This document provides a grammar reference guide covering various topics in Spanish grammar including: 1. Nationalities of different Spanish-speaking countries. 2. Conjugations of stem-changing, indirect/direct object, and gustar verbs. 3. Formations of superlatives, reflexive, affirmative commands, irregular verbs, negatives, and sequencing words. 4. Conjugations in the preterite tense and for -ar, -er, -ir verbs. 5. Uses of deber + infinitive, modal verbs, and the present progressive tense. 6. Common adverbs used in Spanish.

1. Grammar Book
Sonia Nguyen
3rd
SP2H

2. Table of Content
Nacionalidad
Stem changing
Indirect/Direct Objects
Gustar
Negative words/Affirmatives
Los superlatives
Reflexives
Affirmative commands
Irregular
Negative
Sequencing
Preterite
-Car –Gar –Zar
Deber + Infinitive
Modal Verbs
Present Progressive
Adverbs

3. Nacionalidad Cuba Cubano
Nicaragua Nicaraguense Uruguayo
Uruguay
Costa Rica Costarricense
Paraguay Paraguayo
Estados Unidos Norteamericanos
Puerto Rico Puertorriquno
Estdounidense
Panama Panameno
Venezuela venezolano
Peru peruano El Salvador Salvadoreno
Chile chileano Honduras Hondureno
Colombia colombiano Espana Espanol
Bolivia Boliviano Guatemala Guatemalteco
Ecuador Ecuatoriano
Guinea Guineano
Argentina Argentino Ecuatorial
La Republica Dominicano
Mexico Mexicano Dominicana

4. Stem Changing
e>i o > ue e > ie
Pedir Almorzar Pensar
Pido Almuerzo Pienso
Pides Almuerzas Piensas
Pide Almuerza Piensa
Pedimos Almorzamos Pensamos
Pedis Almorzais Pensais
Piden Almuerzan Piensan

5. Indirect/ Direct Objects
Singular Plural
me nos
Me Us
te os
You (familiar) You (familiar)
le les
You (formal), him, her You, then

6. When you want to talk about things that people
Gustar like, change the form or gustar to match the
singular or plural nouns for those things.
Singular Plural
me gusta me gustan
te gusta te gustan
le gusta le gustan
nos gusta nos gustan
os gusta os gustan
les gusta les gustan

7. Negative Words/ Affirmatives
Affirmatives Negative Words
algo - something Nada - nothing
Alguien - someone Nadie - no one
algun / alguno - same ningun / nunguno – none,
not any
Siempre - always Nunca - never
Tambien - also Tampoco - neither, either

8. To express extremes with most adjectives, drop
the final vowel and add the ending –isimo(a).
Los Superlatives The adjective must agree in gender and number
with the noun it modifies
isimo isimos
malo > malisimo caliente > calientisimos
isima isimas
larga > larguisima muchas > muchisimas
c > qu *When the last consonant is c, g, or z,
spelling changes are required
g > gu
z>c

9. Reflexives
Me Te Se
lavo lavas lava
Nos Os Se
lavamos laváis lavan

10. Affirmative Commands
Give instructions or commands to someone by using the Affirmative tu commands of
regular verbs.
*Notice it is a tú command, but ends like a 3 rd house form.*
Caminar :
¡Camina!
¡Camina en el parque!
Comer :
¡Come!
¡Come toda la hamburguesa!
Abrir :
Abre!
¡Abre la puerta, quiero entrar!

11. Irregular
Infinitive Affirmative tú
Command
Decir Di
Hacer Haz
Ir Ve
Poner Pon
Salir Sal
Ser Sé
Tener Ten
Venir Ven

12. Negative tú Commands
When you tell someone what not to
do, use a negative commands.
Negative tú commands are formed by
taking you form of the present tense,
dropping the – o, and adding the
appropriate ending.
Hablo  -es for –ar verbs
Vuelvo  -as for –er and –ir verbs
Infinitive Yo Form Negative tú
Command
hablar hablo ¡No Hables!
volver vuelvo ¡No
vuelvas!

13. Sequencing
Primero First
Entonces Then
Luego/después Then / after
Por Fin Finally
Antes de/ después de Before / after
Por la mañana/ tarde/ In the morning/
noche afternoon/ night

14. Preterite
To conjugate regular -ar verbs in the preterite, simply drop
the ending (-ar) and add one of the following:
é
aste
ó
amos
asteis
aron
To conjugate regular -er and -ir verbs in the preterite, simply
drop the ending (-er or -ir) and add one of the following:
í
iste
ió
imos
isteis
ieron

15. -Car –Gar -Zar
Tocar Jugar Comenzar
Toqué Jugué Comencé
Tocaste Jugaste Comenzaste
Tocó Jugó Comenezó
Tocamos Jugamos Comenzamos
Tocaron Jugaron Comenzaron

16. Deber + Infinitive
Yo Debo
Tú Debes
El/Ella/Usted Debe
Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes Deben
Nosotros/Nosotras Debemos

17. Modal Verbs
Deber Should ought to
-When verbs are
used in modal verb Desear To desire
combinations – 2nd Necesitar To need
verb is not
conjugated both Poder Can,could,might
rather left in Querer Want, would like
infinitive form to
Saber Know
Soler Usually,used to

18. Present Progressive
-ing estar t “-ing”
Ar ando
Er/ir iendo
3 vowel yendo

19. Adverbs
-mente
Adj make femine adverb(mente)
-When 2 adverds modify the same verb,
only
the 2nd one uses the –mente ending.
Adverbs – modify the verbs
Mucho, muy, mal, bastante, bien, ya, tan,
nunca, Poco, Psiempre, desmasiado