Spintronics is a NANO technology which deals with spin dependent properties of an electron instead of charge dependent properties.
One of the main advantage of spintronics over electronics is the magnets tend to stay magnetize which is sparking in the industry an interest for replacing computer’s semiconductor based components with magnetic ones, starting with the RAM.
With an all-magnetic RAM, it is now possible to have a computer that retains all the information put into it. Most importantly, there will be no ‘boot-up’ waiting period when power is turned on.
Another promising feature of spintronics is that it doesn’t require the use of unique and specialized semiconductor, there by allowing it to work with common metals like Cu, Al, Ag.
Spintronics will use less power than conventional electronics, because the energy needed to change spin is a minute fraction of what is needed to push charge around.
Conventional electronic devices ignore the spin property and rely strictly on the transport of the electrical charge of electrons.
Adding the spin degree of freedom provides new effects, new capabilities and new functionalities.
Very basic introduction to latest emerging technology in electronics called SPINTRONICS.
Quantum Mechanics property of electron called SPIN combine with the electronic property of electron .i.e SPIN+ELECTRONICS=SPINTRONICS
The developing technology, the future, a tech that can replace the electronics era itself.
Few information about the tech and the fundamentals of Spintronics.
Very basic introduction to latest emerging technology in electronics called SPINTRONICS.
Quantum Mechanics property of electron called SPIN combine with the electronic property of electron .i.e SPIN+ELECTRONICS=SPINTRONICS
The developing technology, the future, a tech that can replace the electronics era itself.
Few information about the tech and the fundamentals of Spintronics.
In this presentation file, i have briefly explained about Spintronics. it is a really new and a good concept for pressentation purpose. Hope it is helpful to you.
very basic introduction of newly emerging technology in electronics called SPINTRONICS.
Quantum mechanics property called SPIN based electronics technology using both quantum mechanical and electronics property of electron i.e "SPIN+ELECTRONICS=SPINTRONICS"
IEEE presentation based on Spintronics & its semiconductor application specifically.
In the conclusion there is a hyperlink of a video which i'm unable to put here and hence i will give you the address of the video so that you can use the video and make the same hyperlink as i had made here.
TEDxCaltech-David Awschalom - Spintronics ( On YouTube)
video : 6:21- 7:13 (in video)
a branch of nano electronics that will improve technology by adding new freedom degrees to electronic for transfer and store information better than electronic devices :)
Spintronics also known as spin electronics, is the study of the intrinsic spin of the electron and its associated magnetic moment, in addition to its fundamental electronic charge, in solid-state devices
The magnetically sensitive transistor (also known as the spin transistor or spintronic transistor—named for spintronics, the technology which this development spawned), originally proposed in 1990 and currently still being developed, is an improved design on the common transistor invented in the 1940s. The spin transistor comes about as a result of research on the ability of electrons (and other fermions) to naturally exhibit one of two (and only two) states of spin: known as "spin up" and "spin down". Unlike its namesake predecessor, which operates on an electric current, spin transistors operate on electrons on a more fundamental level; it is essentially the application of electrons set in particular states of spin to store information.
The concept, application of Giant Magneto Resistance is being discussed in the slides
The discovery of this phenomenon has caused vast developments in the field of spintronics
In our conventional electronic devices we use semi conducting materials for logical operation and magnetic materials for storage, but spintronics uses magnetic materials for both purposes. These spintronic devices are more versatile and faster than the present one. One such device is Spin Valve Transistors (SVT).
Spin valve transistor is different from conventional transistor. In this for conduction we use spin polarization of electrons. Only electrons with correct spin polarization can travel successfully through the device. These transistors are used in data storage, signal processing, automation and robotics with less power consumption and results in less heat. This also finds its application in Quantum computing, in which we use Qubits instead of bits.
In this presentation file, i have briefly explained about Spintronics. it is a really new and a good concept for pressentation purpose. Hope it is helpful to you.
very basic introduction of newly emerging technology in electronics called SPINTRONICS.
Quantum mechanics property called SPIN based electronics technology using both quantum mechanical and electronics property of electron i.e "SPIN+ELECTRONICS=SPINTRONICS"
IEEE presentation based on Spintronics & its semiconductor application specifically.
In the conclusion there is a hyperlink of a video which i'm unable to put here and hence i will give you the address of the video so that you can use the video and make the same hyperlink as i had made here.
TEDxCaltech-David Awschalom - Spintronics ( On YouTube)
video : 6:21- 7:13 (in video)
a branch of nano electronics that will improve technology by adding new freedom degrees to electronic for transfer and store information better than electronic devices :)
Spintronics also known as spin electronics, is the study of the intrinsic spin of the electron and its associated magnetic moment, in addition to its fundamental electronic charge, in solid-state devices
The magnetically sensitive transistor (also known as the spin transistor or spintronic transistor—named for spintronics, the technology which this development spawned), originally proposed in 1990 and currently still being developed, is an improved design on the common transistor invented in the 1940s. The spin transistor comes about as a result of research on the ability of electrons (and other fermions) to naturally exhibit one of two (and only two) states of spin: known as "spin up" and "spin down". Unlike its namesake predecessor, which operates on an electric current, spin transistors operate on electrons on a more fundamental level; it is essentially the application of electrons set in particular states of spin to store information.
The concept, application of Giant Magneto Resistance is being discussed in the slides
The discovery of this phenomenon has caused vast developments in the field of spintronics
In our conventional electronic devices we use semi conducting materials for logical operation and magnetic materials for storage, but spintronics uses magnetic materials for both purposes. These spintronic devices are more versatile and faster than the present one. One such device is Spin Valve Transistors (SVT).
Spin valve transistor is different from conventional transistor. In this for conduction we use spin polarization of electrons. Only electrons with correct spin polarization can travel successfully through the device. These transistors are used in data storage, signal processing, automation and robotics with less power consumption and results in less heat. This also finds its application in Quantum computing, in which we use Qubits instead of bits.
Conventional electronic devices
ignore the spin property and
rely strictly on the transport
of the electrical charge of
electrons
*Adding the spin degree of
freedom provides new effects,
new capabilities and new
functionalities.
Advantages of Spin
Information is stored into spin as one of two possible orientations
Spin lifetime is relatively long, on the order of nanoseconds
Spin currents can be manipulated
Spin devices may combine logic and storage functionality eliminating the need for separate components
Magnetic storage is nonvolatile
Binary spin polarization offers the possibility of applications as qubits in quantum computers
Superconducting magnets on Material ScienceSneheshDutta
Superconducting Magnets application and properties. ppt on Superconducting Magnets. I’ve done a bit of research recently into superconducting magnets and this time the research was jointly funded by the NASA Human Exploration Research Applications Project (HERP) and NASA’s Office of Space Science. This research was initiated at MIT’s Laboratory for Materials and Energy Sciences and involved the use of NASA’s Centaur upper stage for sounding rockets.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
1. SPINTRONICS
…….a new era in nanotechnology
Guided By,
Prof. S. A. Karmude
Presented By,
Saylee S. Joshi
ME16205
2. Spintronics is a NANO technology which deals
with spin dependent properties of an electron
instead of charge dependent properties.
Introduction
Spintronics = Spin–Based Electronics
3. Introduction
• Conventional electronic devices ignore
the spin property and rely strictly on the
transport of the electrical charge of
electrons.
• Adding the spin degree of freedom
provides new effects, new capabilities
and new functionalities.
4. Disadvantages of electronics
High power consumption.
High heat dissipation.
Electronics memory is volatile.
Takes up higher space on chip, thus less compact.
Electron manipulation is lower , so poor read & write speed.
Electronics require unique and specialized semiconductors materials.
Common metals such as Fe, Al, Ag , etc. can’t be used.
5. Why Spintronics?
• Moore’s Law:
No. of Transistor doubles in every 18 months.
• Complexity:
Complex Chip Design & Power Loss.
• Motivation:
Spintronics-Information is carried not by
electron charge but by it’s spin.
6. Future Demands
• Moore’s Law states that the number of transistors on a silicon chip will
roughly double every eighteen months.
• By 2008, it is projected that the width of the electrodes in a
microprocessor will be 45nm across.
• As electronic devices become smaller, quantum properties of the wave
like nature of electrons are no longer negligible.
• Spintronic devices offer the possibility of enhanced functionality, higher
speed, and reduced power consumption.
7. Computational benefits
• Simple device structure for high degree of integration and high process yield.
• Large magnetocurrent for high speed operation.
• High transconductance for high speed operation.
• High amplification capability (V, I, and/or power).
• Hyper threading enchancment .
• Bit vs. qubit.
9. Electronics v/s Spintronics
One of the main advantage of spintronics over electronics is
the magnets tend to stay magnetize which is sparking in the
industry an interest for replacing computer’s semiconductor
based components with magnetic ones, starting with the RAM.
With an all-magnetic RAM, it is now possible to have a
computer that retains all the information put into it. Most
importantly, there will be no ‘boot-up’ waiting period when
power is turned on.
10. Cont…
Another promising feature of spintronics is that it doesn’t
require the use of unique and specialized semiconductor, there
by allowing it to work with common metals like Cu, Al, Ag.
Spintronics will use less power than conventional electronics,
because the energy needed to change spin is a minute fraction
of what is needed to push charge around.
11. Conventional Electronics
Metal Gate
n+ n+
Ohmic contact Ohmic Contact
P-type Si
Oxide
Electron
Inversion layer
Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor
MOSFET
Gate Voltage changes electron density
changes conductivity
12. Spintronics
Inject polarized spin from one FM contact -- modulate current by
modifying spin precession via Rashba effect
Spin Transistor
Schottky GateFM Metal FM Metal
InGaAs
Modulation Doped AlGaAs
2DEG
Spin
Analyzer
B
Spin
Injector
13. Principal of spintronics
Spintronics is based on the spin of electrons rather than its charge.
Every electron exist in one of the two states- spin-up and spin-down,
with spins either positive half or negative half.
In other words, electrons can rotate either clock wise or anti-clockwise
around its own axis with constant frequency.
The two possible spin states represent ‘0’ and ‘1’ in logical operations.
14. Combining the best of both worlds
Ferro magnets
• Stable Memory
• Fast switching
• High ordering temp
• Spin transport
• Technological base
(magnetic recordings)
Semiconductors
• Bandgap engineering
• Carrier density & type
• Electrical gating
• Long spin lifetime
• Technological base
(Electronics)
develop spin based transistors ,
switches and logic circuits.
create control propagate spin
information in semiconductor
structures.
15. Advantages of Spin
Information is stored into spin as one of two possible orientations
Spin lifetime is relatively long, on the order of nanoseconds .
Spin currents can be manipulated.
Spin devices may combine logic and storage functionality.
eliminating the need for separate components.
Magnetic storage is nonvolatile.
Binary spin polarization offers the possibility of applications as
16. Spin is a characteristic that makes an electron a tiny magnet with north
and south poles.
The orientation of north-south axis depends on the particle’s axis of
spin.
In ordinary materials, the up magnetic moments cancel the down
magnetic moment so no surplus moment piles up.
Ferro-magnetic materials like iron, cobalt and nickel is needed for
designing of spin electronic devices.
18. Giant MagnetoResistive (GMR)
• 1988 France, GMR discovery is accepted as birth of
spintronics
• A Giant MagnetoResistive device is made of at least
two ferromagnetic layers separated by a spacer layer
• When the magnetization of the two outside layers is
aligned, lowest resistance
• Conversely when magnetization vectors are
antiparallel, high R
• Small fields can produce big effects
• parallel and perpendicular current
19.
20.
21. Spin Valve
• Simplest and most successful spintronic device
• Used in HDD to read information in the form of small
magnetic fields above the disk surface
22. Datta Das Spin Transistor
• The Datta Das Spin Transistor was first
spin device proposed for metal-oxide
geometry, 1989
• Emitter and collector are ferromagnetic
with parallel magnetizations
• The gate provides magnetic field
• Current is modulated by the degree of
precession in electron spin
23. Spin Transfer
V
The spin of the
conduction electron
is rotated by its
interaction with the
magnetization.
This implies the magnetization exerts a torque on the spin. By
Conservation of angular momentum, the spin exerts an equal and
Opposite torque on the magnetization.
2M1M
<S>
v
24. Experimental Proof of Spin Transfer
I
Predicted theoretically
by Slonczewksi and
Berger in 1996
I
I
P
AP
25. Anisotropic magnetoresistance (AMR)
Property of a material in which a dependence of electrical resistance
on the angle between the direction of electric current and direction
of magnetization is observed
26. Tunnel magnetoresistance(TMR)
Tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR) is a magnetoresistive effect that
occurs in a magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ), which is a component
consisting of two ferromagnets separated by a thin insulator.
27. (MRAM)
Magneto resistive RAM
Reading process(ON-State)
Measurement of the bit cell
resistance by applying a
current in the ‘bit line’
Comparison with a reference
value mid-way between the
bit high and low resistance
values
28. Writing process(Off-State)
Currents applied in both lines : 2
magnetic fields
Both fields are necessary to
reverse the free layer
magnetization
When currents are removed :
Same configuration
31. Conclusion
Interest in spintronics arises, in part, from the looming problem
of exhausting the fundamental physical limits of conventional
electronics.
However, complete reconstruction of industry is unlikely and
spintronics is a “variation” of current technology
The spin of the electron has attracted renewed interest because
it promises a wide variety of new devices that combine logic,
storage and sensor applications.
Moreover, these "spintronic" devices might lead to quantum
computers and quantum communication based on electronic
solid-state devices, thus changing the perspective of
information technology in the 21st century.
Spin does not replace charge current just provide extra control
Using suitable materials, many different “bit” states can be interpreted
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New technology has been proposed which would involve a complete set of new materials, new handling and processing techniques, and altered circuit design. Such developments include single-electron transistors and molecular-electronic devices based on organic materials or carbon nanotubes.
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Charge state can be destroyed by interactions with impurities or other charges
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Think of optical polarizers
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Rashba effect – consequence of spin orbit interaction, proportional to electric field in a structure with inversion asymmetry
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