroy
This theory proposes that ferromagnetic materials are divided into small magnetic regions called domains, with each domain spontaneously magnetized in a different random direction, resulting in no net magnetization. When an external magnetic field is applied, it causes the domains aligned parallel to increase in size through the motion of domain walls or rotation of the domains. The total internal energy of the domain structure includes exchange energy, crystalline anisotropy energy, domain wall energy, and magnetostriction energy.
Magnetic properties
The document discusses the history and properties of magnetism. It explains that magnets have been known since ancient times and were used for navigation. The key magnetic concepts covered include magnetic dipoles, magnetic fields, flux density, permeability, susceptibility, and the relationships between magnetic field intensity, flux density, and magnetization. Different units used to measure magnetic properties are also defined.
Introduction to superconductivity
Superconductivity is the ability of certain materials to conduct electric current with practically zero resistance. This capacity produces interesting and potentially useful effects. For a material to behave as a superconductor, low temperatures are required.
Dielectric Material and properties
Dielectrics are materials that have permanent electric dipole moments. All dielectrics are electrical insulators and are mainly used to store electrical energy by utilizing bound electric charges and dipoles within their molecular structure. Important properties of dielectrics include their electric intensity or field strength, electric flux density, dielectric parameters such as dielectric constant and electric dipole moment, and polarization processes including electronic, ionic, and orientation polarization. Dielectrics are characterized by their complex permittivity, which relates to their ability to transmit electric fields and is dependent on factors like frequency, temperature, and humidity that can influence dielectric losses.
Magnetic materials
This document discusses various magnetic properties of materials. It defines magnetic induction, magnetic field intensity, and magnetic permeability. It describes diamagnetic, paramagnetic, ferromagnetic, antiferromagnetic, and ferrimagnetic materials. Diamagnetic materials have no unpaired electrons and are repelled by magnetic fields. Paramagnetic materials have some unpaired electrons and are weakly attracted to magnetic fields in a temperature-dependent manner. Ferromagnetic materials have strongly interacting unpaired electrons that align to produce spontaneous magnetization and strong attraction to magnetic fields.
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Super Conductors
super conductors pesentation is about the introduction of super conductors and its properties,types and applications..
Induced ovulation and spawning of a striped snakehead murrel, Channa striatus...
Induced ovulation and spawning of a striped snakehead murrel, Channa striatus...researchanimalsciences
Induced breeding of the striped snakehead Murrel, Channa striatus (Bloch, 1793) was attempted during October to December 2009 (North-east monsoon). The breeding attempt was made using natural hormone Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG). Two trials using fibre tanks of different capacity in triplicates were made to observe the effects of different doses of HCG on induced spawning of C. striatus. The fishes which received a dosage of 6000 IU/kg body weight gave satisfactory results. The ovulation was recorded after 19-29 h of the injection. The fertilization rate was observed as 40-80%. Hatching occurred within 22-36 hours after fertilization at water temperature of 27-29°C. The percentage of hatching rate varied from 55-80%. The overall breeding performance of C. striatus was found to be satisfactory for upscaling of murrel seed production in stakeholders farms.
Article Citation:
Bilal Ahmad Paray, Haniffa MA and Manikandaraja D.
Induced ovulation and spawning of a striped snakehead murrel,
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Phys. Rev. B 90, 144419 (2014)
http://journals.aps.org/prb/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevB.90.144419
arXiv:1406.7004
http://arxiv.org/abs/1406.7004
Pertemuan 7 vibrational properties-lattice
1) The document discusses lattice vibrations (phonons) in solids, including models for heat capacity. It describes Einstein's model of independent harmonic oscillators and Debye's more accurate model treating the solid as a continuous elastic medium.
2) Key aspects of the Debye model include treating the solid as having a spectrum of vibrational frequencies up to a maximum cutoff, and integrating over these frequencies to determine properties like heat capacity.
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The document discusses the key components and types of boilers. It begins by defining a boiler as a closed vessel that produces steam from water through fuel combustion. It then describes the main components of a boiler including the shell, setting, grate, furnace, and mountings/accessories. The document outlines the types of boilers based on orientation (horizontal, vertical, inclined), circulation (fire tube, water tube), firing method (externally, internally), and pressure (high, low). It provides examples of commonly used boiler types like fire tube (Cochran, Lancashire) and water tube (Babcock and Wilcox, Yarrow). It concludes with discussing boiler furnaces and their requirements for fuel mixing and combustion.
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2. Key parameters like charge carrier density and type can be determined by measuring the Hall voltage under different magnetic field orientations and current directions.
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This document discusses lattice vibrations in solids. It begins by introducing different types of elementary excitations in solids including phonons, which are quantized elastic waves in a crystal. It then describes lattice vibrations as waves that propagate through the crystal as planes of atoms moving in and out of phase. Both longitudinal and transverse polarization of these waves are discussed. Equations of motion are provided and solved to show the wave-like behavior of lattice vibrations. The document also covers phonon dispersion relations, group velocity, Brillouin zones, phonons in diatomic crystals, quantization of elastic waves, phonon momentum, heat capacity of lattices, and early models like Einstein and Debye models to explain temperature-dependent
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- 1. Superconducting Quantum Interference Device SQUID C. P. Sun Department of Physics National Sun Yat Sen University
- 2. Outline Essential mechanism of SQUID The way to measure Temperature control system Josephson Junction DC AC RSO
- 3. Introduction ● Essential Mechanism A Josephson junction is an superconductor-insulator- superconductor (SIS) layer structure placed between two electrodes Josephson junction
- 4. DC Josephson : A dc current flows across the junction in the absence of any electric or magnetic field. AC Josephson : A dc voltage applied across the junction causes rf current oscillations across the junction. This effect has been utilized in a precision determination of the value of Further, an rf voltage applied with the dc voltage can then cause a dc current across the junction. e/ Macroscopic long-range quantum interference: A dc magnetic field applied through a superconducting circuit containing two junctions causes the maximum supercurrent to show interference effect as a function of magnetic field intensity. Magnetometer
- 5. DC Measurement When the external dc field is applied to the sample, the magnetization changed with temperature will be obtained due to the spin-spin, spin- orbital and orbital-orbital effect interacting with magnetic field.
- 6. AC Measurement: An oscillating AC magnetic field is applied to the sample. The change in flux seen by the detection circuitry is caused only by the magnetic moment of the sample as it responses the applied AC field. Xac= dM/dH obtained from these measurement is described as having both real and imaginary components X’ and X’’ , where the imaginary component is proportional to the energy losses in the sample. What can be derived from AC Measurement? Structure details of materials, resonance phenomena, electrical conductivity by induced currents, relaxation processes such as flux creep in SC and energy exchange between magnetic spins and the lattice in the paramagnetic materials.
- 7. Advantage of MPMS AC System Conventional AC suceptometers measure the voltage induced in an inductive detection coil by an oscillating AC magnetic moment. The most common systems use mutual inductance bridge to measure the voltage induced. These systems measure only signals with frequencies at or very near the applied excitation. Voltage induced is proportional to the frequencies of the oscillating drive field High pressure effect The natural constraint
- 8. How does MPMS solve it? ★ MPMS AC option combining an AC drive field with a SQUID-bas detection system. ★The SQUID is an extremely sensitive flux-to-voltage converter th directly measures the change in flux as the sample moves throu superconducting detection coil coupled to the SQUID circuit.
- 9. RSO Measurement (Reciprocating Sample Option) RSO measure a sample by moving it rapidly and sinusoidally through the SQUID pickup coil. The option’s use of a high-quality servo motor and a digital signal processor (DSP) allow rapid measurement. The servo motor, unlike the stepper motor performing DC measurements, doesn’t stop sample movement for each data reading. Lock-in techniques that use the DSP reduce the contribution of low-frequency noise to the measurement.
- 12. Measure consideration of RSO ☆ Center position To ensure absolutely accurate measurements even when temperature drifts. To oscillate sample through most or all of pickup coils while taking a high number of readings. ☆Maximum slope To take measurements quickly. To move sample through small section of pickup coils. To perform hysteresis measurement. sensitive to position
- 13. Temperature Control system Heater Needle Valve Thermal meter
- 14. Thank you for attention Sun 2005.05.18
- 16. Conclusion Tc [Curie Temperature] Ths phase transition between paramagnetic and ferromagnetic behavior. TN [Neel’ Temperature] Ths phase transition between paramagnetic and Antiferromagnetic behavior.
- 17. Collect More Data After More Experience More Experience can help us think more details
- 18. 27 0 100678.22/2 cmgaussec(CGS) (SI) 215 0 100678.22/2 mteslae The minimum value of magnetic flux Fluxon
- 19. Spin Glass Material exhibiting a high magnetic frustration and its magnetic structure is disordered even at low temperature.
- 21. Tc [Curie Temperature] Ths phase transition between paramagnetic and ferromagnetic behavior. TN [Neel’ Temperature] Ths phase transition between paramagnetic and Antiferromagnetic behavior.