This document defines sound and describes how it is produced through vibrations that travel through a medium. It discusses the properties of waves and the different types of waves, including transverse and longitudinal waves. It also covers the speed of sound in different materials, how sound waves are detected by the ear, and how instruments like oscilloscopes can be used to view sound waves. Finally, it discusses the characteristics of loudness, pitch, frequency, and the ranges that human ears can detect.
Energy is the ability to do work.
Everything that happens in the world uses energy!
Most of the time we can’t see energy, but it is
everywhere around us!
“HEAT”
Heat is a form of energy that flows from warmer bodies to colder bodies.
It is viewed as a form of energy that is transferred from one body to another due to a difference in temperature.
The SI unit of heat is joule (J).
Common unit of heat is calorie.
CALORIE the amount of heat needed to change the temperature of one gram of water from the pressure of the atmosphere.
TEMPERATURE
LAYMAN’S TERM
- It is the degree of hotness or coldness of an object.
Molecular level
- A measure of the average kinetic energy of these molecules.
Based from our sensory experiences:
“Can we use our senses to determine temperature?”
THERMOMETER
TYPES OF THERMOMETER
The most common type of the thermometer.
THERMOCOUPLE
-two different metals (usually copper and iron) that are twisted together
INFRARED THERMOGRAMS
-a device (camera) that measures the amount of radiant energy given off by an object
TEMPERATURE SCALES
TEMPERATURE SCALES
Waves (Grade 7, Quarter 3) Suggested Guide for DiscussionRachel Espino
A suggested powerpoint presentation guide for discussion for Gr.7 teachers on the characteristics and categories of waves. It also includes a simple quiz (under knowledge category) as an assessment
Energy is the ability to do work.
Everything that happens in the world uses energy!
Most of the time we can’t see energy, but it is
everywhere around us!
“HEAT”
Heat is a form of energy that flows from warmer bodies to colder bodies.
It is viewed as a form of energy that is transferred from one body to another due to a difference in temperature.
The SI unit of heat is joule (J).
Common unit of heat is calorie.
CALORIE the amount of heat needed to change the temperature of one gram of water from the pressure of the atmosphere.
TEMPERATURE
LAYMAN’S TERM
- It is the degree of hotness or coldness of an object.
Molecular level
- A measure of the average kinetic energy of these molecules.
Based from our sensory experiences:
“Can we use our senses to determine temperature?”
THERMOMETER
TYPES OF THERMOMETER
The most common type of the thermometer.
THERMOCOUPLE
-two different metals (usually copper and iron) that are twisted together
INFRARED THERMOGRAMS
-a device (camera) that measures the amount of radiant energy given off by an object
TEMPERATURE SCALES
TEMPERATURE SCALES
Waves (Grade 7, Quarter 3) Suggested Guide for DiscussionRachel Espino
A suggested powerpoint presentation guide for discussion for Gr.7 teachers on the characteristics and categories of waves. It also includes a simple quiz (under knowledge category) as an assessment
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
2. Definition of Sounds
i. vibrations that travel through the air or another
medium and can be heard when they reach a
person's or animal's ear.
ii. Any object that vibrates produces sound….!
iii. A vibration is a movement about a fixed point.
3. WAVES
i. A wave can be described as a disturbance that
travels through a medium from one location to
another location.
4. TYPES OF WAVES
I. Transverse Waves 2. Longitudinal Waves
Particlesvibrateperpendiculartothe Particlesvibrateparalleltothe
directionofwave. directionof
wave.
Examples: Lightandwater Examples: Soundandspring
5. SPEED OF SOUND
i. The sounds travel the fastest in solids because the
particles are close together…..
ii. Speed of sound in solids is 5,000 m/s.
iii. Whereas in liquids, it is 1,500 m/s and 330 m/s in
gases.
6. Why can’t sounds travel through
a vacuum?
i. Sound cannot travel through a vacuum.
ii. A vacuum is an area without any air, like space.
iii. So sound cannot travel through space because there
is no matter for the vibrations to work in.
7. Detecting Sound Waves
I. The ear is the organ of hearing
II. It is usually described as having three parts :
III. the outer ear, the middle ear and the inner ear.
IV. The word ‘ear’ itself refers to the external part.
V. The eardrum is the membrane of the middle ear, which vibrates in
response to sound waves.
8. OSCILLOSCOPES
I. An instrument which allows you to see the waves produced
by sounds.
II. One old type of it is CRO ( cathode ray oscilloscope )
III. A newer type of oscilloscope is the digital oscilloscope.
9. LOUDNESS
I. Loudness is determined by the amplitude of the sound wave.
II. It is measured in decibels
III. The amplitude of the sound wave depends on the vibration
caused by the source of the sound.
IV. The larger the vibration caused, the louder the sound will
be. The smaller the vibration caused, the softer, or lower in
volume, the sound will be.
10. The loudness values of
different sounds
Sound Loudness/decibels
the sound hurts 140
a jet aircraft taking off 130
a road drill 110
a jet plane overhead 100
a noisy factory floor 90
a vacuum cleaner 80
a busy street 70
a busy department store 60
normal speech 55
voices in a town at night 40
a whisper 20
rustling leaves 10
limit of normal hearing 0
11. Pitch/Frequency
I. Frequency and pitch describe the same thing, but from
different viewpoints.
II. While frequency measures the cycle rate of the physical
waveform, pitch is how high or low it sounds when you hear
it.
III. The frequency of a sound is measured in hertz (Hz).
IV. The ear of a young person is sensitive to frequencies in the
range 20 to 20,000 hertz..
V. More than 20,000 : Ultrasound
VI. Less than 20 : Infrasound…..!
