The Hisat'Sinom, also known as the Sinagua people, lived in the Flagstaff region of Arizona from 1100-1300 CE before mysteriously disappearing. They appeared with an advanced culture and traded with groups as far as Mexico. They were skilled farmers who built stone pueblos and cliff dwellings adapted to the landscape. After thriving for 200 years, the Sinagua may have been forced to leave due to prolonged drought, though some evidence suggests they may have integrated with other groups peacefully. The reasons for their disappearance remain unknown.
The document discusses how during the Neolithic period around 8000 BC, humans began domesticating animals and learning agriculture, growing crops like rice and potatoes. This allowed people to establish permanent communities instead of constantly traveling, as they could now rely on a steady food source, marking an important change for human civilization.
The document is a slideshow presentation on a variety of topics including the Pillars of Creation nebula, crab nebula, microscopic plankton, orchids, a migrant mother photo from the dust bowl era, a family windmill, childhood photos, fossil footprints, volcanic ash cliffs, historical inscriptions, unusual crystal and plant growths, animals, and landscapes from around the world. The presentation provides brief descriptions and context for each image.
South Carolina 6th Grade Education Standards
6-1.1: Explain the characteristics of hunter-gatherer groups and their relationship to the natural environment
6-1.2: Explain the emergence of agriculture and its effect on early human communities, including the domestication of plants and animals, the impact of irrigation techniques, and subsequent food surpluses.
Unit 7: What's for Dinner Tonight? Evidence of Early AgricultureBig History Project
1. Archaeologists have uncovered evidence at three early farming sites that provides insights into the development of agriculture.
2. At the Banpo site in China dated to around 6000 BCE, archaeologists found pottery, farming tools, and evidence of rice and millet cultivation, indicating the people there were early farmers.
3. At the Guila Naquitz cave in Mexico dated to around 9000 BCE, squash seeds and evidence of maize cultivation were found, showing the early adoption of agriculture despite a semi-nomadic lifestyle.
4. At Lake Condah in Australia dated to around 8000 BCE, archaeologists discovered extensive eel farming through the use of constructed ponds and stone fish traps, demonstrating
1. Three prehistoric cultures - the Badarians, Nabta Plateau culture, and Eastern Desert tribes - contributed to the foundations of ancient Egyptian civilization as they moved into the Nile Valley between 5000-3500 BC.
2. They domesticated cattle, engaged in crafts like pottery, and built structures like megalithic calendars.
3. As the climate changed, destroying the savannas where they lived, they were drawn to the reliable flooding and fertile land of the Nile Valley, establishing a unified Egyptian culture centered around the river.
The New Stone Age.
Covers development of agriculture, domestication of plants and animals, irrigation systems, migration to Mesopotamia and the Fertile Crescent.
il lavoro è stato svolto dai ragazzi di una classe seconda dell'istituto ,hanno ricercato storia e analizzato il territorio Cremonese, con i vari corsi d'acqua ed analisi della flora e fauna.
The document discusses how during the Neolithic period around 8000 BC, humans began domesticating animals and learning agriculture, growing crops like rice and potatoes. This allowed people to establish permanent communities instead of constantly traveling, as they could now rely on a steady food source, marking an important change for human civilization.
The document is a slideshow presentation on a variety of topics including the Pillars of Creation nebula, crab nebula, microscopic plankton, orchids, a migrant mother photo from the dust bowl era, a family windmill, childhood photos, fossil footprints, volcanic ash cliffs, historical inscriptions, unusual crystal and plant growths, animals, and landscapes from around the world. The presentation provides brief descriptions and context for each image.
South Carolina 6th Grade Education Standards
6-1.1: Explain the characteristics of hunter-gatherer groups and their relationship to the natural environment
6-1.2: Explain the emergence of agriculture and its effect on early human communities, including the domestication of plants and animals, the impact of irrigation techniques, and subsequent food surpluses.
Unit 7: What's for Dinner Tonight? Evidence of Early AgricultureBig History Project
1. Archaeologists have uncovered evidence at three early farming sites that provides insights into the development of agriculture.
2. At the Banpo site in China dated to around 6000 BCE, archaeologists found pottery, farming tools, and evidence of rice and millet cultivation, indicating the people there were early farmers.
3. At the Guila Naquitz cave in Mexico dated to around 9000 BCE, squash seeds and evidence of maize cultivation were found, showing the early adoption of agriculture despite a semi-nomadic lifestyle.
4. At Lake Condah in Australia dated to around 8000 BCE, archaeologists discovered extensive eel farming through the use of constructed ponds and stone fish traps, demonstrating
1. Three prehistoric cultures - the Badarians, Nabta Plateau culture, and Eastern Desert tribes - contributed to the foundations of ancient Egyptian civilization as they moved into the Nile Valley between 5000-3500 BC.
2. They domesticated cattle, engaged in crafts like pottery, and built structures like megalithic calendars.
3. As the climate changed, destroying the savannas where they lived, they were drawn to the reliable flooding and fertile land of the Nile Valley, establishing a unified Egyptian culture centered around the river.
The New Stone Age.
Covers development of agriculture, domestication of plants and animals, irrigation systems, migration to Mesopotamia and the Fertile Crescent.
il lavoro è stato svolto dai ragazzi di una classe seconda dell'istituto ,hanno ricercato storia e analizzato il territorio Cremonese, con i vari corsi d'acqua ed analisi della flora e fauna.
The document summarizes the cultures of various Native American groups in North America, including the Pueblo people, Mississippians, Eastern Woodlands tribes, Great Plains tribes, Arctic tribes, Subarctic tribes, Northwestern tribes, and tribes of the West and Southwest. Key aspects discussed include methods of farming, housing, reliance on bison and seasonal food sources, and effects of horses and European contact.
The document discusses the history of Jericho, the oldest continuously inhabited city. It attributes Jericho's 14,000 year survival to key environmental advantages, including abundant water from a natural spring, fertile soil, and strategic location. The Natufian people established the first settlement in Jericho around 14,000 years ago, taking advantage of the region's biological and geographical resources that also facilitated the development of agriculture. Jericho's reliable access to water and protective geographical features have enabled it to endure as a human settlement for millennia.
The Akkadian culture succeeded the Sumerian culture as the dominant Mesopotamian culture from 2350-2150 BCE. King Sargon united the region known as the Fertile Crescent through military conquest and established Akkad as the capital city. The Akkadians continued many aspects of Sumerian culture such as their use of cuneiform and similar religious beliefs, while emphasizing the sun god Shamash.
A Proposed Principalia Theory of Austronesian Inter MigrationTotiDulay
This theory which basically says that the homeland of the Austronesian people is the Philippines was put forward by the Principalia Hereditary Council of the Philippines and was presented at the e-Baybayin Zoom Lecture Series 2020 and shared at the FB Live on May 30, 2020.
Women in antiquity played an important economic role in ensuring the survival of their communities by gathering food, water, and materials for clothing and shelter. In prehistoric times, women were vital caregivers who raised children and managed domestic tasks like gardening, preparing animal hides, and identifying medicinal plants. Archaeological evidence from sites like Nola in Italy provides insights into the lives of women in the Bronze Age, showing they participated in agriculture, animal husbandry, crafts like weaving, and the processing of food. Venus figurines from this era also attest to the importance of fertility and motherhood.
Remembering the forgotten graves of ypsilanti’s native peoplessabsalom
The document summarizes the history of Native American peoples who originally inhabited the land around Ypsilanti, Michigan. It describes how their graves were built over or forgotten. It then discusses efforts to memorialize the Native American history and culture through various art installations along the Huron River paying tribute to creation myths and burial sites. It emphasizes that while cultures change over time, the intangible aspects like stories and traditions continue to be practiced by contemporary Native American groups in the area.
The document provides an overview of the theories surrounding the first peoples arriving in North America. It is widely accepted that during the last ice age, when sea levels were lower, a land bridge connected Asia and North America, allowing people to cross over on foot. As the glaciers melted, the land bridge was submerged again. Archaeological evidence such as tools and traditions have been found that can be traced back to these earliest inhabitants. The document then provides details on the cultures and ways of life of various indigenous groups across North America, including the Iroquoians, Plains peoples, Northwest Coast peoples, and Subarctic peoples.
The Aztec /ˈæztɛk/[1] people were certain ethnic groups of central Mexico, particularly those groups who spoke the Nahuatl language and who dominated large parts of Mesoamerica from the 14th to 16th centuries. The Nahuatl words aztecatl [as'tekat͡ɬ] (singular)[2] and aztecah [as'tekaʔ] (plural)[2] mean "people from Aztlan",[3] a mythological place for the Nahuatl-speaking culture of the time, and later adopted as the word to define the Mexica people. Often the term "Aztec" refers exclusively to the Mexica people of Tenochtitlan (now the location of Mexico City), situated on an island in Lake Texcoco, who referred to themselves as Mexica Tenochca [me'ʃika te'not͡ʃka] or Cōlhuah Mexica [koːlwaʔ me'ʃika].
Sometimes the term also includes the inhabitants of Tenochtitlan's two principal allied city-states, the Acolhuas of Texcoco and the Tepanecs of Tlacopan, who together with the Mexica formed the Aztec Triple Alliance which controlled what is often known as "the Aztec Empire". In other contexts, Aztec may refer to all the various city states and their peoples, who shared large parts of their ethnic history and cultural traits with the Mexica, Acolhua and Tepanecs, and who often also used the Nahuatl language as a lingua franca. In this meaning it is possible to talk about an Aztec civilization including all the particular cultural patterns common for most of the peoples inhabiting Central Mexico in the late postclassic period.
From the 13th century, the Valley of Mexico was the heart of Aztec civilization: here the capital of the Aztec Triple Alliance, the city of Tenochtitlan, was built upon raised islets in Lake Texcoco. The Triple Alliance formed a tributary empire expanding its political hegemony far beyond the Valley of Mexico, conquering other city states throughout Mesoamerica. At its pinnacle, Aztec culture had rich and complex mythological and religious traditions, as well as reaching remarkable architectural and artistic accomplishments. In 1521 Hernán Cortés, along with a large number of Nahuatl speaking indigenous allies, conquered Tenochtitlan and defeated the Aztec Triple Alliance under the leadership of Hueyi Tlatoani Moctezuma II. Subsequently the Spanish founded the new settlement of Mexico City on the site of the ruined Aztec capital, from where they proceeded with the process of colonizing Central America.
Aztec culture and history is primarily known through archaeological evidence found in excavations such as that of the renowned Templo Mayor in Mexico City; from indigenous bark paper codices; from eyewitness accounts by Spanish conquistadors such as Hernán Cortés and Bernal Díaz del Castillo; and especially from 16th and 17th century descriptions of Aztec culture and history written by Spanish clergymen and literate Aztecs in the Spanish or Nahuatl language, such as the famous Florentine Codex compiled by the Franciscan monk Bernardino de Sahagún with the help of indigenous Aztec informants.
This document summarizes key points from a history mid-term report on early human migration and civilization. It discusses how humans evolved from chimpanzees around 5-6 million years ago and began using tools. Homo sapiens emerged from Africa and migrated worldwide. The first civilizations developed between 3500-1000 BCE in places like China, Mesopotamia, and the Americas. As the last ice age ended, warmer conditions allowed agriculture and herding to emerge, along with more permanent settlements. Climate change and population growth also drove further human migration to new areas.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
The document summarizes the cultures of various Native American groups in North America, including the Pueblo people, Mississippians, Eastern Woodlands tribes, Great Plains tribes, Arctic tribes, Subarctic tribes, Northwestern tribes, and tribes of the West and Southwest. Key aspects discussed include methods of farming, housing, reliance on bison and seasonal food sources, and effects of horses and European contact.
The document discusses the history of Jericho, the oldest continuously inhabited city. It attributes Jericho's 14,000 year survival to key environmental advantages, including abundant water from a natural spring, fertile soil, and strategic location. The Natufian people established the first settlement in Jericho around 14,000 years ago, taking advantage of the region's biological and geographical resources that also facilitated the development of agriculture. Jericho's reliable access to water and protective geographical features have enabled it to endure as a human settlement for millennia.
The Akkadian culture succeeded the Sumerian culture as the dominant Mesopotamian culture from 2350-2150 BCE. King Sargon united the region known as the Fertile Crescent through military conquest and established Akkad as the capital city. The Akkadians continued many aspects of Sumerian culture such as their use of cuneiform and similar religious beliefs, while emphasizing the sun god Shamash.
A Proposed Principalia Theory of Austronesian Inter MigrationTotiDulay
This theory which basically says that the homeland of the Austronesian people is the Philippines was put forward by the Principalia Hereditary Council of the Philippines and was presented at the e-Baybayin Zoom Lecture Series 2020 and shared at the FB Live on May 30, 2020.
Women in antiquity played an important economic role in ensuring the survival of their communities by gathering food, water, and materials for clothing and shelter. In prehistoric times, women were vital caregivers who raised children and managed domestic tasks like gardening, preparing animal hides, and identifying medicinal plants. Archaeological evidence from sites like Nola in Italy provides insights into the lives of women in the Bronze Age, showing they participated in agriculture, animal husbandry, crafts like weaving, and the processing of food. Venus figurines from this era also attest to the importance of fertility and motherhood.
Remembering the forgotten graves of ypsilanti’s native peoplessabsalom
The document summarizes the history of Native American peoples who originally inhabited the land around Ypsilanti, Michigan. It describes how their graves were built over or forgotten. It then discusses efforts to memorialize the Native American history and culture through various art installations along the Huron River paying tribute to creation myths and burial sites. It emphasizes that while cultures change over time, the intangible aspects like stories and traditions continue to be practiced by contemporary Native American groups in the area.
The document provides an overview of the theories surrounding the first peoples arriving in North America. It is widely accepted that during the last ice age, when sea levels were lower, a land bridge connected Asia and North America, allowing people to cross over on foot. As the glaciers melted, the land bridge was submerged again. Archaeological evidence such as tools and traditions have been found that can be traced back to these earliest inhabitants. The document then provides details on the cultures and ways of life of various indigenous groups across North America, including the Iroquoians, Plains peoples, Northwest Coast peoples, and Subarctic peoples.
The Aztec /ˈæztɛk/[1] people were certain ethnic groups of central Mexico, particularly those groups who spoke the Nahuatl language and who dominated large parts of Mesoamerica from the 14th to 16th centuries. The Nahuatl words aztecatl [as'tekat͡ɬ] (singular)[2] and aztecah [as'tekaʔ] (plural)[2] mean "people from Aztlan",[3] a mythological place for the Nahuatl-speaking culture of the time, and later adopted as the word to define the Mexica people. Often the term "Aztec" refers exclusively to the Mexica people of Tenochtitlan (now the location of Mexico City), situated on an island in Lake Texcoco, who referred to themselves as Mexica Tenochca [me'ʃika te'not͡ʃka] or Cōlhuah Mexica [koːlwaʔ me'ʃika].
Sometimes the term also includes the inhabitants of Tenochtitlan's two principal allied city-states, the Acolhuas of Texcoco and the Tepanecs of Tlacopan, who together with the Mexica formed the Aztec Triple Alliance which controlled what is often known as "the Aztec Empire". In other contexts, Aztec may refer to all the various city states and their peoples, who shared large parts of their ethnic history and cultural traits with the Mexica, Acolhua and Tepanecs, and who often also used the Nahuatl language as a lingua franca. In this meaning it is possible to talk about an Aztec civilization including all the particular cultural patterns common for most of the peoples inhabiting Central Mexico in the late postclassic period.
From the 13th century, the Valley of Mexico was the heart of Aztec civilization: here the capital of the Aztec Triple Alliance, the city of Tenochtitlan, was built upon raised islets in Lake Texcoco. The Triple Alliance formed a tributary empire expanding its political hegemony far beyond the Valley of Mexico, conquering other city states throughout Mesoamerica. At its pinnacle, Aztec culture had rich and complex mythological and religious traditions, as well as reaching remarkable architectural and artistic accomplishments. In 1521 Hernán Cortés, along with a large number of Nahuatl speaking indigenous allies, conquered Tenochtitlan and defeated the Aztec Triple Alliance under the leadership of Hueyi Tlatoani Moctezuma II. Subsequently the Spanish founded the new settlement of Mexico City on the site of the ruined Aztec capital, from where they proceeded with the process of colonizing Central America.
Aztec culture and history is primarily known through archaeological evidence found in excavations such as that of the renowned Templo Mayor in Mexico City; from indigenous bark paper codices; from eyewitness accounts by Spanish conquistadors such as Hernán Cortés and Bernal Díaz del Castillo; and especially from 16th and 17th century descriptions of Aztec culture and history written by Spanish clergymen and literate Aztecs in the Spanish or Nahuatl language, such as the famous Florentine Codex compiled by the Franciscan monk Bernardino de Sahagún with the help of indigenous Aztec informants.
This document summarizes key points from a history mid-term report on early human migration and civilization. It discusses how humans evolved from chimpanzees around 5-6 million years ago and began using tools. Homo sapiens emerged from Africa and migrated worldwide. The first civilizations developed between 3500-1000 BCE in places like China, Mesopotamia, and the Americas. As the last ice age ended, warmer conditions allowed agriculture and herding to emerge, along with more permanent settlements. Climate change and population growth also drove further human migration to new areas.
Similar to Hisat'Sinom Where did the Sinagua Go? (11)
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
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International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
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In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
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हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
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This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Chapter 4 - Islamic Financial Institutions in Malaysia.pptx
Hisat'Sinom Where did the Sinagua Go?
1.
2. The Hisat’Sinom, commonly called the Sinagua are an ancient
people who lived in the Flagstaff region of Arizona
from the 1100s until the1300s, when they
disappeared as mysteriously as they had
appeared 200 years earlier.
3. One of the most remarkable things about the
Hisat’Sinom is that they appeared seemingly out of
nowhere. There is no prior record of these people in
a different location, yet from the start they had an
advanced and organized culture that included
elements that would not be expected of a newly
established group. They went on to live in the arid
southwestern region as a distinct group for about
200 years before disappearing almost as
mysteriously as they had arrived.
During their time here the
Hisat’Sinom were known
not only as farmers, but as
traders. They traded with
groups from as far away as
Mexico as evidenced by
their ownership of macaws,
and other items including
copper bells (right). This
interaction was also
reflected in their
architecture where they
even went so far as to
include Mexican ball courts
4. The view out,
from inside one
of the pueblos at
Wupatki ruin
makes one
wonder what the
Hisat’Sinom life
was like.
Let’s find
out….
5. Construction of the buildings built by the Hisat’Sinom
wasn’t by mistake. It took a lot of time and
people to construct the structures, many of
which were two and three stories tall. Natural
stone was used and cemented together using
clay to build both the pueblo style homes that
are more widespread, and the cliff dwellings of
Walnut Canyon and the Verde Valley.
6. Montezula’s Castle in the Verde Valley is probably one of
the best known Hisat’Sinom cliff dwellings.
7. This diorama of Montezuma’s Castle gives us a feeling for
what the interior of the building was like when it was
inhabited. The ruin used to be open for tours, but had to
be closed to ensure its continued preservation.
8. Cliff dwellings at Walnut Canyon were constructed in naturally
occurring alcoves. Walls were build to close off the front of
these areas and partitions were added between to create
rooms. Hisat’Sinom architecture was always
resourceful, adapted to the location, and full of
ingenuity. Walnut Canyon features cliff dwellings as
well as pueblo, and pit house ruins.
9. Not only are their multi-storied buildings incredible to marvel at, so
too is the workmanship that allows such great portions of them to
continue to stand today. Though some were rebuilt and reinforced
in past years by the National Park Service, they have adopted a
program of preservation instead of intervention, and no longer
rebuild ruins. Modern reinforcements can be seen on this portion
of the Wupatki ruins. In many places original wood poles that
were harvested far away and were brought back specifically for
construction, are still part of the structures.
10. The Hisat’Sinom were skilled farmers, and engaged in dry farming,
using natural swales and washes as places to plant their crops. They
also engaged in terraced farming where they used stone walls which
are still visible today.
Corn was their staple food and much of their daily lives and spiritual
existence revolved around the success of this vital crop. Often beans
were planted with the corn. Planting beans with corn serves to add
protein and more fiber to the diet through intensive cultivation that
does not use more, valuable land resources. Beans could climb the
corn stalks and not require additional
support. They also served to add nitrogen to the soil
which is very quickly depleted by growing corn.
11. This wash at
Box Canyon
was used by
the
Hisat’Sinom
for planting
their crops.
They relied
on monsoon
rains to
provide
enough
water, but
had to hope
the floods
wouldn’t be
powerful
enough to
wash them
away.
Box Canyon
features many
Hisat’Sinom
ruins, three
of which are
accessible
to the
public
today. This
indicates
that the
wash here
was the site
of
successful
12. Once harvested, corn was dried for later use and
stored. The harvest was comprised of three parts;
the corn they planned to eat over the next year,
seed for planting the next season’s crop, and
additional corn as an insurance policy. Farming is
an unpredictable life. The Hisat’Sinom wanted to
ensure that a crop failure wouldn’t mean immediate
starvation.
13. Dried corn was ground
into meal or flour by
women on stones called
metate. Greinding was
hard work and was
typically done in open
plazas where women
could do this chore
together while talking
and singing.
Grinding the corn was
necessary to make the
hard dried corn edible,
but the stone that
became incorperated
with it caused dental
problems later in life for
the Hisat’Sinom.
14. The Hisat’Sinom are
characterized by their simple
brown ware pottery (left).
The distinctive color came
from the soils of their region
that were used in creating
the pots.
While they as a rule, did not adorn their
own pottery, they often traded with other
groups
15. This piece of Hisat’Sinom pottery is shown with
pieces of volcanic rock from the Sunset region to
demonstrate where the color of the pottery
comes from.
16. The Hisat’Sinom were skilled
weavers who used the
abundantly growing yucca to
make a variety of goods like this
sandal.
18. The Hisat’Sinom were resourceful
survivalists who flourished under harsh
conditions in the prehistory southwest.
After Sunset Volcano erupted and
covered the area in ash, they returned
to their homes and rebuilt. Records
indicate that the volcano was active
leading up to the explosion the created
Sunset Crater, and that they had
warning of the impending event.
Valuable beams were removed from
homes and reused when they rebuilt
after the event. Corn was also left as
an offering to the gods behind the
feeling people. Where lava covered
these ears of corn, casting were
created (right).
19. If the eruption of a volcano couldn’t drive the Hisat’Sinom
away, what could? We may never know the true answer to
why these people left, or where they went, but there are
some theories that offer good explanations…
20. One possibility is that increasingly dry weather drove them from the area.
21. Continual drought may have been
a contributing factor in the
Hisat’Sinom leaving their
communities of the Flagstaff area.
Although they were also traders,
they were primarily farmers and
relied on their corn crops to
survive. Several years of poor
crops would certainly have made
life difficult, and probably led
many to look for other places to
live that wouldn’t be as harsh.
22. Undoubtedly some would have
stayed behind to try and tough it
out. The desert was home to
these people, and they had
adapted to it.
23. But what if there were another
reason to leave?
24. Some have suggested that continual weather change may
not have been the only reason. Perhaps the Hisat’Sinom
emigrated for a higher purpose. Some say that they left
specifically to integrate with other people of the
southwest on a great quest to peacefully become one
people. While this sounds like it might be one of those too
good to be true stories, there is some archaeological and
anthropological evidence to back up this theory.
25. This petroglyph at Wupatki is a snake symbol that looks
almost identical to the Hopi Snake Clan Symbol. Is it
possible that the people of Wupatki left this, the only
petroglyph there as a lasting reminder of where they went?
26. Modern Hopis often recognize symbols of the Hisat’Sinom and can
tell of their significance to their own culture. Through their
interpretations, the picture of who the Sinagua were has become
much more clear to anthropologist. Is it possible that these people
could also be the descendants of those people? The Hopi don’t
claim the Hisat’ Sinom to be their ancestors, but certainly are
aware of them and their traditions. Perhaps we will never know.
30. Cheek, Lawrence W. A.D. 1250. Arizona Highways.
1994. Print.
Downum, Christian E. Hisat’Sinom; Ancient Peoples in a
Land without Water. Sar Press. 2012. Print.
Houk, Rose. Sinagua: Prehistoric Cultures of the
Southwest. Western National Parks Association. 1992.
Print.
Malotki, Ekkehart. Earth Fire: A Hopi Legend of the
Sunset Crater Eruption. Kiva Publishing Inc. 2005. Print.
Reid, Jefferson and Stephanie Whittlesey. The
Archaeology of Ancient Arizona. University of Arizona
Press. 1997. Print.
Sources
31. At the Edge of the Volcano. Camera One.
2012. DVD.
Ancient Indian Cultures of Northern Arizona.
Gilbert Urias. 2005. DVD
Museums at Wupatki NM, Sunset Crater NM,
Walnut Canyon NM, and Monetezuma’s Castle
NM
Additional Resources:
Vick, Helen Hughes. Walker of Time. Tayolor
Trade Publishing. 1998. Print.