This document discusses linguistic politeness and cross-cultural communication. It identifies six types of linguistic utterances and explains how directives can be imperative, interrogative, or declarative. Directives depend on social distance, status, and formality. Imperatives are common between close relationships or subordinates, while interrogatives and declarations are used between less familiar people. Speaking politely involves considering others' feelings and cultural values through positive politeness like solidarity or negative politeness like respect. Questions acceptable as greetings differ across cultures. Understanding sociolinguistic rules is important for cross-cultural communication.

1. Bitalika Nita (125110501111037)
Dina Tri (125110507111052)

2. 
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Expressive utterances, express the speaker’s
feeling
Directive utterances attempt to get someone to do
something
Referential utterances provide information
Metalinguistic utterances comment on language
itself
Poetic utterances focus on aesthetic features of
language
Phatic utterances, express solidarity and empathy
with others

3. 
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Directives are intended linguistic utterances to
get someone to do something
Directives divided into three:
-imperative (orders and commands)
-interrogative (polite attempts)
-declarative (polite attempts)
- hints (polite attempts)

4. 
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the social distance between participants
Their relative status,
And, the formality of the context

5. 
Imperatives
-close friends
-teachers  pupils (use clear-cut)
*clear-cut are the rules for classroom behaviour
that it has been suggested that pupils operate
with a very general ruleof the form scan every
utterance of the teacher for directive intent*
-Superiors subordinate
-Family
-higher status  lower status

6. 
Imperatives
-close friends
-teachers  pupils (use clear-cut)
*clear-cut are the rules for classroom behaviour
that it has been suggested that pupils operate
with a very general ruleof the form scan every
utterance of the teacher for directive intent*
-Superiors subordinate
-Family
-higher status  lower status

7. 


Interogative, declarative, and hints
-subordinate  superiors
-female  male
-superiors subordinate (in special context)
-lower status  higher status
Imperatives are used between people who knows
each other well or subordinates
Interrogatives and declarations, including hints
tend to be used between those who are less
familiar each other, or where there is some reason
to feel the task being requested is not routine.

8. 
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Speaking politeness involves taking account of
the feelings of others
Speaking politeness is understanding not just
the language, but also the social and cultural
values of the community
Somehow, a great deal of speaking politeness
depends on intonation and tone of voice

9. Positive politeness is solidarity oriented. It
emphasises shared attitudes and values.
*positive politeness move, expressing solidarity
and minimising status differences.
2. Negative politeness
pays people respect and avoids intruding on
them.
negative politeness involves expressing oneself
appropriately in terms of social distance and
respecting status differences.
1.

10. 
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Anyone who has travelled outside their on
speech is likely to have had some experience of
miscommunication based on differences.
We automaticly make many unconcious
sociolinguistics assumption about what people
mean when they ask a particular question or
make a statement.

11. 
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there are sociolinguistics rules for polite
acceptance and refusal which differ crossculturally.
The ways of expressing the same speech act
may differ quite markedly from one culture to
another.

12. 
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example :
How are you?
Where are you going?
Have you eaten?
Where do you come from?
Are you married?
How much do you earn?
What do you weight?

13. 
in different cultures each of these question is
perfectly acceptable as part of a normal
greeting routine. They are formulas, and the
expected answer is ritualistic.
Example:
A : How are you?
B : I’m fine

14. 
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Greeting formulas universally serve an
affective function of establishing non-threating
contact and rapport, but their precise content is
clearly culture specific.
The sociolinguistics rules governing more
formal meeting are ussually equally culturally
prescribed.

15. So when we want to make utterances,
greetings, or doing something to other people,
we have to know the politeness and the cross
cultural communication.