Sources of working capital
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This document discusses various long-term and short-term sources of working capital for businesses. Long-term sources include issuing equity shares, preference shares, debentures/bonds, and retaining earnings. Short-term sources include trade credit, commercial paper, advances from customers, and bank credit facilities like cash credit, overdraft, and letters of credit. The benefits, types, and merits of each source are outlined.
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Sources of working capital
This document discusses various long-term and short-term sources of working capital for businesses. Long-term sources include issuing equity shares, preference shares, debentures/bonds, and retaining earnings. Short-term sources include trade credit, commercial paper, advances from customers, and bank credit facilities like cash credit, overdraft, and letters of credit. The benefits, types, and merits of each source are outlined.
Sources Of Finance
Short term sources of finance include commercial papers and factoring. Commercial papers are money market instruments issued by companies with good credit ratings for 3 months to 1 year. Factoring involves selling a company's receivables to a factoring agent in exchange for immediate financing, with the factor taking on the risk of debt.
Long term sources include shares, debentures, term loans, venture capital and lease financing. Shares are equity while debentures are debt securities. Term loans are obtained from banks for capital expenditures. Venture capital provides early stage financing for new companies in exchange for equity. Lease financing involves leasing assets from a lessor.
Financial restructuring methods include debt-equity swaps,
SOURCES OF LONG TERM FINANCE & RAISING LONG TERM FINANCE
This document discusses various long-term sources of finance for businesses including equity shares, internal accruals, preference shares, term loans, debentures, and venture capital. It provides details on each type of financing such as their characteristics, benefits, and risks. The key long-term sources of finance mentioned are equity shares, retained earnings, debentures, and term loans. The document also explains the process of raising finance through initial public offerings, rights issues, and private placements.
Financial management ppt
This document discusses long term sources of finance for companies, including owned funds such as equity share capital, preference share capital, and retained earnings. It describes the key characteristics of equity shares and preference shares. Equity shares are the highest risk capital that provides voting rights and residual claims, while preference shares provide preferential rights to fixed dividend payments. Retained earnings are profits kept within the company to finance growth instead of being distributed as dividends. Using internal funds has advantages for both companies and shareholders but can also lead to risks like over-capitalization if not managed properly.
Sources of long term finance
This document discusses various sources of long-term finance for companies. It describes equity capital as money invested in a company through common stock that is not repaid but provides ownership. Preference shares provide preferential rights to dividends and capital return. Internal accruals from retained earnings and depreciation are also discussed. Term loans from banks have maturity periods over one year, while debentures are debt instruments where a company borrows money to repay later under defined terms. The sources of long-term finance discussed are equity capital, preference shares, internal accruals, term loans, and debentures.
Internal financing
An existing company can generate internal financing through retained earnings, profits plowed back into the business, and depreciation. Profits not distributed to shareholders are retained and reinvested in the company, a process known as self-financing. Benefits of plowing profits back include economic expansion and growth, redemption of loans, satisfying working capital needs, and making the company self-reliant. However, over-capitalization, creation of monopolies, and shareholder dissatisfaction are potential limitations. Depreciation is the gradual decrease in asset value over time, which is recorded through book entries that reduce asset book value and profits by the same amount each year.
Long Term Financing
Long term financing provides capital for periods over one year through equity like stock issuances or debt. It is used to finance fixed assets, permanent working capital needs, expansions, and large construction projects. Common stock represents ownership in a company and allows for transfer of shares. While stocks provide growth potential, the original investment is at risk and returns depend on company performance. Key financial terms for common stock include authorized shares, issued shares, par value, additional paid-in capital, retained earnings, and capital surplus which represent amounts paid beyond par value.
Sources of long term finance
Long-term finance is needed for purchasing fixed assets that are used over many years. Sources of long-term finance include shares (equity and preference), debentures, retained earnings, term loans and loans from financial institutions. Equity shares carry more risk but offer higher dividends and voting rights, while preference shares have a fixed dividend rate but no voting rights. Debentures are loan certificates issued by companies to borrow funds, with characteristics like a fixed interest rate and repayment date.
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Sources of working capital
This document discusses various long-term and short-term sources of working capital for businesses. Long-term sources include issuing equity shares, preference shares, debentures/bonds, and retaining earnings. Short-term sources include trade credit, commercial paper, advances from customers, and bank credit facilities like cash credit, overdraft, and letters of credit. The benefits, types, and merits of each source are outlined.
Sources Of Finance
Short term sources of finance include commercial papers and factoring. Commercial papers are money market instruments issued by companies with good credit ratings for 3 months to 1 year. Factoring involves selling a company's receivables to a factoring agent in exchange for immediate financing, with the factor taking on the risk of debt.
Long term sources include shares, debentures, term loans, venture capital and lease financing. Shares are equity while debentures are debt securities. Term loans are obtained from banks for capital expenditures. Venture capital provides early stage financing for new companies in exchange for equity. Lease financing involves leasing assets from a lessor.
Financial restructuring methods include debt-equity swaps,
SOURCES OF LONG TERM FINANCE & RAISING LONG TERM FINANCE
This document discusses various long-term sources of finance for businesses including equity shares, internal accruals, preference shares, term loans, debentures, and venture capital. It provides details on each type of financing such as their characteristics, benefits, and risks. The key long-term sources of finance mentioned are equity shares, retained earnings, debentures, and term loans. The document also explains the process of raising finance through initial public offerings, rights issues, and private placements.
Financial management ppt
This document discusses long term sources of finance for companies, including owned funds such as equity share capital, preference share capital, and retained earnings. It describes the key characteristics of equity shares and preference shares. Equity shares are the highest risk capital that provides voting rights and residual claims, while preference shares provide preferential rights to fixed dividend payments. Retained earnings are profits kept within the company to finance growth instead of being distributed as dividends. Using internal funds has advantages for both companies and shareholders but can also lead to risks like over-capitalization if not managed properly.
Sources of long term finance
This document discusses various sources of long-term finance for companies. It describes equity capital as money invested in a company through common stock that is not repaid but provides ownership. Preference shares provide preferential rights to dividends and capital return. Internal accruals from retained earnings and depreciation are also discussed. Term loans from banks have maturity periods over one year, while debentures are debt instruments where a company borrows money to repay later under defined terms. The sources of long-term finance discussed are equity capital, preference shares, internal accruals, term loans, and debentures.
Internal financing
An existing company can generate internal financing through retained earnings, profits plowed back into the business, and depreciation. Profits not distributed to shareholders are retained and reinvested in the company, a process known as self-financing. Benefits of plowing profits back include economic expansion and growth, redemption of loans, satisfying working capital needs, and making the company self-reliant. However, over-capitalization, creation of monopolies, and shareholder dissatisfaction are potential limitations. Depreciation is the gradual decrease in asset value over time, which is recorded through book entries that reduce asset book value and profits by the same amount each year.
Long Term Financing
Long term financing provides capital for periods over one year through equity like stock issuances or debt. It is used to finance fixed assets, permanent working capital needs, expansions, and large construction projects. Common stock represents ownership in a company and allows for transfer of shares. While stocks provide growth potential, the original investment is at risk and returns depend on company performance. Key financial terms for common stock include authorized shares, issued shares, par value, additional paid-in capital, retained earnings, and capital surplus which represent amounts paid beyond par value.
Sources of long term finance
Long-term finance is needed for purchasing fixed assets that are used over many years. Sources of long-term finance include shares (equity and preference), debentures, retained earnings, term loans and loans from financial institutions. Equity shares carry more risk but offer higher dividends and voting rights, while preference shares have a fixed dividend rate but no voting rights. Debentures are loan certificates issued by companies to borrow funds, with characteristics like a fixed interest rate and repayment date.
Ch15 Intro Financing
This chapter discusses long-term financing options for corporations including common stock, corporate long-term debt, and preferred stock. It notes that internally generated cash flows dominate as a source of financing for Canadian firms. When firms spend more than they generate internally, they finance the gap through new sales of debt and equity. However, net new equity issues are dwarfed by new sales of debt. The chapter outlines the key characteristics and tax implications of the different long-term financing instruments.
Long term financing decisions 1
The document discusses various types of equity financing options including equity shares, initial public offerings (IPOs), private placements, and direct offerings. It also describes the book building process for determining the price of shares during an IPO. Key points include that equity shares represent fractional ownership of a company and provide voting rights to shareholders, but no fixed rate of return or obligation to pay dividends. The book building process involves collecting bids from investors over a period of time to help set the issue price.
Sources of Long term Finance
This document discusses sources of long term finance for businesses. It defines long term finance as funding obtained for over 3 years, as opposed to short term finance under 1 year. Long term finance is needed to fund fixed assets, permanent working capital, and business growth and expansion. Sources of long term finance include internal sources like retained earnings and depreciation, and external sources like bank loans, bonds, debentures, equity shares, and rights issues. The document outlines the advantages and disadvantages of long term debt, as well as the risks involved. Good financial management is raising funds as needed at competitive terms.
Sources of finanace
This document discusses various internal and external sources of finance that businesses can use to obtain funding. Internal sources include owner's investment, retained profits, sale of stock, sale of fixed assets, and debt collection. External sources consist of bank loans/overdrafts, additional partners, share issues, leasing, hire purchase, mortgages, trade credit, and government grants. The choice of financing depends on the purpose of funds, time period needed, amount required, and type of business ownership.
External Sources of Finance
This document discusses various types of external sources of finance for companies, including shares and preference shares. It provides details on what shares are, the different types of shares (equity/ordinary shares), rights that come with shares like voting rights and claims on profits/assets. It also discusses the merits and demerits of equity financing for both companies and shareholders. Preference shares are also covered, outlining the four types and merits for companies and shareholders as a source of finance, as well as some disadvantages.
Long Term Financing
Long term financing involves raising funds for periods of 7 years or more, typically to finance fixed assets or permanent working capital needs. Common sources of long term financing include equity such as common stock or preferred stock, as well as debt instruments like bonds or bank loans. The costs of these various long term financing options must be calculated, taking into account factors like interest rates, dividend yields, maturity periods, tax rates, and flotation costs. The appropriate price or value is then determined for equity and debt instruments based on these cost of capital calculations and future cash flow expectations.
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The document discusses various long term sources of finance available in the Indian capital market. It covers topics like shares, debentures, term loans, leases, and equity and preference shares as sources of long term financing for companies. It also explains key concepts like the primary and secondary markets, and the roles played by the stock exchange in facilitating trading of securities.
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The PPT Covers the 2 topics
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2.Working Capital
which consists of following topics:
Contents :
Finance
Shares
Debentures
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Right shares
Venture capital
Mutual fund
Importance of working Capital
Types of working Capital
Components of working Capital
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Capital
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The document discusses various types and sources of business finance classified based on period as short term, medium term, and long term finance and based on ownership as owner's funds and borrowed funds. It also explains key concepts in financial management like objectives, decisions around investment, financing, and dividends. Finally, it covers topics such as working capital, capital structure and provides additional resources for further information.
Business finance- Intermediate sources of Capital
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SOURCES OF FINANCE.....
This document discusses sources of finance for businesses. It identifies long-term sources like equity shares, preference shares, debentures, and long-term bank loans that provide fixed capital. Short-term sources include trade credit, installment credit, advances, bank overdrafts, bills discounted, short-term loans, and commercial paper that supply working capital and liquidity. The document also outlines factors to consider when choosing a source of finance like the purpose of funds, amount needed, costs involved, and tax implications.
Long term debt
So, Here is Some interested and important information about the long term debt which you must be knowing Before go for long term Debt.....
Sources of finance
The document discusses theories around a company's optimal capital structure, including Modigliani-Miller's propositions that in a world without taxes or bankruptcy risk, a company's value and cost of capital do not depend on its debt-to-equity ratio. It also examines how the introduction of taxes can increase firm value through interest tax deductions, but higher debt also increases bankruptcy risk which reduces value. The optimal capital structure balances the tax benefits of debt against the costs of financial distress from taking on too much debt.
Thin capitalisation 110409
The document provides an overview of thin capitalization, which refers to an overweight of debt compared to equity on a company's balance sheet. It discusses the meaning and nature of thin capitalization transactions, anti-avoidance rules related to thin capitalization, and how thin capitalization is addressed in domestic tax laws and double taxation agreements. It also surveys how several major tax jurisdictions, including India, Germany, the UK, and Sweden, approach thin capitalization in their tax systems.
Sources of finance
Standard Chartered Bank and Mahindra Finance use different sources of long-term and short-term finance. Standard Chartered Bank relies more on equity capital (58%) and internal accruals like reserves and surplus (24%). It uses less debentures (20%) and term loans (8%). In contrast, Mahindra Finance has lower equity capital (42%) but higher use of debentures (33%) and both long-term and short-term term loans (13%). While Standard Chartered Bank has less dependence on outside sources, Mahindra Finance relies more on external financing through debentures and loans.
On source of long term finance
This document discusses long-term financing options for companies. Long-term financing is used to fund fixed assets, permanent working capital needs, business expansions, increased facilities, and large construction projects. The nature of a company's business, goods produced, and technology used determine long-term financial requirements. Common sources of long-term financing include shares, debentures, retained earnings, term loans from banks, public deposits, and loans from financial institutions.
Sources of-finance
The document discusses various sources of finance for businesses, including internal sources like profits, customers, and suppliers; and external sources like equity and debt. It covers short-term sources like overdrafts and factoring, medium-term sources like term loans and leasing, and long-term sources like shares, bonds, retained earnings, and loans from institutions. The key aspects are to match financing needs with appropriate sources, understand the costs and risks of different options, and establish a financial plan to take advantage of sources without damaging the business's credit or relationships.
Equity shares ppt
Equity shares, also known as ordinary shares, represent ownership in a company. They provide shareholders with voting rights and potential capital gains but irregular income. Preference shares provide a fixed dividend rate but limited voting rights. Companies raise capital through initial public offerings (IPOs) by issuing new shares to the public for the first time. Recent examples of IPOs in India include IndiGo Airlines and Café Coffee Day. Depository receipts like ADRs and GDRs allow foreign investors to purchase shares of companies in other countries. HDFC Bank plans to issue ADRs, which will convert some existing shares to ADRs traded on foreign exchanges.
Working capital
This document provides an overview of working capital. It defines working capital as a measure of liquidity and efficiency that includes current assets like cash, inventory, and accounts receivable, as well as current liabilities like accounts payable. It discusses the different types of working capital based on balance sheet views like gross and net working capital as well as operating cycle views like permanent/fixed and temporary/variable working capital. The document also covers topics like receivables management, determinants of working capital, issues in management, and different approaches to financing current assets.
Business finance final
The document discusses different types and sources of intermediate-term financing or capital. It defines intermediate-term financing as borrowings with a repayment schedule of more than one year but less than ten years. Some key points made in the document include:
- Intermediate-term financing is used for small business expansions and typically comes from commercial banks and insurance companies. Common uses include machinery purchases and facility upgrades.
- Repayment is usually done through installment plans over 1-5 years. Options include equal principal payments, equal amortization, balloon payments, and deferred principal payments.
- Sources mentioned are private financial institutions like commercial banks, insurance companies, and finance companies, as well as government-backed banks
Working Capital and Sources of Short-Term Fund
The document discusses the financing policy and sources of working capital for firms. It defines working capital and explains why it is important for companies. It identifies three approaches to financing working capital: conservative, maturity matching, and aggressive. It also discusses how Philippine firms finance working capital and the sources of short-term funds available, including bank loans, trade financing, and receivable factoring. The key aspects are determining the appropriate financing strategy for a firm's working capital needs and the various short-term sources available, particularly bank loans.
Working capital ppt
The document discusses working capital, which represents a business's liquidity and ability to meet short-term debts and expenses. It defines working capital's key components and importance, outlines formulas for calculating optimal levels, and financing options. It then analyzes an Indian steel manufacturer's working capital cycle, current ratio, inventory levels, and compares it to peers. Recommendations include increasing creditors cycles, exploring factoring, and utilizing export financing options to improve liquidity.
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Ch15 Intro Financing
This chapter discusses long-term financing options for corporations including common stock, corporate long-term debt, and preferred stock. It notes that internally generated cash flows dominate as a source of financing for Canadian firms. When firms spend more than they generate internally, they finance the gap through new sales of debt and equity. However, net new equity issues are dwarfed by new sales of debt. The chapter outlines the key characteristics and tax implications of the different long-term financing instruments.
Long term financing decisions 1
The document discusses various types of equity financing options including equity shares, initial public offerings (IPOs), private placements, and direct offerings. It also describes the book building process for determining the price of shares during an IPO. Key points include that equity shares represent fractional ownership of a company and provide voting rights to shareholders, but no fixed rate of return or obligation to pay dividends. The book building process involves collecting bids from investors over a period of time to help set the issue price.
Sources of Long term Finance
This document discusses sources of long term finance for businesses. It defines long term finance as funding obtained for over 3 years, as opposed to short term finance under 1 year. Long term finance is needed to fund fixed assets, permanent working capital, and business growth and expansion. Sources of long term finance include internal sources like retained earnings and depreciation, and external sources like bank loans, bonds, debentures, equity shares, and rights issues. The document outlines the advantages and disadvantages of long term debt, as well as the risks involved. Good financial management is raising funds as needed at competitive terms.
Sources of finanace
This document discusses various internal and external sources of finance that businesses can use to obtain funding. Internal sources include owner's investment, retained profits, sale of stock, sale of fixed assets, and debt collection. External sources consist of bank loans/overdrafts, additional partners, share issues, leasing, hire purchase, mortgages, trade credit, and government grants. The choice of financing depends on the purpose of funds, time period needed, amount required, and type of business ownership.
External Sources of Finance
This document discusses various types of external sources of finance for companies, including shares and preference shares. It provides details on what shares are, the different types of shares (equity/ordinary shares), rights that come with shares like voting rights and claims on profits/assets. It also discusses the merits and demerits of equity financing for both companies and shareholders. Preference shares are also covered, outlining the four types and merits for companies and shareholders as a source of finance, as well as some disadvantages.
Long Term Financing
Long term financing involves raising funds for periods of 7 years or more, typically to finance fixed assets or permanent working capital needs. Common sources of long term financing include equity such as common stock or preferred stock, as well as debt instruments like bonds or bank loans. The costs of these various long term financing options must be calculated, taking into account factors like interest rates, dividend yields, maturity periods, tax rates, and flotation costs. The appropriate price or value is then determined for equity and debt instruments based on these cost of capital calculations and future cash flow expectations.
Financial management unit 5 Long term Sources of Finance
The document discusses various long term sources of finance available in the Indian capital market. It covers topics like shares, debentures, term loans, leases, and equity and preference shares as sources of long term financing for companies. It also explains key concepts like the primary and secondary markets, and the roles played by the stock exchange in facilitating trading of securities.
Elements of financial management & working capital
The PPT Covers the 2 topics
1.Elements of Financial Management
2.Working Capital
which consists of following topics:
Contents :
Finance
Shares
Debentures
Bonds
Right shares
Venture capital
Mutual fund
Importance of working Capital
Types of working Capital
Components of working Capital
➢Meaning
➢Importance
of Working capital
Capital
Finance assignment help
The document discusses various types and sources of business finance classified based on period as short term, medium term, and long term finance and based on ownership as owner's funds and borrowed funds. It also explains key concepts in financial management like objectives, decisions around investment, financing, and dividends. Finally, it covers topics such as working capital, capital structure and provides additional resources for further information.
Business finance- Intermediate sources of Capital
This document discusses different types and sources of intermediate-term financing for businesses. Intermediate-term financing refers to borrowing that must be repaid within 1-10 years. Common sources include private commercial banks, insurance companies, finance companies, and government institutions like the Land Bank of the Philippines. Private banks may provide term loans with repayment terms and conditions outlined in loan agreements. Repayment options for term loans include equal principal payments, equal amortization, balloon payments, and deferred principal payments. The document provides examples of each repayment method.
SOURCES OF FINANCE.....
This document discusses sources of finance for businesses. It identifies long-term sources like equity shares, preference shares, debentures, and long-term bank loans that provide fixed capital. Short-term sources include trade credit, installment credit, advances, bank overdrafts, bills discounted, short-term loans, and commercial paper that supply working capital and liquidity. The document also outlines factors to consider when choosing a source of finance like the purpose of funds, amount needed, costs involved, and tax implications.
Long term debt
So, Here is Some interested and important information about the long term debt which you must be knowing Before go for long term Debt.....
Sources of finance
The document discusses theories around a company's optimal capital structure, including Modigliani-Miller's propositions that in a world without taxes or bankruptcy risk, a company's value and cost of capital do not depend on its debt-to-equity ratio. It also examines how the introduction of taxes can increase firm value through interest tax deductions, but higher debt also increases bankruptcy risk which reduces value. The optimal capital structure balances the tax benefits of debt against the costs of financial distress from taking on too much debt.
Thin capitalisation 110409
The document provides an overview of thin capitalization, which refers to an overweight of debt compared to equity on a company's balance sheet. It discusses the meaning and nature of thin capitalization transactions, anti-avoidance rules related to thin capitalization, and how thin capitalization is addressed in domestic tax laws and double taxation agreements. It also surveys how several major tax jurisdictions, including India, Germany, the UK, and Sweden, approach thin capitalization in their tax systems.
Sources of finance
Standard Chartered Bank and Mahindra Finance use different sources of long-term and short-term finance. Standard Chartered Bank relies more on equity capital (58%) and internal accruals like reserves and surplus (24%). It uses less debentures (20%) and term loans (8%). In contrast, Mahindra Finance has lower equity capital (42%) but higher use of debentures (33%) and both long-term and short-term term loans (13%). While Standard Chartered Bank has less dependence on outside sources, Mahindra Finance relies more on external financing through debentures and loans.
On source of long term finance
This document discusses long-term financing options for companies. Long-term financing is used to fund fixed assets, permanent working capital needs, business expansions, increased facilities, and large construction projects. The nature of a company's business, goods produced, and technology used determine long-term financial requirements. Common sources of long-term financing include shares, debentures, retained earnings, term loans from banks, public deposits, and loans from financial institutions.
Sources of-finance
The document discusses various sources of finance for businesses, including internal sources like profits, customers, and suppliers; and external sources like equity and debt. It covers short-term sources like overdrafts and factoring, medium-term sources like term loans and leasing, and long-term sources like shares, bonds, retained earnings, and loans from institutions. The key aspects are to match financing needs with appropriate sources, understand the costs and risks of different options, and establish a financial plan to take advantage of sources without damaging the business's credit or relationships.
Equity shares ppt
Equity shares, also known as ordinary shares, represent ownership in a company. They provide shareholders with voting rights and potential capital gains but irregular income. Preference shares provide a fixed dividend rate but limited voting rights. Companies raise capital through initial public offerings (IPOs) by issuing new shares to the public for the first time. Recent examples of IPOs in India include IndiGo Airlines and Café Coffee Day. Depository receipts like ADRs and GDRs allow foreign investors to purchase shares of companies in other countries. HDFC Bank plans to issue ADRs, which will convert some existing shares to ADRs traded on foreign exchanges.
Working capital
This document provides an overview of working capital. It defines working capital as a measure of liquidity and efficiency that includes current assets like cash, inventory, and accounts receivable, as well as current liabilities like accounts payable. It discusses the different types of working capital based on balance sheet views like gross and net working capital as well as operating cycle views like permanent/fixed and temporary/variable working capital. The document also covers topics like receivables management, determinants of working capital, issues in management, and different approaches to financing current assets.
Business finance final
The document discusses different types and sources of intermediate-term financing or capital. It defines intermediate-term financing as borrowings with a repayment schedule of more than one year but less than ten years. Some key points made in the document include:
- Intermediate-term financing is used for small business expansions and typically comes from commercial banks and insurance companies. Common uses include machinery purchases and facility upgrades.
- Repayment is usually done through installment plans over 1-5 years. Options include equal principal payments, equal amortization, balloon payments, and deferred principal payments.
- Sources mentioned are private financial institutions like commercial banks, insurance companies, and finance companies, as well as government-backed banks
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Working Capital and Sources of Short-Term Fund
The document discusses the financing policy and sources of working capital for firms. It defines working capital and explains why it is important for companies. It identifies three approaches to financing working capital: conservative, maturity matching, and aggressive. It also discusses how Philippine firms finance working capital and the sources of short-term funds available, including bank loans, trade financing, and receivable factoring. The key aspects are determining the appropriate financing strategy for a firm's working capital needs and the various short-term sources available, particularly bank loans.
Working capital ppt
The document discusses working capital, which represents a business's liquidity and ability to meet short-term debts and expenses. It defines working capital's key components and importance, outlines formulas for calculating optimal levels, and financing options. It then analyzes an Indian steel manufacturer's working capital cycle, current ratio, inventory levels, and compares it to peers. Recommendations include increasing creditors cycles, exploring factoring, and utilizing export financing options to improve liquidity.
Working capital management
sllde1: meaning of working capital
slide 2: sources of working capital
slide 3: short term sources
slide 4: external sources
slide 5:long term sources
slide 6: regulation of bank finance
side 7: committees
slide 8: tandon committees
slide 9: norms
slide 10: lending norms
slide 11: first method
slide 12: second method
slide 13: third method
slide 14: thank you :)
Working Capital Financing & Sources Of Working Capital
Working capital is the usable excess of your current assets such as purchasable invoices, or sale of future credit card processing receipts. Working Capital is the life blood of all small businesses as it is essential to cover operating expenses on a daily basis. At Merchant Advisors, our goal is to assist businesses with working capital financing. We know that strong cash flow and good payment behavior can validate the steady performance of your business.
Vineetha v nair
This document discusses various types and sources of working capital finance. It describes trade credit, cash credit/bank overdrafts, working capital loans, bill discounting, bank guarantees, letters of credit, and factoring as common types of working capital financing. Sources are categorized as spontaneous, short-term, or long-term, with spontaneous sources including trade credit, short-term including bank loans, and long-term including retained profits and share capital. The document provides details on each type and source.
Working capital management
The study analyzed the impact of working capital management on the profitability of 58 small manufacturing firms in Mauritius over the period of 1998-2003. The results showed that return on total assets, a measure of profitability, was positively correlated with measures of working capital management efficiency like accounts receivable days and cash conversion cycle. However, it was negatively correlated with accounts payable days. The paper concluded that synchronizing current assets and liabilities is important for small firm profitability and the paper industry showed best practices in working capital management.
WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT
Working capital refers to the capital required for financing short-term assets such as cash, inventory, and accounts receivable. It is also known as revolving or circulating capital. There are different types of working capital like gross working capital, net working capital, permanent working capital, and temporary working capital. Management of working capital involves maintaining optimal levels of current assets and current liabilities to ensure sufficient liquidity and an efficient balance between risk and profitability.
Working capital management policy 2013
This thesis examines the determinants of working capital management policy for 53 Pakistani companies over 6 years from 2005-2010. Cash conversion cycle is used as the dependent variable, and current ratio, fixed assets to total assets, natural log of total assets, return on assets, and operating cash flow are used as independent variables. Regression analysis finds that the independent variables explain 21% of the variation in cash conversion cycle. The results provide insight into how different firm characteristics impact working capital management policies in Pakistan.
working capital management
This document discusses working capital management and inventory management. It defines working capital and its sources, including short term sources like factoring, installment credit, bank overdrafts, commercial papers, and letters of credit. Long term sources include equity capital and loans. It also discusses estimating working capital needs using different approaches. The document then defines inventory and its management, including inventory turnover ratio and inventory control techniques like ABC analysis.
Pi
The document discusses the profitability index, which is an investment appraisal technique that calculates the present value of future cash flows of a project divided by the initial investment. It provides the formula and explains that the profitability index is a modification of the net present value method and is a relative measure rather than an absolute one. Projects should be accepted if the profitability index is above 1 and rejected if below 1. An example calculates the profitability index of 1.3 for a project with a $65M present value of cash flows and $50M initial investment.
Working capital management
Here are the steps to calculate the working capital requirement:
1. Calculate the daily production:
Previous year's production / 365 days = 60,000 units / 365 days = 164 units
2. Calculate the daily requirement for raw materials, wages and overheads:
Raw Materials: 164 units x 60% of cost per unit = 98 units x Cost per unit
Direct Wages: 164 units x 10% of cost per unit = 16 units x Cost per unit
Overheads: 164 units x 20% of cost per unit = 33 units x Cost per unit
3. Calculate the average holding period in days:
Raw Materials: 2 months x 30 days = 60 days
Work-in-progress
working capital management problems
1. The document provides information on 10 different cases to estimate working capital requirements, including projected sales, costs, credit terms, and stock levels. Working capital needs to be estimated to understand the capital required to support operations and growth.
2. Key factors that determine working capital requirements are levels of inventory, accounts receivable, accounts payable, and timing of cash flows from operations. Working capital requirements will fluctuate over time with changes in business activities, costs, and credit terms.
3. Proper management of working capital is important for business operations and financial flexibility. Accurate estimation of working capital needs is required for budgeting, financing, and investment decisions.
Working capital-Financial Management
This document discusses working capital, which refers to the capital required for financing short-term operations like raw materials, wages, expenses. It is important for businesses to maintain adequate working capital to pay debts and support daily operations. The document outlines different types of working capital, sources of funding, and how ratios can assess working capital management efficiency. Maintaining the right level of working capital is essential for business liquidity, profitability and reducing risk of insolvency.
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The presentation discusses the profitability index (PI), which is a capital budgeting technique used to evaluate investment projects based on their profitability. The PI is calculated as the discounted cash inflows divided by the initial cash outflow. A PI greater than or equal to 1 indicates the project is profitable. The presentation provides an example calculation of the PI for a project with an initial investment of $200,000 and cash flows of $40,000, $30,000, $50,000 and $20,000 over 4 years with a 10% discount rate, resulting in a PI of 1.1235.
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This document discusses working capital management. It defines working capital as the capital required for meeting short-term obligations including raw materials, wages, and current assets. The goal of working capital management is to ensure sufficient liquidity to meet short-term debt and operational expenses. It involves managing inventories, receivables, payables, and cash. There are different methods discussed for estimating a firm's working capital requirements.
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The document discusses key concepts related to working capital management including:
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- Determinants of working capital include the nature of the business, production cycle, inventory and credit policies, and growth plans.
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The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is the central bank of India and was established in 1935. It controls inflation and deflation in India through various monetary policy tools. RBI aims to maintain price stability in the economy while ensuring adequate credit in the system. Its key functions include regulating the country's money supply, managing foreign exchange, and acting as the government's bank. RBI can combat inflation through measures like increasing policy rates and reserve requirements for banks, and tackle deflation by reducing rates and stimulating demand and investment.
Working Capital finance
The document discusses the history and evolution of working capital finance regulation in India. Key points include: [1] The Tandon Committee of 1974 established norms for determining working capital needs and permissible bank financing levels. [2] Subsequent committees like Chore and Dahejia made additional recommendations around monitoring borrowers and assessing needs based on operations rather than just security. [3] Current practice involves assessing needs through projected balance sheets, cash budgets or turnover, with an emphasis on loan systems over cash credits for meeting needs.
Working Capital Mgt
Working capital refers to the funds used by a company to finance day-to-day business operations. It includes short-term assets like cash, inventory, and receivables, as well as short-term liabilities like payables. Effective working capital management is important for business profitability and liquidity by balancing current assets and liabilities. Companies must forecast cash flows and implement strategies to accelerate cash inflows and delay cash outflows to efficiently manage working capital.
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三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）】
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
Economic trends from a business point of view (May 2024)
Economic trends from a business point of view (May 2024)Інститут економічних досліджень та політичних консультацій
“Amidst Tempered Optimism” Main economic trends in May 2024 based on the results of the New Monthly Enterprises Survey, #NRES
On 12 June 2024 the Institute for Economic Research and Policy Consulting (IER) held an online event “Economic Trends from a Business Perspective (May 2024)”.
During the event, the results of the 25-th monthly survey of business executives “Ukrainian Business during the war”, which was conducted in May 2024, were presented.
The field stage of the 25-th wave lasted from May 20 to May 31, 2024. In May, 532 companies were surveyed.
The enterprise managers compared the work results in May 2024 with April, assessed the indicators at the time of the survey (May 2024), and gave forecasts for the next two, three, or six months, depending on the question. In certain issues (where indicated), the work results were compared with the pre-war period (before February 24, 2022).
✅ More survey results in the presentation.
✅ Video presentation: https://youtu.be/4ZvsSKd1MzE
Monthly Market Risk Update: June 2024 [SlideShare]
Markets rallied in May, with all three major U.S. equity indices up for the month, said Sam Millette, director of fixed income, in his latest Market Risk Update.
For more market updates, subscribe to The Independent Market Observer at https://blog.commonwealth.com/independent-market-observer.
13 Jun 24 ILC Retirement Income Summit - slides.pptx
ILC's Retirement Income Summit was hosted by M&G and supported by Canada Life. The event brought together key policymakers, influencers and experts to help identify policy priorities for the next Government and ensure more of us have access to a decent income in retirement.
Contributors included:
Jo Blanden, Professor in Economics, University of Surrey
Clive Bolton, CEO, Life Insurance M&G Plc
Jim Boyd, CEO, Equity Release Council
Molly Broome, Economist, Resolution Foundation
Nida Broughton, Co-Director of Economic Policy, Behavioural Insights Team
Jonathan Cribb, Associate Director and Head of Retirement, Savings, and Ageing, Institute for Fiscal Studies
Joanna Elson CBE, Chief Executive Officer, Independent Age
Tom Evans, Managing Director of Retirement, Canada Life
Steve Groves, Chair, Key Retirement Group
Tish Hanifan, Founder and Joint Chair of the Society of Later life Advisers
Sue Lewis, ILC Trustee
Siobhan Lough, Senior Consultant, Hymans Robertson
Mick McAteer, Co-Director, The Financial Inclusion Centre
Stuart McDonald MBE, Head of Longevity and Democratic Insights, LCP
Anusha Mittal, Managing Director, Individual Life and Pensions, M&G Life
Shelley Morris, Senior Project Manager, Living Pension, Living Wage Foundation
Sarah O'Grady, Journalist
Will Sherlock, Head of External Relations, M&G Plc
Daniela Silcock, Head of Policy Research, Pensions Policy Institute
David Sinclair, Chief Executive, ILC
Jordi Skilbeck, Senior Policy Advisor, Pensions and Lifetime Savings Association
Rt Hon Sir Stephen Timms, former Chair, Work & Pensions Committee
Nigel Waterson, ILC Trustee
Jackie Wells, Strategy and Policy Consultant, ILC Strategic Advisory Board
一比一原版宾夕法尼亚大学毕业证(UPenn毕业证书)学历如何办理
挂科购买【微信号:176555708】【挂科购买(UPenn毕业证书)】【微信号:176555708】《成绩单、外壳、offer、真实留信官方学历认证（永久存档/真实可查）》采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
【我们承诺采用的是学校原版纸张（纸质、底色、纹路）我们拥有全套进口原装设备，特殊工艺都是采用不同机器制作，仿真度基本可以达到100%，所有工艺效果都可提前给客户展示，不满意可以根据客户要求进行调整，直到满意为止！】
【业务选择办理准则】
一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信号:176555708】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信号:176555708】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
留信网服务项目：
1、留学生专业人才库服务（留信分析）
2、国（境）学习人员提供就业推荐信服务
3、留学人员区块链存储服务
【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）】
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：客户在留信官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
欧洲杯足彩-欧洲杯足彩押注-欧洲杯足彩押注官网|【网址🎉ac99.net🎉】
【网址🎉ac99.net🎉】欧洲杯足彩是一家创立于1998年的在线的体育博彩公司。欧洲杯足彩由库拉索岛政府授权，可以从事体育博彩相关活动。成立初期，欧洲杯足彩专注于快速发展的国内市场，现在它为全世界的玩家和职业玩家提供投注服务。毫无疑问，欧洲杯足彩是欧洲乃至全球最受欢迎的知名在线体育博彩公司。玩家的积极反馈、存款和提款的安全性都充分证明了该公司的可靠性。欧洲杯足彩 Sports公司 以其良好的服务而得到了客户的认可。该公司在2004年获得了最高水平服务奖、2006年最佳博彩公司奖（EOG.com）、最佳博彩运营商前5名（The Online Wire）和著名门户网站“Gambling”颁发的最佳优惠和奖金奖项，这是对这家博彩公司的最为中肯的评价。
South Dakota State University degree offer diploma Transcript
办理美国SDSU毕业证书制作南达科他州立大学假文凭定制Q微168899991做SDSU留信网教留服认证海牙认证改SDSU成绩单GPA做SDSU假学位证假文凭高仿毕业证GRE代考如何申请南达科他州立大学South Dakota State University degree offer diploma Transcript
TechnoXander Confirmation of Payee Product Pack 1.pdf
Confirmation of Payee (CoP) is a vital security measure adopted by financial institutions and payment service providers. Its core purpose is to confirm that the recipient’s name matches the information provided by the sender during a banking transaction, ensuring that funds are transferred to the correct payment account.
Confirmation of Payee was built to tackle the increasing numbers of APP Fraud and in the landscape of UK banking, the spectre of APP fraud looms large. In 2022, over £1.2 billion was stolen by fraudsters through authorised and unauthorised fraud, equivalent to more than £2,300 every minute. This statistic emphasises the urgent need for robust security measures like CoP. While over £1.2 billion was stolen through fraud in 2022, there was an eight per cent reduction compared to 2021 which highlights the positive outcomes obtained from the implementation of Confirmation of Payee. The number of fraud cases across the UK also decreased by four per cent to nearly three million cases during the same period; latest statistics from UK Finance.
In essence, Confirmation of Payee plays a pivotal role in digital banking, guaranteeing the flawless execution of banking transactions. It stands as a guardian against fraud and misallocation, demonstrating the commitment of financial institutions to safeguard their clients’ assets. The next time you engage in a banking transaction, remember the invaluable role of CoP in ensuring the security of your financial interests.
For more details, you can visit https://technoxander.com.
真实可查(nwu毕业证书)美国西北大学毕业证学位证书范本原版一模一样
原版定制【微信:bwp0011】《(nwu毕业证书)美国西北大学毕业证学位证书》【微信:bwp0011】成绩单 、雅思、外壳、留信学历认证永久存档查询，采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
【业务选择办理准则】
一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信bwp0011】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信bwp0011】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）】
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
The state of welfare Resolution Foundation Event
How has Britain’s safety net changed since 2010 and what comes next?
Dr. Alyce Su Cover Story - China's Investment Leader
In World Expo 2010 Shanghai – the most visited Expo in the World History
https://www.britannica.com/event/Expo-Shanghai-2010
China’s official organizer of the Expo, CCPIT (China Council for the Promotion of International Trade https://en.ccpit.org/) has chosen Dr. Alyce Su as the Cover Person with Cover Story, in the Expo’s official magazine distributed throughout the Expo, showcasing China’s New Generation of Leaders to the World.
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Economic trends from a business point of view (May 2024)
Monthly Market Risk Update: June 2024 [SlideShare]
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13 Jun 24 ILC Retirement Income Summit - slides.pptx
13 Jun 24 ILC Retirement Income Summit - slides.pptx
South Dakota State University degree offer diploma Transcript
South Dakota State University degree offer diploma Transcript
TechnoXander Confirmation of Payee Product Pack 1.pdf
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Dr. Alyce Su Cover Story - China's Investment Leader
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Sources of working capital
- 1. SOURCES OF WORKING CAPITAL by DR.K.P.Malathi Shiri
- 2. LOMG TERM SOURCES Issue of Equity Shares Issue of Preference Shares Issue of Debentures or Bonds Retained Earnings Loans from Financial Institutions
- 3. BENEFITS OF FUNDING BY EQUITY ISSUE Permanent source of financing Increases the flexibility of the firm Additional equity capital can be raised by making a rights issue No mandatory payments for equity shareholders
- 4. TYPES OF PREFERENCE SHARES Cumulative/ Non-Cumulative Preference Shares Redeemable/Non-redeemable Preference Shares Convertible/Non-Convertible Preference Shares
- 5. ADVANTAGES OF PREFERENCE ISSUE Does not affect the market perception of the firm Lends a leveraging advantage ( it is the result of employment of an asset or funds to pay fixed costs or return) Managerial control not diluted Redemption of preference shares after expiry of the period
- 6. TYPES OF DEBENTURES Convertible/ Non- Convertible Debentures Partially Convertible – Ratio and time of conversion fixed by the issuer Secured/ Unsecured Debentures INDENTURE – or Debenture Trust Deed – a legal agreement between the Issuing Company and Debenture Trustee/Debenture holders
- 7. MERITS OF DEBT FINANCING Cost of debt is cheaper than cost of equity or preference capital It is treated as an expense and passes on the benefit of tax Investors expect a lower return on debenture investment Does not dilute managerial control During inflation, debenture issue is ideal DRAWBACK – is the financial risk that is linked with the firm
- 8. SHORT TERM SOURCES INTERNAL SOURCES Depreciation Fund Provision for Taxation( time lag between creating the provision and actual payment of tax) Outstanding Expenses – ability to “play float” by postponing expenses
- 9. SHORT TERM SOURCES EXTERNAL SOURCES TRADE CREDIT – 15 to 90 days credit Based on an “Open Account”, without any collateral security Interest charged is reasonable In working capital- readily available; flexible means of financing; easy accessibility for small firms even when the economy has a tight circulation of funds
- 10. EXTERNAL SOURCES- CONTD… COMMERCIAL PAPER (CP)- It is a “usance Promissory Note, issued by the firm and approved by the RBI Negotiable by endorsement and delivery Issued at a discount on face value Certified by the banker after verifying the signature of the executors Credit period- few days to a few months Normally issued in multiples of 5 lacs
- 11. EIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR CP Tangible net worth of not less than Rs 4 crores as per the last Balance Sheet Working Capital limit not less than Rs 4 crores Current Ratio should not be less than 1.33 times Such rating should not be more than 2 months old from the date of issue of the CP Financing/Banking company to categorise the borrowing account of the firm as “Standard Assets”.
- 12. OTHER CONDITIONS FOR CP CP should not be issued for a period less than 15 days from the date of issue. No grace period is allowed for CPs Maximum maturity period revised by RBI from 6 months to less than1 year period from date of issue of CP. Lack of several investors due to absence of secondary market
- 13. EXTERNAL SOURCES- CONTD…. ADVANCES FROM CUSTOMERS – cost free source of working capital – (eg) down payments in case of construction business BANK CREDIT Cash Credit – against security of inventory on a continual basis Bank Overdraft – right to recall at short notice by banks
- 14. CONTD….. Bills Discounting Bills Acceptance Line of Credit – bank commitment to lend on demand with maximum limit specification Letter of Credit Bank Guarantee