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Spanish Lesson 1

The document provides information on Spanish grammar rules including: - Definite articles like el, la, los, and las which depend on the gender of nouns. - Basic gender rules for words ending in certain letters like -o, -a. - Un/una which translate to "a" in English. - The neuter form lo. - Tilde (ñ) pronunciation and importance. - Pronunciation of letters and common sounds. - Plural forms. - Numbers, days, months, questions words, and basic phrases.

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GRAMMAR Definite Article Singular masculine: el Singular feminine: la Plural masculine: los Plural feminine: las The definite article in Spanish (the word that generally translates English "the" ) depends on the gender of the noun. All nouns in Spanish are generally either masculine or feminine. In general: BASIC GENDER RULES Words Ending with... Gender Example -o Masculine el libro (the book) -a Feminine la barca (the barque) -ista Follows the gender el/la pianista (the pianist) of the person -ión Feminine la habitación (the room) -ad, -ud Feminine la actitud (the attitude) -aje Masculine el equipaje (the luggage) -ante Usually masculine unless referring to a female -ie Feminine el desodorante (the deodorant) la cantante (the female singer) la serie (the series)
In standard Spanish, people always write la before feminine words that end with a vowel (exception; el día (day), el mediodía (midday), el mapa (map), el panda (panda)) And write el before masculine words that end with o vowel (exception; la mano (hand)) ***** "category" noun is hard to explain. So let's look at these example; el (equipo) Barcelona ; Barcelona football team even if you don't use the noun in brackets, the phrase keeps it's gender. What about un/una? Singular masculine: un Singular feminine: una Plural masculine: unos Plural feminine: unas What is the difference between el/la and un/una? As I said before el/la generally translates English "the". And un/una translates English "a". This is a dog = Esto es un perro. *Feminine/Masculine rules are same. Neuter Form In Spanish, nouns are either masculine or feminine. But Spanish does have use for the neuter form (not like German but quite similar). Spanish's neuter form is that it is never used to refer to known objects or people, and there are no neuter nouns or descriptive adjectives. Here, then, are the cases where you'll see the neuter used: el and la are known as the definite articles because they refer to definite things or people (el libro or "the book" refers to a specific book). Spanish also has a neuter definite article, lo, but you can't use it before a noun like you do el or la because there
are no neuter nouns. It is used before singular adjectives when they function as nouns, usually referring to a concept or category, not to a single concrete object or a person. There is no one way to translate lo in English. Example; Lo importante es amar / The important thing is love. Normally, lo gives a meaning like "what is". But again, this is almost impossible to translate it in English. In such usages, lo is usually translated as "it". Lo sé / I know it Here, lo doesn't refer to an object, but to a statement that has been made earlier or that is understood. What is tilde? Tilde looks like this: ñ and pronounce énye In Spanish, it's called virgulilla. Most people forget to use tilde but here an example to make you understand why it's so important; feliz año nuevo means happy new year in Spanish. If you forget to use tilde and write feliz ano nuevo, you mean happy new anus. Now, does not sound so cute, right? We have 3 different types of tilde (agudas, llamas, esdrújulas) but it's so hard to understand and explain. But don't worry, you don't have to learn them right now. You just build your vocabulary. Pronounce and Alphabet Short and simple stories, songs and movies will help you to improve your pronunciation. Now don't worry, it's really easy to learn, this is why people choose Spanish for a foreign language. First of all, you have to learn how each letter is pronounced. Here we go; A - The Spanish a is pronounced much like the English "a" in words such as "father". It is NOT pronounced like the "a" in words such as "fast". A in fast is sounds softer than
father. For example; gusta E - is much like the English "e" sound in word such as "test" but also the e is similar to the vowel sound in English words such as "say" but softer. For example; está I - is pronounced much like the "ee" in "bee" or the "ea" in "tea" Example; hijito O - as a pronunciation similar to that of the "long", not like love Example; mucho U - pronunciation of the vowel sound of "suit" and "moon". Example; cuandro When it follows the q, the u is silent. Example; Qué Y - the "y" sound in a word such as "yellow. For example, the word bien sounds something like "byehn". Example; muy buen When you use it as "and" i and y has same pronounce. CH - (yeah I know what kind of letter is this?!?) it's basically the same as the "ch" in English words such as "church" and "march." Example; chino F - it is similar to the "f" sound of "fast". Example; fogón K - k is pronounced basically the same as it usually is in English, except perhaps a bit softer, often something like the "c" in "scatter." M - m is pronounced basically the same as the "m" sound of English. Example; cómo P - The p is Spanish is usually more like the "p" in "spot." Example; permiso Q - que is pronounced something like "keh" would be in English and quien is pronounced something like "kyen." Example; quo S - the "s" sound in English words such as "see" and "bus" Example; está T - the t is typically pronounced with the tongue touching the top teeth, while in English the tongue typically touches the roof of the mouth. As a result, the Spanish t is softer or less explosive than the "t" in English usually is. The "t" in a word such as "stop" is quite close in sound to the t of Spanish. Example; cesta W - Unlike most letters of the Spanish alphabet, the w (called the uve doble and sometimes ve doble, doble ve or doble u) does not have a fixed sound. w is usually pronounced similarly to its pronunciation in the word's original language. the sound the letter has in words such as "water" and "witch." Example; watio
B and V - (share the same sounds) The sound of the English "v" such as in the word "victory" does not exist in standard Spanish. Think of it something like the English "b" but quite a bit softer. Because the v and b sound alike, spelling problems with these two letters are very common among native Spanish speakers. And a few words — one of them being ceviche or cebiche, a type of seafood dish — can be spelled with either letter. When spelling out loud in Spanish, the b is sometimes referred to as be alta, be grande or be larga in order to distinguish it from the v, sometimes called uve (which became its official name a few years ago), ve baja, ve chica or ve corta. C - The sound of the "c" in "scatter" or the "k" in "breaks" is basically the same as the "hard c" of Spanish. In nearly all of Latin America, the c also has the "s" sound when it comes before an e or an i (the same sound is heard in words such as "faces" and "fanciful.") Example; cigarro c and z 'sometimes' pronounce alike Z - The Spanish z has the same sound as does the c before an e or i. So in most of Latin America it has an "s" sound, and in most of Spain it has the unvoiced "th" sound. Example; lápiz D - the Spanish d is pronounced almost the same as the "d" in words such as "dog" and "Adam." Example; adiós G - g sound in Spanish is pronounced much like the "g" in "dog" or "figure". When g comes before the letters e or i, the sound is the same as that of the Spanish j. The j sound is one that doesn't exist in standard English. Example; gusto J - The j sound is what is known as a voiceless velar fricative (Ikr, what a useless piece of shit), which means that it is formed by forcing air through the slightly constricted back part of the mouth. Example; trabajo Better way to explain this word is laughing. in English, you write hahaha on the internet. When it comes to Spanish, you write jajaja. They almost give the same sound. L - "L" sounds occur in the word "little". the Spanish "L" is always pronounced with the tongue at the front of the roof of the mouth similar to the "L" in words such as "love" and "alike." It is never pronounced with the vowel-like sound found in words such as "ball" or "cell." Example; hola LL - is similar to the "y" of yellow. In some areas, the ll sounds like the lli in "million". It can even have an "sh" sound (in South America, especially Argentina... what the fuck is wrong with us, wtf is sho?!?!). Example; llave
N - The most common sound for the n is similar to the "n" in words such as "nice" and "dance." Example; buenos Ñ - The Spanish ñ is pronounced similarly to — but not identically with — the "ny" sound of "canyon" or the "ni" sound of "onion." Example; mañana R - The single r can indeed sound a lot like the English "d". Spanish r" sounds like the "tt" in "little" Example; pero RR - RR is a trilled sound formed by a flapping of the tongue against the front roof of the mouth, purring like a cat. Example; perro X - Spanish x is pronounced basically like the English "ks" sound but softer or less explosive. When a word begins with x (there aren't many such words, and most are English cognates), it is usually given the "s" sound, not the "z" sound of English. a word like xenofobia sounds the same as if it were spelled senofobia. Plurals Hombre = Hombres (Men) Alumno = Alumnos (Students) Casa = Casas (Houses) Chica = Chicas (Girls) Caja = Cajas (Boxes) Mujer = Mujeres (Women) Razon = Razones (Reasons) I believe you understand the rules, there is no big difference between English and Spanish plural forms but there is one thing you have to be careful about; z Pez = Peces (Fishes) Abbreviations/Abreviaturas Mister = Señor Mistress = Señora Miss = Señorita
Signature = Firma Name = Nombre Surname = Apellido La chica joven = Young lady Caballero = Sir Camarero = Waiter Numbers/Números 0 (cero) 1 (uno) 2 (dos) 3 (tres) 4 (cuatro) 5 (cinco) 6 (seis) 7 (siete) 8 (ocho) 9 (nueve) 10 (diez) 20 (veinte) 30 (treinta) 40 (cuarenta) 50 (cincuenta) 60 (sesenta) 70 (setenta)
80 (ochenta) 90 (noventa) 100 (cien) 200 (doscientos) 250 (doscientos cincuenta ) (I know so fucking stupid, right?) 1000 (mil) 1500 (mil quinientos) 2000 (dos mil) 10000 (diez mil) 100000 (un millón) Ordinal Numbers/Números Ordinales First = Primero Second = Segundo Third = Tercero Fourth = Cuanto Fifth = Quinto Twelfth = Duodécimo Twentieth = Vigésimo Questions Qué = What Cuyo = Whose Cuántos = How many Quién = Who Con quién = with whom Quién es = Who is..
Por qué = Why (I think we all know what por qué means, thank you Mou!) (Btw, por qué and porque are completely different! Por qué means why and porque means because) Cuál = Which Cuántas veces = (How) many times Cómo = How A dónde = Where Cuánto = How much Quién = Whom De dónde = Whence Qué pasc = What happened Basics Sí = Yes No = No Perdón = Sorry Buen día = Good day/Have a good day Hola = Hello Por favor = Please Buenos días = Good morning De dónde sois = Where are you from De dónde es = Where is he/she (formal) De dónde eres = Where is he/she Soy de... = I am from.... Gracias = Thank you De nada = You're welcome Gracias por su ayuda = Thanks for your help
Buenos tardes = Good afternoon Cómo estás = How are you Excelente = Excellent Bien = Good Mal = Bad Bueno = Okay Estoy seguro = I'm sure Verdad = True Nunca = Never Ciertamente = Certainly Buenos noches = Good night Hasta la vista = Bye-Bye! Hasta luego = See you later! Adiós = Goodbye Vamos = Let's go, come on Es posible = Is it possible? Puede ayudarme = Can you help me? Con alegría = Gladly Cómo se llama = What's your name (formal) Cómo te llama = What's your name Me llamo... = My name is.... Se llama... = Her name is... Mi apellido = My surname is... Encantado/a de conocerte = Nice to meet you Estoy bien = I am fine
Qué hora es = What time is it *** Son las + number Es la una (1:00) (this is an exception, we will use son las except this one) Son las dos (2:00) Son las tres (3:00) Son las cuatro (4:00) Son las cinco (5:00) Son las seis (6:00) Son las siete (7:00) Son las ocho (8:00) Son las nueve (9:00) Son las diez (10:00) Son las once (11:00) Son las doce (12:00) *** Son las + number + y + minute (... past....) Son las tres y dos (3:02) Son las siete y doce (7:12) *** Son las + number + y media ( ....half past) Son las dos y media (2:30) Son las oche y media (8:30) *** Son las + number + menos + minute (...to...) Son las coatro menos veinte. Son las diez menos ocho. ¿Cuál es la fecha de hoy? (be careful, h is voiceless here; hoy); What is the date today?
Qué día es hoy? ; What day is today? Mes Month Enero January Febrero February Marzo March Abril April Mayo May Junio June Julio July Agosto August Septiembre September Octubre October Noviembre November Diciembre December Día Day Lunes Monday Martes Tuesday Miércoles Wednesday Jueves Thursday Viernes Friday Sábado Saturday Domingo Sunday *** el + day + de + month
el seis de octubre (October 6) el cuatro de enero (January 4) el diez de julio (July 10) el cinco de mayo (May 5) Las Estaciones Seasons la primavera Spring el vereno Summer el otoño Fall el invierno Winter Also; Mañana = Tomorrow Ayer = Yesterday Hoy = Today Todos los días = Everyday La semana próxima = Next week _________________________________________________________ Entiendo = I understand Puedo leer = I can read Sé un poco = I know a little No le entiendo = I don't understand you No entendí = I did not understand Puedo repetir por favor = Can you repeat, please?
Cuántos años tiene = How old are you Tengo veinte años. (I'm 20 year old) Yo tengo + number + años _________________________________________________________ Te quiero = I like you (Spanish is a romantic language, it means both "I like you"(more than just a friend) or "I want you" (physically).In Argentina, te quiero can be used in a romantic relationship that hasn´t yet reached the stage of te amo. It's all about attitude. But don't say it to people you just started to know, it's like saying "I love you, let's get married" on first date... creepy). Te amo = I love you Muy guapa = Very pretty (You can use it like, "Sara es muy guapa! (Sara is very pretty)) ( and it doesn't mean beautiful, "bonita" means beautiful.) Mi querido = My dear (masculine) Mi querida = My dear (feminine) Mi amor = My love _________________________________________________________ Mejores deseos = Best wishes Felicidades = Congratulations (but it's a very versatile word, Felicitaciones also means congratulations) Buena suerte = Good luck Feliz cumpleaños = Happy birthday Bien hecho = Well done _________________________________________________________ Es muy delicioso = It is very delicious Desayuno = Breakfast Almorzar = Lunch Cena = Dinner Buen provecho = Bon appetit
__________________________________________________________ Amarillo = Yellow Azul = Blue Blanco = White Negro = Black Roja = Red Rosado = Pink Verde = Green Gris = Grey Esta mesa es roja. Esta es una mesa roja. ¿De qué color es .... ? (What colour is it?) ¿De qué colores son .... ? (plural) ¿De qué color es esta chaqueta? Es azul. Prepositions a - to, at, in, into al - to the, at the etc1 al lado de - next to; compared to a partir de - starting from, upwards of alrededor de - around antes de - before a través de - through, across
bajo - under cerca de - como - as, like con with; of, containing (un vaso con água = a glass of water) - near contra - against de - of; made of; used to make compounds in Spanish de - from (when expressing movement) de - (in time expressions) by, in the (morning, day etc) del - of the, in the etc1 desde from, since (used instead of de when stressing notion of movement, or with times, prices, values) después de - after detrás de - behind durante - during, for (a period of time) en in, on2, at - en lugar de - en medio de - instead of in the middle of entre - between, among en vez de - instead of fuera de - outside hacia - towards3 hasta - until, up to para (in time phrases) around, by - para for: expressing destination, direction, recipient ("brought it for me"), opinion ("for me, it seems...")
por for: in most other senses ('because of', 'on behalf of', 'in exchange for/per', 'to the value of', 'instead of') por - (indicating place) via, through; throughout; around según - according to, depending on sin without, -less - sobre - on, on top of, above2 tras behind, from behind; (with time phrases) after, subsequent to - In Latin America; abajo de - underneath adentro de - inside afuera de - outside atrás de - behind luego de - after hasta - (mainly Mexico) not until, not before Subject pronouns (pronombres usados como sujetos) Singular; yo (I) tú (You) (familiar) usted (You) (formal) él (He) ella (She) Plural; nosotros, nosotras (We)
vosotros, vosotras (You) ustedes (You) ellos (they) (masculine) ellas (they) (feminine) ______________________________________________________________________ Now we are gonna learn simple phrases; Esto (this), eso (that) Este (masc. this), Esa (fem. this) Ese (masc. that), Esa (fem. that) Aquel (masc. that), Aquella (fem. that) Esto (-) This Eso (-) That (by you) Aquello (-) (away from both of us) Mostly we are gonna use esto and eso because these are not masculine or feminine. So you can use them with every phrase (except plurals). Let's start... Question; ¿Qué es esto? (What is this?) ¿Qué es eso? (What is that?) ¿Qué es aquello? (What is it?) Answer; Esto + es + un/una ________ (This is a __________) As you can see, it's very similar to English Esto = This Es = Is Un/Una = A (don't forget, una is feminine, un is masculine)
Examples; Esto es una mesa. ( This is a table) Esto es una casa. (This is a house) Esto es un sombrero. (This is a hat) You don't have to use qué all the time. For example; ¿Es esto un/una __________? (Is this a table?) ¿Esto es un paraguas? (Is this an umbrella?) Sí, (esto) es un paraguas. (Yes, this is an umbrealla) No, (esto) no es un paraguas. (No, this is not an umbrella) Positive; Sí + esto (you don't have to use it, if you want) + es + un/una + noun Negative; No, + esto (again, you don't have to use) + no + es + Un/una + noun "Or" ¿Es (esto) una casa o una escuela? (Is this a house or school?) Es una casa. (You can't use sí or no) Es + esto/eso/aquello + un/una + noun + o + un/una + noun? As you can see 'o' means 'or'. Singular Plural Este (M) Estos Esta (F) Estas Esto (-) - Ese (M) Esos Esa (F) Esas
Eso (-) - Aquel (M) Aquellos Aquella (F) Aquellas Aquello (-) - es son *** If your phrase is plural, you can't use esto, eso or aquello. But you don't have to use them, if you don't want to. (Estos) son (unos) libros. Plural and Negative ¿Qué son estos? Son carteras. ¿Qué son esos? Esos son barcos. ¿Qué son aquellos? Son pájaros. Son + (estos) + unos/unas + noun (Estos) no son (unos) libros. Sí, son (unos) libros. No, no son (unos) libros. Adjetivos/Adjectives una mesa grande As you can see, in Spanish, we use adjectives after nouns. *Masculine > Feminine Un hombre alto (masc) Un mujer alta (fem) ¿Son viejos aquellos paraguas?
¿Son + adj + Estos/Estas/Esos/Esas/Aquellos/Aquellas + noun? Esta casa es vieja /or/ (Es) un/el libro nuevo. Esta/Esto... + es + adj /or / (es) un/una/el/la + noun + ajd

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Spanish Lesson 1

  • 1.
    GRAMMAR Definite Article Singular masculine:el Singular feminine: la Plural masculine: los Plural feminine: las The definite article in Spanish (the word that generally translates English "the" ) depends on the gender of the noun. All nouns in Spanish are generally either masculine or feminine. In general: BASIC GENDER RULES Words Ending with... Gender Example -o Masculine el libro (the book) -a Feminine la barca (the barque) -ista Follows the gender el/la pianista (the pianist) of the person -ión Feminine la habitación (the room) -ad, -ud Feminine la actitud (the attitude) -aje Masculine el equipaje (the luggage) -ante Usually masculine unless referring to a female -ie Feminine el desodorante (the deodorant) la cantante (the female singer) la serie (the series)
  • 2.
    In standard Spanish,people always write la before feminine words that end with a vowel (exception; el día (day), el mediodía (midday), el mapa (map), el panda (panda)) And write el before masculine words that end with o vowel (exception; la mano (hand)) ***** "category" noun is hard to explain. So let's look at these example; el (equipo) Barcelona ; Barcelona football team even if you don't use the noun in brackets, the phrase keeps it's gender. What about un/una? Singular masculine: un Singular feminine: una Plural masculine: unos Plural feminine: unas What is the difference between el/la and un/una? As I said before el/la generally translates English "the". And un/una translates English "a". This is a dog = Esto es un perro. *Feminine/Masculine rules are same. Neuter Form In Spanish, nouns are either masculine or feminine. But Spanish does have use for the neuter form (not like German but quite similar). Spanish's neuter form is that it is never used to refer to known objects or people, and there are no neuter nouns or descriptive adjectives. Here, then, are the cases where you'll see the neuter used: el and la are known as the definite articles because they refer to definite things or people (el libro or "the book" refers to a specific book). Spanish also has a neuter definite article, lo, but you can't use it before a noun like you do el or la because there
  • 3.
    are no neuternouns. It is used before singular adjectives when they function as nouns, usually referring to a concept or category, not to a single concrete object or a person. There is no one way to translate lo in English. Example; Lo importante es amar / The important thing is love. Normally, lo gives a meaning like "what is". But again, this is almost impossible to translate it in English. In such usages, lo is usually translated as "it". Lo sé / I know it Here, lo doesn't refer to an object, but to a statement that has been made earlier or that is understood. What is tilde? Tilde looks like this: ñ and pronounce énye In Spanish, it's called virgulilla. Most people forget to use tilde but here an example to make you understand why it's so important; feliz año nuevo means happy new year in Spanish. If you forget to use tilde and write feliz ano nuevo, you mean happy new anus. Now, does not sound so cute, right? We have 3 different types of tilde (agudas, llamas, esdrújulas) but it's so hard to understand and explain. But don't worry, you don't have to learn them right now. You just build your vocabulary. Pronounce and Alphabet Short and simple stories, songs and movies will help you to improve your pronunciation. Now don't worry, it's really easy to learn, this is why people choose Spanish for a foreign language. First of all, you have to learn how each letter is pronounced. Here we go; A - The Spanish a is pronounced much like the English "a" in words such as "father". It is NOT pronounced like the "a" in words such as "fast". A in fast is sounds softer than
  • 4.
    father. For example;gusta E - is much like the English "e" sound in word such as "test" but also the e is similar to the vowel sound in English words such as "say" but softer. For example; está I - is pronounced much like the "ee" in "bee" or the "ea" in "tea" Example; hijito O - as a pronunciation similar to that of the "long", not like love Example; mucho U - pronunciation of the vowel sound of "suit" and "moon". Example; cuandro When it follows the q, the u is silent. Example; Qué Y - the "y" sound in a word such as "yellow. For example, the word bien sounds something like "byehn". Example; muy buen When you use it as "and" i and y has same pronounce. CH - (yeah I know what kind of letter is this?!?) it's basically the same as the "ch" in English words such as "church" and "march." Example; chino F - it is similar to the "f" sound of "fast". Example; fogón K - k is pronounced basically the same as it usually is in English, except perhaps a bit softer, often something like the "c" in "scatter." M - m is pronounced basically the same as the "m" sound of English. Example; cómo P - The p is Spanish is usually more like the "p" in "spot." Example; permiso Q - que is pronounced something like "keh" would be in English and quien is pronounced something like "kyen." Example; quo S - the "s" sound in English words such as "see" and "bus" Example; está T - the t is typically pronounced with the tongue touching the top teeth, while in English the tongue typically touches the roof of the mouth. As a result, the Spanish t is softer or less explosive than the "t" in English usually is. The "t" in a word such as "stop" is quite close in sound to the t of Spanish. Example; cesta W - Unlike most letters of the Spanish alphabet, the w (called the uve doble and sometimes ve doble, doble ve or doble u) does not have a fixed sound. w is usually pronounced similarly to its pronunciation in the word's original language. the sound the letter has in words such as "water" and "witch." Example; watio
  • 5.
    B and V- (share the same sounds) The sound of the English "v" such as in the word "victory" does not exist in standard Spanish. Think of it something like the English "b" but quite a bit softer. Because the v and b sound alike, spelling problems with these two letters are very common among native Spanish speakers. And a few words — one of them being ceviche or cebiche, a type of seafood dish — can be spelled with either letter. When spelling out loud in Spanish, the b is sometimes referred to as be alta, be grande or be larga in order to distinguish it from the v, sometimes called uve (which became its official name a few years ago), ve baja, ve chica or ve corta. C - The sound of the "c" in "scatter" or the "k" in "breaks" is basically the same as the "hard c" of Spanish. In nearly all of Latin America, the c also has the "s" sound when it comes before an e or an i (the same sound is heard in words such as "faces" and "fanciful.") Example; cigarro c and z 'sometimes' pronounce alike Z - The Spanish z has the same sound as does the c before an e or i. So in most of Latin America it has an "s" sound, and in most of Spain it has the unvoiced "th" sound. Example; lápiz D - the Spanish d is pronounced almost the same as the "d" in words such as "dog" and "Adam." Example; adiós G - g sound in Spanish is pronounced much like the "g" in "dog" or "figure". When g comes before the letters e or i, the sound is the same as that of the Spanish j. The j sound is one that doesn't exist in standard English. Example; gusto J - The j sound is what is known as a voiceless velar fricative (Ikr, what a useless piece of shit), which means that it is formed by forcing air through the slightly constricted back part of the mouth. Example; trabajo Better way to explain this word is laughing. in English, you write hahaha on the internet. When it comes to Spanish, you write jajaja. They almost give the same sound. L - "L" sounds occur in the word "little". the Spanish "L" is always pronounced with the tongue at the front of the roof of the mouth similar to the "L" in words such as "love" and "alike." It is never pronounced with the vowel-like sound found in words such as "ball" or "cell." Example; hola LL - is similar to the "y" of yellow. In some areas, the ll sounds like the lli in "million". It can even have an "sh" sound (in South America, especially Argentina... what the fuck is wrong with us, wtf is sho?!?!). Example; llave
  • 6.
    N - Themost common sound for the n is similar to the "n" in words such as "nice" and "dance." Example; buenos Ñ - The Spanish ñ is pronounced similarly to — but not identically with — the "ny" sound of "canyon" or the "ni" sound of "onion." Example; mañana R - The single r can indeed sound a lot like the English "d". Spanish r" sounds like the "tt" in "little" Example; pero RR - RR is a trilled sound formed by a flapping of the tongue against the front roof of the mouth, purring like a cat. Example; perro X - Spanish x is pronounced basically like the English "ks" sound but softer or less explosive. When a word begins with x (there aren't many such words, and most are English cognates), it is usually given the "s" sound, not the "z" sound of English. a word like xenofobia sounds the same as if it were spelled senofobia. Plurals Hombre = Hombres (Men) Alumno = Alumnos (Students) Casa = Casas (Houses) Chica = Chicas (Girls) Caja = Cajas (Boxes) Mujer = Mujeres (Women) Razon = Razones (Reasons) I believe you understand the rules, there is no big difference between English and Spanish plural forms but there is one thing you have to be careful about; z Pez = Peces (Fishes) Abbreviations/Abreviaturas Mister = Señor Mistress = Señora Miss = Señorita
  • 7.
    Signature = Firma Name= Nombre Surname = Apellido La chica joven = Young lady Caballero = Sir Camarero = Waiter Numbers/Números 0 (cero) 1 (uno) 2 (dos) 3 (tres) 4 (cuatro) 5 (cinco) 6 (seis) 7 (siete) 8 (ocho) 9 (nueve) 10 (diez) 20 (veinte) 30 (treinta) 40 (cuarenta) 50 (cincuenta) 60 (sesenta) 70 (setenta)
  • 8.
    80 (ochenta) 90 (noventa) 100(cien) 200 (doscientos) 250 (doscientos cincuenta ) (I know so fucking stupid, right?) 1000 (mil) 1500 (mil quinientos) 2000 (dos mil) 10000 (diez mil) 100000 (un millón) Ordinal Numbers/Números Ordinales First = Primero Second = Segundo Third = Tercero Fourth = Cuanto Fifth = Quinto Twelfth = Duodécimo Twentieth = Vigésimo Questions Qué = What Cuyo = Whose Cuántos = How many Quién = Who Con quién = with whom Quién es = Who is..
  • 9.
    Por qué =Why (I think we all know what por qué means, thank you Mou!) (Btw, por qué and porque are completely different! Por qué means why and porque means because) Cuál = Which Cuántas veces = (How) many times Cómo = How A dónde = Where Cuánto = How much Quién = Whom De dónde = Whence Qué pasc = What happened Basics Sí = Yes No = No Perdón = Sorry Buen día = Good day/Have a good day Hola = Hello Por favor = Please Buenos días = Good morning De dónde sois = Where are you from De dónde es = Where is he/she (formal) De dónde eres = Where is he/she Soy de... = I am from.... Gracias = Thank you De nada = You're welcome Gracias por su ayuda = Thanks for your help
  • 10.
    Buenos tardes =Good afternoon Cómo estás = How are you Excelente = Excellent Bien = Good Mal = Bad Bueno = Okay Estoy seguro = I'm sure Verdad = True Nunca = Never Ciertamente = Certainly Buenos noches = Good night Hasta la vista = Bye-Bye! Hasta luego = See you later! Adiós = Goodbye Vamos = Let's go, come on Es posible = Is it possible? Puede ayudarme = Can you help me? Con alegría = Gladly Cómo se llama = What's your name (formal) Cómo te llama = What's your name Me llamo... = My name is.... Se llama... = Her name is... Mi apellido = My surname is... Encantado/a de conocerte = Nice to meet you Estoy bien = I am fine
  • 11.
    Qué hora es= What time is it *** Son las + number Es la una (1:00) (this is an exception, we will use son las except this one) Son las dos (2:00) Son las tres (3:00) Son las cuatro (4:00) Son las cinco (5:00) Son las seis (6:00) Son las siete (7:00) Son las ocho (8:00) Son las nueve (9:00) Son las diez (10:00) Son las once (11:00) Son las doce (12:00) *** Son las + number + y + minute (... past....) Son las tres y dos (3:02) Son las siete y doce (7:12) *** Son las + number + y media ( ....half past) Son las dos y media (2:30) Son las oche y media (8:30) *** Son las + number + menos + minute (...to...) Son las coatro menos veinte. Son las diez menos ocho. ¿Cuál es la fecha de hoy? (be careful, h is voiceless here; hoy); What is the date today?
  • 12.
    Qué día eshoy? ; What day is today? Mes Month Enero January Febrero February Marzo March Abril April Mayo May Junio June Julio July Agosto August Septiembre September Octubre October Noviembre November Diciembre December Día Day Lunes Monday Martes Tuesday Miércoles Wednesday Jueves Thursday Viernes Friday Sábado Saturday Domingo Sunday *** el + day + de + month
  • 13.
    el seis deoctubre (October 6) el cuatro de enero (January 4) el diez de julio (July 10) el cinco de mayo (May 5) Las Estaciones Seasons la primavera Spring el vereno Summer el otoño Fall el invierno Winter Also; Mañana = Tomorrow Ayer = Yesterday Hoy = Today Todos los días = Everyday La semana próxima = Next week _________________________________________________________ Entiendo = I understand Puedo leer = I can read Sé un poco = I know a little No le entiendo = I don't understand you No entendí = I did not understand Puedo repetir por favor = Can you repeat, please?
  • 14.
    Cuántos años tiene= How old are you Tengo veinte años. (I'm 20 year old) Yo tengo + number + años _________________________________________________________ Te quiero = I like you (Spanish is a romantic language, it means both "I like you"(more than just a friend) or "I want you" (physically).In Argentina, te quiero can be used in a romantic relationship that hasn´t yet reached the stage of te amo. It's all about attitude. But don't say it to people you just started to know, it's like saying "I love you, let's get married" on first date... creepy). Te amo = I love you Muy guapa = Very pretty (You can use it like, "Sara es muy guapa! (Sara is very pretty)) ( and it doesn't mean beautiful, "bonita" means beautiful.) Mi querido = My dear (masculine) Mi querida = My dear (feminine) Mi amor = My love _________________________________________________________ Mejores deseos = Best wishes Felicidades = Congratulations (but it's a very versatile word, Felicitaciones also means congratulations) Buena suerte = Good luck Feliz cumpleaños = Happy birthday Bien hecho = Well done _________________________________________________________ Es muy delicioso = It is very delicious Desayuno = Breakfast Almorzar = Lunch Cena = Dinner Buen provecho = Bon appetit
  • 15.
    __________________________________________________________ Amarillo = Yellow Azul= Blue Blanco = White Negro = Black Roja = Red Rosado = Pink Verde = Green Gris = Grey Esta mesa es roja. Esta es una mesa roja. ¿De qué color es .... ? (What colour is it?) ¿De qué colores son .... ? (plural) ¿De qué color es esta chaqueta? Es azul. Prepositions a - to, at, in, into al - to the, at the etc1 al lado de - next to; compared to a partir de - starting from, upwards of alrededor de - around antes de - before a través de - through, across
  • 16.
    bajo - under cerca de - como - as,like con with; of, containing (un vaso con água = a glass of water) - near contra - against de - of; made of; used to make compounds in Spanish de - from (when expressing movement) de - (in time expressions) by, in the (morning, day etc) del - of the, in the etc1 desde from, since (used instead of de when stressing notion of movement, or with times, prices, values) después de - after detrás de - behind durante - during, for (a period of time) en in, on2, at - en lugar de - en medio de - instead of in the middle of entre - between, among en vez de - instead of fuera de - outside hacia - towards3 hasta - until, up to para (in time phrases) around, by - para for: expressing destination, direction, recipient ("brought it for me"), opinion ("for me, it seems...")
  • 17.
    por for: in mostother senses ('because of', 'on behalf of', 'in exchange for/per', 'to the value of', 'instead of') por - (indicating place) via, through; throughout; around según - according to, depending on sin without, -less - sobre - on, on top of, above2 tras behind, from behind; (with time phrases) after, subsequent to - In Latin America; abajo de - underneath adentro de - inside afuera de - outside atrás de - behind luego de - after hasta - (mainly Mexico) not until, not before Subject pronouns (pronombres usados como sujetos) Singular; yo (I) tú (You) (familiar) usted (You) (formal) él (He) ella (She) Plural; nosotros, nosotras (We)
  • 18.
    vosotros, vosotras (You) ustedes(You) ellos (they) (masculine) ellas (they) (feminine) ______________________________________________________________________ Now we are gonna learn simple phrases; Esto (this), eso (that) Este (masc. this), Esa (fem. this) Ese (masc. that), Esa (fem. that) Aquel (masc. that), Aquella (fem. that) Esto (-) This Eso (-) That (by you) Aquello (-) (away from both of us) Mostly we are gonna use esto and eso because these are not masculine or feminine. So you can use them with every phrase (except plurals). Let's start... Question; ¿Qué es esto? (What is this?) ¿Qué es eso? (What is that?) ¿Qué es aquello? (What is it?) Answer; Esto + es + un/una ________ (This is a __________) As you can see, it's very similar to English Esto = This Es = Is Un/Una = A (don't forget, una is feminine, un is masculine)
  • 19.
    Examples; Esto esuna mesa. ( This is a table) Esto es una casa. (This is a house) Esto es un sombrero. (This is a hat) You don't have to use qué all the time. For example; ¿Es esto un/una __________? (Is this a table?) ¿Esto es un paraguas? (Is this an umbrella?) Sí, (esto) es un paraguas. (Yes, this is an umbrealla) No, (esto) no es un paraguas. (No, this is not an umbrella) Positive; Sí + esto (you don't have to use it, if you want) + es + un/una + noun Negative; No, + esto (again, you don't have to use) + no + es + Un/una + noun "Or" ¿Es (esto) una casa o una escuela? (Is this a house or school?) Es una casa. (You can't use sí or no) Es + esto/eso/aquello + un/una + noun + o + un/una + noun? As you can see 'o' means 'or'. Singular Plural Este (M) Estos Esta (F) Estas Esto (-) - Ese (M) Esos Esa (F) Esas
  • 20.
    Eso (-) - Aquel (M) Aquellos Aquella(F) Aquellas Aquello (-) - es son *** If your phrase is plural, you can't use esto, eso or aquello. But you don't have to use them, if you don't want to. (Estos) son (unos) libros. Plural and Negative ¿Qué son estos? Son carteras. ¿Qué son esos? Esos son barcos. ¿Qué son aquellos? Son pájaros. Son + (estos) + unos/unas + noun (Estos) no son (unos) libros. Sí, son (unos) libros. No, no son (unos) libros. Adjetivos/Adjectives una mesa grande As you can see, in Spanish, we use adjectives after nouns. *Masculine > Feminine Un hombre alto (masc) Un mujer alta (fem) ¿Son viejos aquellos paraguas?
  • 21.
    ¿Son + adj+ Estos/Estas/Esos/Esas/Aquellos/Aquellas + noun? Esta casa es vieja /or/ (Es) un/el libro nuevo. Esta/Esto... + es + adj /or / (es) un/una/el/la + noun + ajd