The document provides a table of contents for a Spanish grammar book covering topics such as nationalities, stem changers, object pronoun placement, reflexive verbs, preterite tense, modal verbs, and adverbs. Each section gives examples and explanations of key grammar concepts.

1. Grammar
Book
Augusto Melnick

2. Table of Contents
1. Nationalities
2. Stem Changers
3. Para
4. Object Pronoun Placement
5. IOP’s
6. Gustar
7. Affirmative/Negative Words
8. Superlatives
9. Reflexives
10. Affirmative Tú Commands/Irregulars/Pronoun Placement
11. Negative Tú Commands/Irregulars/Pronoun Placement
12. Sequencing Events
13. Preterite
14. Trigger Words
15. -Car, -Gar, -Zar
16. Deber + Infinitive
17. Modal Verbs
18. Present Progressive
19. Adverbs

4. Stem Changers
Dormir: to sleep
Yoduermo Nosotros/as dormimos
Túduermes Vosotros/as dormís
El/Ella/Ud. duerme Ellos/Ellas/Udsduermen
Pensar: to think
Yopienso Nosotros/as pensamos
Túpiensas Vosotros/as pensáis
El/Ella/Ud. piensa Ellos/Ellas/Udspiensan
Servir: to serve
Yosirvo Nosotros/as servimos
Túsirves Vosotros/as servís
El/Ella/Ud. sirve Ellos/Ellas/Udssirven
Peder: to be able to
Yopuedo Nosotros/as pedemos
Túpuedes Vosotros/as pedéis
El/Ella/Ud. puede Ellos/Ellas/Udspueden

5. Para
 Para means for or in order to.
 Ex: Ella comprafrutas PARA cena.
 Ex: Yonecesitounataza PARA
beberbebidas.

6. Object Pronoun Placement
1. Attach the pronoun to the infinitive
2. Attach the pronoun to a progressive tense
3. Attach the pronoun to an affirmative command
4. Place the pronoun before a conjugated verb

7. IOP’s
 Indirect object pronouns are used to avoid
repetition and answer “whom” or what.”
Me Nos
 The IOP’s are:
Te Os
Le Les
 They replace or accompany indirect objects.

8. Gustar
 Gustar- to like
 When conjugating gustar, CONJUGATE
BACKWARDS.
 If the object is singular: me/te/le/nos/lesgusta.
 If the object is plural: me/te/le/nos/lesgustan.

9. Affirmative/Negative Words
Affirmative Negative
Algo (something) Nada (nothing)
Alguien (someone) Nadie (no one)
Algún/alguno(a) (some) Ningún/ninguno(a) (none)
Siempre (always) Nunca (never)
También (also) Tampoco (neither)

10. Superlatives
 Add –isimo, -isimos, -isima, or -isimas at the end of
an adjective. Equivalent of “extremely”.
 If the adjective ends in c>qu, g>gu, z>c.
 If it ends in –n or –r, add –cisimo/a at the end.

11. Reflexives
 Inreflexive form, the subject is also the object. The
person does and receives the action. The
subject, verb, and pronoun are all in the same form.
 Ex: levantarse Yo me levanto Nosotrosnoslevantamos
Tutelevantas
El/Ella/Ud. se levanta Ellos/as/Uds. se levantan
 Reflexives have 4 different positions: in front of a
conjugated verb, attached to a gerund, attached
to an infinitive, or attached to an affirmative
command.

12. Affirmative Tú Commands
 An affirmative command is commanding someone
to do something.
 To conjugate, simply put the verb in the el/ella/Ud.
form. Ex: caminar- to walk. ¡Camina!
 Irregulars: di-decir, haz-hacer, ve-ir, pon-poner, sal-
salir, sé-ser, ten-tener, ven-venir

13. Negative Tú Commands
A negative command is telling someone NOT to do
something.
 To conjugate, first put verb in the “yo” form.
Then, drop the –o. If the verb ends in –ar, put an –es
at the end. If the verb ends in –er or –ir, put an –as
at the end.
 Ex: Don’t speak! ¡No hables!
 Irregulars: no des-dar (doy in yo form), no estés-
estar (estoy), no vayas-ir (voy), no seas-ser (soy)

14. Sequencing Events
 First:
primero
 Then: entonces
 Later: luego
 Finally: por fin
 Before: antes de
 After: después de
 In/during the..: por la..
 On monday, tuesday..: los lunes, martes, etc.

15. Preterite
 Perfected action in the past tense.
-ar verbs
-é -amos
-aste -asteis
-ó -aron
-er/-ir verbs
-í -imos
-iste -isteis
-ió -ieron

16. Trigger Words
English Spanish
One day Undia
Once Unavez
Yesterday Ayer
At night A noche
A year ago Hace un año
Already Ya
Last month El mespasado
Before yesterday Ante ayer
For an hour Porunahora
Finally Por fin
At eight A lasocho
February 5th El cinco de febrero
Twice Dosveces

17. -car, -gar, -zar
 In the “yo” form preterite, -car > -qué, -gar > -gué, &
-zar> -cé.
 Tocar. Yotoqué.
 Jugar. Yojugué.
 Comenzar: Yocomencé.

18. Deber + infinitive
Yodebo Nosotrosdebemos
 Deber- should Túdebes
El/Ella/Ud. debe Ellos/as/Uds. deben
 Deber is always followed by an infinitive.
 Ex: I should go. Yodeboir.

19. Modal Verbs
 Thesecond verb is never conjugated in a modal
verb combination. You wouldn’t say
“yopuedonado”, you would say “yopuedonadar.”

20. Present Progressive
 Conjugated form of estar + “ing”
 -ar> -ando Hablar>hablando
 -er/-ir> -iendo Escribir>escribiendo
 3 vowels > -yendo Leer >leyendo

21. Adverbs
 For adjectives ending in –o or –a, add –mente to
the feminine form. Ex: lento > lentamente
 For adjectives ending in –e, -l, or –z, simply add –
mente to the end. Ex: feliz>felizmente.