The document discusses nanomaterials used for electrodes in supercapacitors. It begins by explaining the basic construction and working of supercapacitors, which store charge electrostatically at the electrode-electrolyte interface. Common nanomaterial electrodes mentioned include activated carbon, carbon aerogel, graphene, and carbon nanotubes due to their high surface areas and conductivities. These properties allow for high capacitance and energy density in supercapacitors.

1. NANOMATERIALS FOR
SUPERCAPACITORS
PRESENTED BY: AFFAN SAFEER
REG # 223-FBASE/BSPHY/S12

2. OUTLINE
 CAPACITOR
 SUPERCAPACITOR
 BASIC CONSTRUCTION OF SUPERCAPCITOR
 WORKING OF SUPERCAPACITOR
 CHARACTERISTICS OF ELECTRODES
 MATERIALS USED FOR ELECTRODE IN SC
 CHARGING OF SUPERCAPACITORS

3. CAPACITORS
 Capacitor is an electronics component which is used to store charge in the
form of electric potential
 Capacitor is consists of two parallel plate which is separated by a small
distance in few millimeters
 Amount of Charge store in the capacitor is known as capacitance of
capacitors and it’s depend upon dimensions of the capacitors
 The capacitance increase or decrease changing dimensions of the
capacitor and material used in it

4. SUPERCAPACITORS
 Supercapacitors (SC) are specially designed capacitor which has huge
capacitance value and energy density
 Supercapacitors are belongs to family electrochemical capacitor and it’s
worked on electric double layer (EDL) mechanism
 Supercapacitors can be defined as energy storage device that stores
energy electrostatically by polarizing the electrolytic solution.

5. BASIC CONSTRUCTION OF SUPERCAPACITORS
 A Supercapacitor consist of two porous electrodes
 A membrane, which separates positive and negative plated is called
separator
 Electrodes are electrically connected with ionic liquid called electrolyte

6. WORKING OF SUPERCAPACITORS
 When the voltage is applied to positive electrode it attracts negative ions
from electrolyte.
 When the voltage is applied to negative electrode, it attracts positive ions
from electrolyte
 These ions are stored near the surface of electrode and this ions decrease
distance the between the electrodes
 Due to decrease of distance electrodes, the capacitance become very
huge.
𝐶 𝛼
𝐴
𝑑

7. CHARACTERISTICS OF ELECTRODES
 Electrodes used in SC have good conductivity, high temperature stability,
high resistance and high surface areas per unit volume or mass.
 These electrodes made up of pores carbon
 Sizes of pores is in range micropores (less than 2 nm) to mesopores (2-
50 nm)
 Generally the smaller the electrode pores, increases the capacitance and
energy density but decrease the power density

8. MATERIALS USED FOR ELECTRODE IN SC
 The most commonly used material for electrode in supercapacitors is
Carbon in various forms such as
• Activated carbon
• Carbon aerogel
• Graphite (graphene)
• Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), etc.

9. MATERIALS USED FOR ELECTRODE IN SC
Activated carbon (AC):
 Activated carbon is a form of carbon processed to have low-volume
density and small pores that increase the surface area available for
adsorption.
 AC is extremely porous with high electrical conductivity and high surface
area
 Solid AC is most used electrode materials for SC.
 AC electrode with surface density about
1000 m2/g results in a typical double-
layer capacitance of about 10 μF/cm 𝟐 and
a specific capacitance of 100 F/g.

10. MATERIALS USED FOR ELECTRODE IN SC
Carbon aerogel:
 Carbon aerogel is a highly porous, synthetic, ultralight material derived from
an organic gel in which the liquid component of the gel has been replaced with
a gas.
 Carbon aerogel electrode are more conductive than activated carbon.
 Carbon aerogel electrode with surface density of about 400-1200 m2/g gives
specific capacitance of 104 F/cm3, energy density of 325 J/g and power density
of 20 W/g

11. MATERIALS USED FOR ELECTRODE IN SC
Graphene:
 Graphene is pure carbon in the form of a very thin sheet with atoms
arranged in a regular hexagonal pattern,also called "nanocomposite
paper”.
 Graphene electrode with surface density of 2630 m2/g gives specific
capacitance of 550 Faraday per gram

12. MATERIALS USED FOR ELECTRODE IN SC
Caron Nanotubes (CNTs):
 CNTs have high surface area and electrical
conductivity
 CNTs electrodes improve capacitor
performance, due to the surface area and
high conductivity.
 CNTs based SC store about the same charge
as activated carbon based SC per unit
surface area but CNTs surface is arranged in
a regular pattern, providing greater
wettability.

13. MATERIALS USED FOR ELECTRODE IN SC
 CNTs have higher capacitance than activated carbon electrodes,
e.g. 102 F/g for Multi well nanotubes and 180 F/g for Single
well nanotubes .

14. CHARGING OF SUPERCAPACICTORS
Negative electrode (red), Positive electrode (blue)
Positive charge (green), Negative charge (purple)