Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and UHV Scanning Tunneling MicroscopyRamkumar Niluroutu
This presentation gives the details of STM's history, working process, modes of operations and explanation of various components. UHV STM details also included in this presentation of its working process.
Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and UHV Scanning Tunneling MicroscopyRamkumar Niluroutu
This presentation gives the details of STM's history, working process, modes of operations and explanation of various components. UHV STM details also included in this presentation of its working process.
A brief overview of the processes involved in nanolithography & nanopatterning. It mainly discusses the steps, mechanism & instrumentation of the electron beam lithography in detail. It also gives a small view on other technologies as well.
If you have any questions, contact me. I would be happy to help.
PLEASE LIKE IT AND GIVE COMMENT
In this presentation,
The author gives the working principle of the PVD and Sputtering methods. But you can also find an information about the thin film and plasma phase of a matter.
Also this is related with Magnetron Sputtering method.
This to demonstrate the laser ablation of hard materials to form a thin film for optical sensors. The work was done at DIllard University , New Orleans LA by Professor Abdalla Darwish. any comment e-mail adarwish@bellsouth.net.
A brief overview of the processes involved in nanolithography & nanopatterning. It mainly discusses the steps, mechanism & instrumentation of the electron beam lithography in detail. It also gives a small view on other technologies as well.
If you have any questions, contact me. I would be happy to help.
PLEASE LIKE IT AND GIVE COMMENT
In this presentation,
The author gives the working principle of the PVD and Sputtering methods. But you can also find an information about the thin film and plasma phase of a matter.
Also this is related with Magnetron Sputtering method.
This to demonstrate the laser ablation of hard materials to form a thin film for optical sensors. The work was done at DIllard University , New Orleans LA by Professor Abdalla Darwish. any comment e-mail adarwish@bellsouth.net.
Mass spec and thermal methods of analysis - By France ChavangwaneFranceChavangwane
Heat flux Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) diagram
Working principles of Heat Flux DSC
Advantages and disadvantages of HEAT FLUX DSC
labelled diagram showing Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization (MALDI)
Working principle of MALDI
Advantages and disadvantages of MALDI
Labelled Diagram of FAB
.Working principle of FAB (Fast Atom Bombardment)
Advantages and Disadvantages of FAB
Conclusion
Labelled Diagram Of continuous- dynode electron multiplier diagram
.Working principle Of continuous- dynode electron multiplier continued
Advantages and disadvantages of continuous- dynode electron multiplier
Labelled diagram of Faraday Cup Collector
Working principle of Faraday Cup Collector
Advantages and disadvantages of Faraday Cup Collector
References
Thermoluminescence in Pure and Nd+3 + K+ Doped Lead Germanate Single CrystalsAI Publications
Pure lead germanate was grown by Zochralski’stechnique.Nd+3 + K+ doped lead germanate was grown for comparative studies. Thermoluminescence studies were conducted on pure lead germanate and Nd+3 + K+ doped lead germanate. Thermoluminescence in pure lead germanate single crystals (LG) and Nd+3 + K+ doped lead germanate single crystals (DDLG) has been measured in terms of photomultiplier output current on Thermoluminescence Set Up. Thermoluminescence studies of LG revealed an increasing trend of Thermoluminescence output, with increasing temperature and sharp consistent maxima at 50°C and 100°C. TL studies of DDLG revealed a decreasing trend of Thermoluminescence output, with increasing temperature and a sharp consistent peak at 100°C and 120°C. It was further noted that doping increased Thermoluminescence output. Thermoluminescence in ferroelectric lead germanate was attributed to change in polarization with change in temperature and creation of defect states.
The Estimation of Enhanced Outcoupling for OLEDs with Isotropically Scatterin...AI Publications
This manuscript uses classical geometrical optics and the convergence of an infinite Fourier series to derive a mathematical equation for the out-coupling efficiency of classical scattering-enhanced OLEDs. Several simple assumptions are made regarding how light interacts with scattering media. It describes the extent of efficiency improvement in terms of nanoparticle properties and the revised out-coupling efficiency limitation. The albedo is the ratio of scattering to extinction cross-sections, where extinction is scattering plus absorption. Albedo indicates how much of the light that interacts with a particle is re-emitted or retained to move around the OLED device further. An estimation of the out-coupling efficiency observed when nanoparticles of various albedo values are incorporated into the simplified OLED structure is performed.
Production of x rays
Components of X-ray
Cathode
kVp , mA , mAs .
Line focus principle
Heel effect
anode
Stationary anode x ray tube
Rotating anode x-ray tube
Grid controlled x-ray tube
Saturation voltage
Metal ceramic x – ray tube
Processes of x- ray generation
intensity of the x-ray beams
Effect of kVp on x- ray beam
Effect of tube current on x- ray beam
learn with Me...........MK
if you notice any mistake comment please ......
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
1. UNIT III-THIN FILM DEPOSITION
TECHNIQUES
8/2/2020
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, CATHOLICATE
COLLEGE, PATHANAMTHITTA
1
Presented by
Dr. Dhanya I.
Department of Physics
Catholicate College
Pathanamthitta
III. CATHODIC SPUTTERING
1. OVERVIEW OF SPUTTERING PROCESS
i) GLOW DISCHARGE SPUTTERING
ii) LOW PRESSURE SPUTTERING
1) Assisted/Triode Sputtering
2. CATHODIC SPUTTERING
Sputtering Process:
Ejection of atoms from
the surface of a material
target by bombardment
with energetic particles.
Cathodic Sputtering :
Ejection is due to positive
ion bombardment
Ejected or sputtered
atoms can be condensed
on a substrate to form
thinfilm
8/2/2020
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS,
CATHOLICATE COLLEGE,
PATHANAMTHITTA
2
3. Sputtering yield : Average number of atoms
ejected from the target per incident ion
It increases with the increasing energy of ions and
mass
Yield depends on the angle of incidence of the
ions
It increases as where θ is the angle between
normal to target surface and beam direction
Depends on the atomic number of the target
materials
8/2/2020
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS,
CATHOLICATE COLLEGE,
PATHANAMTHITTA
3
Salient features for sputtering process
4. 8/2/2020
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS,
CATHOLICATE COLLEGE,
PATHANAMTHITTA
4
Depends on the target temperature at its high value
Yield for single crystal target increases with
decreasing transparency of the crystal in the
direction of ion beam
As the yield increases, the ejected particles are
evaporated as atoms/clusters of atoms
Ejected atom leave the surface in an excited or
ionized state and show characteristic recombination
during emission
5. DIFFERENT TYPES OF SPUTTERING
8/2/2020
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS,
CATHOLICATE COLLEGE,
PATHANAMTHITTA
5
I. GLOW DISCHARGE SPUTTERING
Simple source of ions for sputtering is provided by the
phenomenon of glow discharge due to an applied electric field
between two electrodes in a gas at low pressures.
Gas break down to conduct electricity when certain minimum
voltage is reached.
Normal Glow: An attendant glow discharge maintains itself at a
constant voltage
Abnormal Glow: The region where both voltage and current
increases together
Cathode Glow: A luminous layer which covers the cathode
partially in the normal region and entirely in the abnormal glow.
7. 8/2/2020
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS,
CATHOLICATE COLLEGE,
PATHANAMTHITTA
7
Cathode Dark Space: A fairly well defined region of
relatively low luminosity. A region where most of the
applied voltage is dropped[cathode fall]
Negative Glow region: Region followed by cathode dark
space where ions and electrons created in breakdown
region are accelerated and can collide with the gas
Positive Column: Due to collision of gas atoms in
negative glow region with energetic ions can create
secondary electrons to sustain glow and hit the anode to
give sputtering
8. 8/2/2020
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, CATHOLICATE
COLLEGE, PATHANAMTHITTA
8
FACTORS INFLUENCING GLOW DISCHARGE
SPUTTERING
Pressure: As the gas pressure increases, voltage falls, cathode
dark space decreases and number of ions increases and favors
the sputtering process. Optimum pressure range for glow
discharge sputtering is between 25-75mTorr
Deposit distribution: Due to the collision of ions with ambient
gas atoms at high pressure, the sputtered atoms are diffusely
scattered results in a well collimated transport of material to
yield good quality of films.
Current and Voltage Dependence: Sputtering rate is
proportional to the current for a constant voltage. Glow
discharge sputtering is proportional to the product of current
and voltage. Typical voltage: 1-5KV and current density :
1-10mA/Cm2
.
9. 8/2/2020
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, CATHOLICATE
COLLEGE, PATHANAMTHITTA
9
II. LOW PRESSURE SPUTTERING
Decreasing influence of gas atoms
lower concentration of trapped gas atoms
control direction
generate a high mean energy for ejected atoms.
It results in a smaller collision losses and results
in reasonable sputtering rate
4-types of Low pressure sputtering processes
11. 8/2/2020
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, CATHOLICATE
COLLEGE, PATHANAMTHITTA
11
• Auxiliary electrons may be supplied thermionically
from a filament for ionization of gases
•Total ionization and efficiency are increased by
accelerating the electrons by means of third electrode
•Ejection of beams from triode to gas produce plasma
triode sputtering
•Uses: sputtering of noble metals: 20Ao
/min at
1mTorr pressure.
