The document discusses some critical issues with air pollution monitoring that can affect the reliability of the data generated. It summarizes that both the monitoring equipment and personnel play a role in data quality. Specifically, it notes that monitoring instruments often are not calibrated frequently enough and personnel are often not adequately trained. It also discusses challenges with calibrating equipment in the field and suggestions for improving the calibration process, including developing portable calibration devices. Overall, it argues that unreliable data can result if conditions of both the monitoring equipment and personnel are not properly addressed.
This presentation explains about qualifications of HPTLC, types of qualifications, design qualification , installation qualification ,operational qualification, performance qualification ,documentation of qualification .
This presentation explains about qualifications of HPTLC, types of qualifications, design qualification , installation qualification ,operational qualification, performance qualification ,documentation of qualification .
Workshop On Risk Assesment by Palash Ch DasPalash Das
Risk management principles are effectively utilized in many areas of business and government including finance, insurance, occupational safety, public health, pharmacovigilance, and by agencies regulating these industries. Although there are some examples of the use of quality risk management in the pharmaceutical industry today, they are limited and do not represent the full contributions that risk management has to offer. In addition, the importance of quality systems has been recognized in the pharmaceutical industry and it is becoming evident that quality risk management is a valuable component of an effective quality system.
Performance qualification of High performance liquid chromatography Atchaya Thalapathy
Performance qualification is done consistently demonstrate the performance of instrument according to appropriate specifications for it's daily use.
PQ is always carried in conditions that are similar to routine sample analysis.
It means preferring same conditions for analysis, same column and same test compounds.
So performance qualification gives stability of instrument which contribute for result analysis
The objective of any chemical analytical measurement is to get consistent, reliable and accurate data.
Proper functioning and performance of analytical instruments and computer systems plays a major role in achieving this goal.
Therefore, analytical instrument qualification (AIQ) and calibration should be part of any good analytical practice.
Calibration of the measuring instrument is the process in which the readings obtained from the instrument are compared with the sub-standards in the laboratory at several points along the scale of the instrument. As per the results obtained from the readings obtained of the instrument and the sub-standards, the curve is plotted. If the instrument is accurate there will be matching of the scales of the instrument and the sub-standard. If there is deviation of the measured value from the instrument against the standard value, the instrument is calibrated to give the correct values.
All the new instruments have to be calibrated against some standard in the very beginning. For the new instrument the scale is marked as per the sub-standards available in the laboratories, which are meant especially for this purpose. After continuous use of the instrument for long periods of time, sometimes it loses its calibration or the scale gets distorted, in such cases the instrument can be calibrated again if it is in good reusable condition.
Even if the instruments in the factory are working in the good condition, it is always advisable to calibrate them from time-to-time to avoid wrong readings of highly critical parameters. This is very important especially in the companies where very high precision jobs are manufactured with high accuracy.
All the measuring instruments for measurement of length, pressure, temperature etc should be calibrated against some standard scale at the regular intervals as specified by the manufacturer. There are different methods or techniques of calibration, which are applied depending on whether it is routine calibration or if it is for special purpose where highly accurate calibration of the instruments is desired. In many cases different methods of calibration are applied for all the individual instruments. No what type of calibrations is being done, all of them are done in the laboratory.
The calibration of the instrument is done in the laboratory against the sub-standard instruments, which are used very rarely for this sole purpose. These sub-standards are kept in highly controlled air-conditioned atmosphere so that there their scale does not change with the external atmospheric changes.
To maintain the accuracy of the sub-standards, they are checked periodically against some standard which is kept in the metrological laboratories under highly secured, safe, clean and air conditioned atmosphere. Finally, standards can be checked against the absolute measurements of the quantity, which the instruments are designed to measure.
Measuring devices are an integral part of our lives nowadays, whether in everyday life or on the job. Take, for example, the scales at the supermarket check-out, the fuel volume measurement at the filling station pump, temperature measurement, velocity, flow volume and thermal energy, taxi meters etc. The wide variety of available quantities to be measured and measuring devices clearly illustrates the complex interplay between the quantity to be measured and the measuring device used. What does "accurate" actually mean in this context and how is this accuracy demonstrated? Why do we need accurate measuring devices?
Using the example of flowmeters, the following document will go into detail about these and other aspects of calibration and accuracy, and also looks at calibration standards from different countries around the world.
QRICS i.e. ‘Quality Ring Inspection Co-Ordination Services’ established in 1989 as a proprietary firm with Mumbai Shop Act No. Pashan/II/122. It deals with quality assurance support services such as calibration of mechanical, pressure, angle, thermal and electro-technical measuring instruments and equipment.Later on, in 1996 this organization was promoted to Private Limited with the name and title of QRICS Calibration Laboratories Pvt.Ltd. It has a registered office and laboratory at ‘Paras’ Complex, Sl. No. No. GP/67, Thermax Chowk, Chinchwad, Pune 411 019, Maharashtra State, INDIA. This laboratory has now been legally identified vide certificate of incorporation No. 11-103211 (1996) with a seal of registrar of companies, Maharashtra state.
More Details,
www.qrics.in
Workshop On Risk Assesment by Palash Ch DasPalash Das
Risk management principles are effectively utilized in many areas of business and government including finance, insurance, occupational safety, public health, pharmacovigilance, and by agencies regulating these industries. Although there are some examples of the use of quality risk management in the pharmaceutical industry today, they are limited and do not represent the full contributions that risk management has to offer. In addition, the importance of quality systems has been recognized in the pharmaceutical industry and it is becoming evident that quality risk management is a valuable component of an effective quality system.
Performance qualification of High performance liquid chromatography Atchaya Thalapathy
Performance qualification is done consistently demonstrate the performance of instrument according to appropriate specifications for it's daily use.
PQ is always carried in conditions that are similar to routine sample analysis.
It means preferring same conditions for analysis, same column and same test compounds.
So performance qualification gives stability of instrument which contribute for result analysis
The objective of any chemical analytical measurement is to get consistent, reliable and accurate data.
Proper functioning and performance of analytical instruments and computer systems plays a major role in achieving this goal.
Therefore, analytical instrument qualification (AIQ) and calibration should be part of any good analytical practice.
Calibration of the measuring instrument is the process in which the readings obtained from the instrument are compared with the sub-standards in the laboratory at several points along the scale of the instrument. As per the results obtained from the readings obtained of the instrument and the sub-standards, the curve is plotted. If the instrument is accurate there will be matching of the scales of the instrument and the sub-standard. If there is deviation of the measured value from the instrument against the standard value, the instrument is calibrated to give the correct values.
All the new instruments have to be calibrated against some standard in the very beginning. For the new instrument the scale is marked as per the sub-standards available in the laboratories, which are meant especially for this purpose. After continuous use of the instrument for long periods of time, sometimes it loses its calibration or the scale gets distorted, in such cases the instrument can be calibrated again if it is in good reusable condition.
Even if the instruments in the factory are working in the good condition, it is always advisable to calibrate them from time-to-time to avoid wrong readings of highly critical parameters. This is very important especially in the companies where very high precision jobs are manufactured with high accuracy.
All the measuring instruments for measurement of length, pressure, temperature etc should be calibrated against some standard scale at the regular intervals as specified by the manufacturer. There are different methods or techniques of calibration, which are applied depending on whether it is routine calibration or if it is for special purpose where highly accurate calibration of the instruments is desired. In many cases different methods of calibration are applied for all the individual instruments. No what type of calibrations is being done, all of them are done in the laboratory.
The calibration of the instrument is done in the laboratory against the sub-standard instruments, which are used very rarely for this sole purpose. These sub-standards are kept in highly controlled air-conditioned atmosphere so that there their scale does not change with the external atmospheric changes.
To maintain the accuracy of the sub-standards, they are checked periodically against some standard which is kept in the metrological laboratories under highly secured, safe, clean and air conditioned atmosphere. Finally, standards can be checked against the absolute measurements of the quantity, which the instruments are designed to measure.
Measuring devices are an integral part of our lives nowadays, whether in everyday life or on the job. Take, for example, the scales at the supermarket check-out, the fuel volume measurement at the filling station pump, temperature measurement, velocity, flow volume and thermal energy, taxi meters etc. The wide variety of available quantities to be measured and measuring devices clearly illustrates the complex interplay between the quantity to be measured and the measuring device used. What does "accurate" actually mean in this context and how is this accuracy demonstrated? Why do we need accurate measuring devices?
Using the example of flowmeters, the following document will go into detail about these and other aspects of calibration and accuracy, and also looks at calibration standards from different countries around the world.
QRICS i.e. ‘Quality Ring Inspection Co-Ordination Services’ established in 1989 as a proprietary firm with Mumbai Shop Act No. Pashan/II/122. It deals with quality assurance support services such as calibration of mechanical, pressure, angle, thermal and electro-technical measuring instruments and equipment.Later on, in 1996 this organization was promoted to Private Limited with the name and title of QRICS Calibration Laboratories Pvt.Ltd. It has a registered office and laboratory at ‘Paras’ Complex, Sl. No. No. GP/67, Thermax Chowk, Chinchwad, Pune 411 019, Maharashtra State, INDIA. This laboratory has now been legally identified vide certificate of incorporation No. 11-103211 (1996) with a seal of registrar of companies, Maharashtra state.
More Details,
www.qrics.in
A sampling system is used to obtain a small product sample from a pipeline with the same proportions of oil, water, and contaminants as a running stream. OGSI supply sampling and analyzer skids that operate non-stop since fast loop sampling bypasses the main line. The sampling system is considered to be the most cost-effective solution in cases when analyzers are not required per project specifications. Check here to know more about sampling system.
CONDITION-BASED MAINTENANCE USING SENSOR ARRAYS AND TELEMATICSijmnct
Emergence of uniquely addressable embeddable devices has raised the bar on Telematics capabilities.
Though the technology itself is not new, its application has been quite limited until now. Sensor based
telematics technologies generate volumes of data that are orders of magnitude larger than what operators
have dealt with previously. Real-time big data computation capabilities have opened the flood gates for
creating new predictive analytics capabilities into an otherwise simple data log systems, enabling real-time
control and monitoring to take preventive action in case of any anomalies. Condition-based-maintenance,
usage-based-insurance, smart metering and demand-based load generation etc. are some of the predictive analytics use cases for Telematics. This paper presents the approach of condition-based maintenance using
real-time sensor monitoring, Telematics and predictive data analytics.
Similar to Some critical facets in air pollution (20)
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
1. Some Critical Facets in Air Pollution Monitoring
Dr. Rajendra Prasad
Managing Director
Envirotech Instruments Pvt. Ltd.
A-271, Okhla Industrial Area, Phase -1, New Delhi - 110020 (email: envirotech@vsnl.com)
1.0 BACKGROUND
The prime objective of air quality monitoring is to find out prevailing
concentration of air pollutants with accuracy of 1 Dg/m3
. This accuracy is
depend upon several factors. Man and machine are the two basic facets
equally responsible for reliable data generation which can meet aforesaid
accuracy expectations.
Qualification, training and experience of man power can improve quality of
generated data. However if monitoring personnel are motivated absolute
reliability in collected data can ensured without further efforts even in existing
setup. Similarly the monitoring instruments have to be accurate, precise and
regularly calibrated without which quality data generation is out of question.
CPCB have already specified following accuracy limits for critical parameters
recorded by a monitoring system used for AAQM.
Flow rate accurate upto + 5 %
Time accurate upto ± 1 min.
Above parameters required to be critically examined in monitoring
instruments and must be ensured within specified accuracy limits for
maintaining desired accuracy of measurements.
1.1 PRESENT SCENARIO
1. About Man power :
The manpower deployed for regular air quality monitoring either in NAAQM
or in any other monitoring program most of time are not adequately qualified
and experienced. Formal training has never been given to these staff. Most
60
2. critical part is that the people engaged in these monitorings are not motivated
for the assigned jobs.
Besides this there are several other serious limitations with man power like
they are overloaded with work due to less staff, have no clear cut instructions
about monitoring for acceptance and rejection of sample, have no freedom to
put there problems and view point with senior and experienced officers. At
last there salaries are neither attractive not revised since long hence
whenever there are opportunities people are escaping.
About the Machines :
Monitoring instruments used for assessment of air pollution are prone to drift
and may show variation with time in measured parameters. Hence it is a
false expectation that their calibrations are stable over long period of time.
As per standard requirements calibration need to be done.
• When instrument is manufactured.
• When instrument is transported to a new location and in different climatic
condition.
• If instrument is operated after interruption of several months.
• After repairs or overhaul of key components.
• After observing significant drift either in zero or span value or in recorded
value.
The monitoring instruments used in regular air pollution monitoring either
under NAAQM or in other project are not calibrated as per above
requirements. Even when it is known that regular calibration of monitoring
instrument is a basic need for reliable data generation.
• In general life of a HVS/RDS is about 5 years. But instruments are not
retired even after crossing age of 10 years and more with old machine
(not regularly calibrated with age of 10 years and above) reliability of data
are expected similar as expected with new calibrated machines.
61
3. Table below show the age distribution of installed HVS at various NAAQM
stations.
S.No. Age (years) No. of Machine
1. 10 and above 32
2. 7 - 1 0 75
3. 5 - 7 28
4. Less than 5 06
Total 141
(Source Status Report on Servicing of HVS Installed at Various NAAQM Station in India - 1995)
Over all it can be said that conditions of machines used in air quality
monitoring are critical and are not good for reliable data generation. In such
situation when conditions of man and machine are weak reliable data can not be
generated as per requirements.
1.2 Difficulties of Calibration :
Users face following difficulties while calibration of instruments.
• Calibration facilities are not available at number of places in the country.
Further all required set-ups related to the calibration of air pollution
monitoring are not available with one agency.
• Reference set up at calibrating agencies are not portable enough hence
calibration at site is not possible. Thus monitoring system need to be taken
to calibration agencies for calibration. It is not easy to transport HVS/RDS
from distant places. Besides this cost of transportation is also significant
where possibilities of damages are always there.
• Time taken for calibration is several weeks since spare machines are not
available hence calibration is postponed due to this limitation.
• Cost of calibration is very high most of the time more than the cost of
instrument to be calibrated. Some calibration costs are given below.
62
4. S.No, Name of the item
Cost of item
calibrator (Rs.)
Cost of calibration
(Rs.)
1.
Portable calibrator for flow
rate calibration
15,000 28,000
2. Thermometer (6 points) 100 1,200
3. Dry gas meter 5,000 25,000
4. Pyrometer + thermocouple 4,000 10,000
5. Pitot Tube 1,500 3,000
6. Stop Watch 1,000 2,500
7. Weights (5 Nos.) 1,000 3,000
• Calibration of supplied instrument is done as per understanding of the
scientist undertaking the calibration. Number of situations have been faced
when calibrations are not done as per requirements and significant errors
are observed in calibration data.
• Once instrument is calibrated user do not try to look into the calibration data
and graph. Further values are not corrected for observed errors indicated in
calibration. Calibration graph and reports are only used to show that this
instrument is calibrated.
• There is no clarity about frequency of calibration. For one type of instrument
one organization says recalibration is due after one year while other says it
is due after 3 years. It appears that frequency of calibration is decided by
calibrating agency arbitrarily.
1.3 SUGGESTED METHODOLOGY:
(A) For field calibration.
Keeping above difficulties in mind Envirotech has setup Roots meter, a
primary standard device for finding out possitive displacement of air. This
unit is traceable to NISST and used for calibration of portable Top Loading
calibrator and also monitoring instrument. The portable calibrator is useful in
the field for calibration of machines at site of their operation. How calibrator
is calibrated? How sampler is calibrated using calibrated calibrator?
Procedure has been discussed in the methodology of calibration given in
Annexure -1.
63
5. Since calibration is required only for those parameters which are taking part
in the calculation. In HVS/RDS following units need to be calibrated:
for flow - orifice - manometer and rotameter
for time - time totalizer
All these units are possible to calibrate in the field using calibrated portable
Top Loading Calibrator, Dry Gas Meter and Stop Watch.
(B) For Calibration at Our Works.
Machines which can be brought at our works are calibrated using Roots
meter for flow rate at various pressure drop equal to the clean filter and dust
loaded filter. Rotameter calibration is carried out using soap bubble meter or
using dry gas meter depending upon the capacity of Rotameter.
For establishing cut off of the cyclone unit of RDS, collected dust on filter
paper and cyclone cup is analysed for particle size distribution on lesser
based particle size analyser. Rough estimate of cut-off of the cyclone can
also be done using manual method with help of projection microscope.
1.4 OTHER CRITICAL FACTS OF AIR POLLUTION MONITORING
RESULTING UNRELIABLE DATA GENERATION
1. Filter handling is not done as per recommended procedure.
2. Filter are not checked for pin holes. Experiences of this author say that in
every box of 100 sheets 4-5 filters are found damaged with pin holes need to
be rejected and should not be used in sampling.
3. At some places it has been observed that filters are dryed at 105°C for few
hours prior to weighing instead of putting them in desiccator with active
absorbent at room temp (17-27°C) and at low humidity (0-50 % R.H.) as per
standard procedure notified by BIS/CPCB.
4. Cleaning of filter gaskets, top cover, inlet pipe, cyclone assembly is not done
at periodic intervals.
64
6. 5. Manometer tube water is not replaced at specified intervals and there are
situation, when tap water is found filled in the tube responsible for erroneous
recording of flow readings.
6. Initial zero level in manometer is not maintained accurately.
7. Carbon accumulated in blower is not cleaned at periodic interval causes
break down and variation of rpm of armatures. Resulting flow fluctuations.
8. Manual of instrument most of time neither available with operator nor read by
operators. Thus precautions suggested by manufacturer are never followed
resulting errors in sampling and break down of the machine due to
mishandling.
9. In case of gaseous attachment ice is not kept in ice box, flow setting is done
casually, Cleaning of manifold is never done where fine particulates escaping
from impinger solution found to be deposited on the body of needle valve
ultimately responsible for reduction of flow rate because pressure drop at
needle valve is changed during sampling of gaseous pollutants.
10. Impingers are not properly greased and leakages are common in impingers
in present practices. This ultimately responsible for escaping a part of gases
without absorption in the reagents.
11. It has been seen that impingers used for sampling of gaseous pollutants do
not meet BIS/CPCB published specifications. Due to change in dimensions
concentration of gaseous pollutants absorbed in the reagent influenced
significantly.
12. Cleaning of impinger tip with pore size of 1mm is not done after each
sampling. At tip deposition of salts and particulates while sampling causes
reduction of flow rate due to change in pressure drop at the tip.
13. In case of Respirable Dust Sampler collected dust in cyclone cup must be
removed with every filter change otherwise if accumulated dust in cyclone
cup is collected beyond the capacity it shall re-entrained with air stream and
may reach to filter paper and effect collection of Respirable Dust.
14. It has been observed that flow reading are taken immediate after switching
on the blower. Which results recording of inaccurate flow rate because
65
7. steady flow is only achieved after 4-5 minute of operation. This time is
needed to set the motor brushes.
15. Availability and quality of power is the most critical parameter influencing
monitoring duration and thus measured concentrations also. Frequency of
power (50 cycles/sec) become critical about electrical components like Time
Totalizer where readings are known to be influenced significantly if frequency
of power is changed.
1.5 RECOMMENDATIONS :
« Man power operating instruments need to be qualified, trained and motivated.
• Periodic check of monitoring methodology must be done by an experienced
team through field evaluation on each site where actual sample collection
analysis and calculation of results must be supervised and operators are advised
. Such evaluation must be done once in year for all locations.
• Regular calibration of monitoring instruments must be done as per requirements
of calibration.
• Calibration requirements and frequency of calibration must be made a part of the
standard as method of sampling and analysis is mentioned in air quality
standard.
e On going practices which do not match with standard procedure need to be
stopped so that generation of reliable data can be ensured.
a CPCB should set-up calibration centres at their various zonal laboratories where
calibration of HVS/RDS and other air pollution monitoring instruments is done for
various users in the area on payment basis. While calibration freedom need to
be given to the user to witness the method of calibration and obtained data.
66
8. Annexure -1
METHODOLOGY OF CALIBRATION OF HVS/RDS
• Flow metric devices used in HVS/RDS are orifice and manometer which indicate
flow in m3
/min.
• Flow measurements are based on observed differential pressure. Thus for flow
calibration, procedure has to be performed against a known air flow.
• Top loading calibrators where a calibration orifice unit with resistance plates
(load plates) are used for calibration of flow rate. Calibration orifice resistance
plates and manometer is shown in figure 1.0.
• Calibration unit is consist of a modular pipe with static pressure tap located at
one end (closed to calibration orifice). Farther end away from static tap is
flanged. In this portion resistance plates are accommodated while calibration.
Near end of the static pressure tap is fitted with a metal plate with an air inlet
which has a fix dia hole. This hole is the orifice on which the calibration
procedures are based. Five resistance plates are used to create resistance of
filter with varying particulate loading. The resistance plates have 5,7,10, 13 & 18
holes. The plate with 18 holes represents a clean filter while other plates
represents a filter with increasingly heavy dust loading.
• Series of steady flows are drawn through the orifice unit for each resistance
plate. The air flow is recorded along with corresponding pressure differential
from the manometer attached to the pressure tap of the orifice unit. Placement
of orifice unit before the primary standard (Roots meter) reduces the inlet
pressure to this meter below atmospheric pressure. To compensate for this a
second manometer is attached to an inlet pressure tap of the primary standard.
After recording barometric pressure, the true volume of air drawn though primary
roots meter is calculated.
P b a r o m e t r i c —
P m e a s u r e d
V t r u e ~ [ -I * ^ m e a s u r e d
P b a r o m e t r i c
Where,
P b a r o m e t r i c
=
Barometeic Pressure at place of calibration mmHg.
P m e a s u r e d
=
Measured Pressure mmHg
Vmeasured = Value measured
Vtme =
True flow rate at ambient conditions
True flow rate can be calculated by
VT rue(m3
)
Q (m3
/rain) =
Time of flow (min)
A plot of orifice manometer pressure reading versus true floW' rate is generated
which become calibration curve for calibrator which is used to calibrate HVS/RDS.
This Top Loading Calibrated Calibrator is fitted at the inlet of sampler with 18 hole
resistance plate in place properly so that there is no leakages. Calibrator pressure
tap is connected to one end of manometer and other end left open to atmosphere.
67
9. Sampler is switched on and allowed to run for 5 minute for steady flow (this time is
needed to set the motor brushes). Reading indicated by the sampler and pressure
reading of the manometer is recorded. This is done for different resistance plates.
Find out true flow rate reading against recorded pressures in manometer. A plot of
sampler flow rate versus true flow rate reading is plotted and best fit curve not more
than one point of inflection is used as calibration curve of HVS/RDS.
When using the Orifice Calibration unit to calibrate a HVS/RDS correction must be
made to indicated flow if actual atmospheric temperature and pressure vary from
calibration conditions. Corrected flow can be calculated as.
Qcorrcct - QlJncorrcct [(T2 Pl)/(Tj P2)]
Ti
T2
Pi
P2
Corrected flow rate
Uncorrected flow rate reading from orifice manometer
calibration curve.
Absolute temp at orifice calibration condition.
Absolute temp when calibrating the sampler.
Barometric pressure at orifice calibration conditions mmHg.
Barometric pressures when calibrating the sampler
monitoring mmHg
68