This document discusses calibration in the measuring technology industry, specifically as it relates to KROHNE. It provides definitions of calibration and discusses why calibration is important. Calibration ensures measuring devices are accurate by comparing them to reference devices and standards. KROHNE calibrating facilities include an elevated tank calibration facility for flowmeters up to 120 m3/h and a large air calibration rig for flows up to 2500 m3/h.
What is MSA .
1. Why we Need MSA
2. How to use data.
3.Measurement Error Sources of Variation
• Precision (Resolution, Repeat ability, Reproducibility)
•Accuracy (Bias, Stability, Linearity)
4.What is Gage R&R?
5.Explain MSA Sheet
What is MSA .
1. Why we Need MSA
2. How to use data.
3.Measurement Error Sources of Variation
• Precision (Resolution, Repeat ability, Reproducibility)
•Accuracy (Bias, Stability, Linearity)
4.What is Gage R&R?
5.Explain MSA Sheet
Fire and Gas Detection System : Part 2_Block Diagram_Philosophy, Signal Types...Gan Chun Chet
Fire and Gas Detection System Requirements for the Oil and Gas Industry. Offshore Platforms are also applicable for onshore plants/terminals. Safeguarding and Protective System to ensure oil and gas facilities are safe to operate.
An illustration on the Measurement System Analysis(MSA) which leads to Excellence in Dimensional integrity. A complete journey through the process and explanations for implementation.
University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences is a flag bearer of excellence in Pharmaceutical education and research in the country. Here is another initiative to make study material available to everyone worldwide. Based on the new PCI guidelines and syllabus here we have a presentation dealing with qualifications of HPLC which is the " High Performance Liquid Chromatography".
Thank you for reading.
Hope it was of help to you.
UIPS,PU team
THIS PPT IS ABOUT MEASUREMENT SYSTEM ANALYSIS.. THIS IS VERY USEFUL FOR PERSON WORKING IN INDUSTRY. IT ALSO TALK ABOUT SIX SIGMA APPROACH FOR EFFECTIVE MEASUREMENT.REPEATIBILITY & REPRODUCIBILITY ARE ALSO WELL EXPLAINED IN THIS PPT.
This presentation is all about my working experience at iljin electronics pvt ltd. and its all about the working of IQC department of electronics industry.
Leak Testing: Different Types Of Leak Testing Methods | Helium Leak Testing Kryovess Pvt. Ltd.
Leak testing method is a very known and important method using for leak detection in the industries. Leak test and leak detection using air decay, helium or water submerse methods. The choice of the detection method depends on which method is most appropriate for the system at hand. Leak testing methods each have their own sensitivity, expressed as the lowest leak rate the method can detect. Highly sensitive methods are required to test highly leak prone systems such as vacuum systems.
How to Calibrate an RTD Using a Dry Block Calibrator Webinar_061015Transcat
In this Webinar, Kurt Zabriskie, Product Manager for Fluke Calibration Temperature Products, discusses the process and necessary considerations for the calibration of an RTD probe using a Dry Block or Dry Well Calibrator. Kurt thoroughly detains the potential sources of measurement error during the Dry Block calibration process, examines the types of Dry Block Calibrators available and their various applications, and ends the presentation with a step by step RTD calibration example.
ENVEA designs and produces a complete range of state of the art CEMS gas and dust analyzers, sampling systems, data acquisition systems and software for the continuous measurement & reporting of stack pollutants.
With the global focus on emissions, the Group helps its clients quickly achieve environmental compliance in the most cost-effective manner.
Industrial emissions monitoring regulations vary from country to country, and the measurement technology must be assessed for suitability and in accordance with local requirements and standards.
Our solutions are fully compliant with the latest European and International regulations & standards.
Fire and Gas Detection System : Part 2_Block Diagram_Philosophy, Signal Types...Gan Chun Chet
Fire and Gas Detection System Requirements for the Oil and Gas Industry. Offshore Platforms are also applicable for onshore plants/terminals. Safeguarding and Protective System to ensure oil and gas facilities are safe to operate.
An illustration on the Measurement System Analysis(MSA) which leads to Excellence in Dimensional integrity. A complete journey through the process and explanations for implementation.
University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences is a flag bearer of excellence in Pharmaceutical education and research in the country. Here is another initiative to make study material available to everyone worldwide. Based on the new PCI guidelines and syllabus here we have a presentation dealing with qualifications of HPLC which is the " High Performance Liquid Chromatography".
Thank you for reading.
Hope it was of help to you.
UIPS,PU team
THIS PPT IS ABOUT MEASUREMENT SYSTEM ANALYSIS.. THIS IS VERY USEFUL FOR PERSON WORKING IN INDUSTRY. IT ALSO TALK ABOUT SIX SIGMA APPROACH FOR EFFECTIVE MEASUREMENT.REPEATIBILITY & REPRODUCIBILITY ARE ALSO WELL EXPLAINED IN THIS PPT.
This presentation is all about my working experience at iljin electronics pvt ltd. and its all about the working of IQC department of electronics industry.
Leak Testing: Different Types Of Leak Testing Methods | Helium Leak Testing Kryovess Pvt. Ltd.
Leak testing method is a very known and important method using for leak detection in the industries. Leak test and leak detection using air decay, helium or water submerse methods. The choice of the detection method depends on which method is most appropriate for the system at hand. Leak testing methods each have their own sensitivity, expressed as the lowest leak rate the method can detect. Highly sensitive methods are required to test highly leak prone systems such as vacuum systems.
How to Calibrate an RTD Using a Dry Block Calibrator Webinar_061015Transcat
In this Webinar, Kurt Zabriskie, Product Manager for Fluke Calibration Temperature Products, discusses the process and necessary considerations for the calibration of an RTD probe using a Dry Block or Dry Well Calibrator. Kurt thoroughly detains the potential sources of measurement error during the Dry Block calibration process, examines the types of Dry Block Calibrators available and their various applications, and ends the presentation with a step by step RTD calibration example.
ENVEA designs and produces a complete range of state of the art CEMS gas and dust analyzers, sampling systems, data acquisition systems and software for the continuous measurement & reporting of stack pollutants.
With the global focus on emissions, the Group helps its clients quickly achieve environmental compliance in the most cost-effective manner.
Industrial emissions monitoring regulations vary from country to country, and the measurement technology must be assessed for suitability and in accordance with local requirements and standards.
Our solutions are fully compliant with the latest European and International regulations & standards.
Liquid ultrasonic flow meters (LUFMs) continue to gain
popularity in petroleum measurement with the promise
of high accuracy and low maintenance. These are favorable features, but because of the high volume and value
of petroleum products, buyers and sellers must have a
high level of confidence in the accuracy of measurement. This assurance in custody transfer measurement
is gained by adherence to the standards, procedures
and methods that define the measurement process
How to calibrate a coriolis mass flow Meter
When it comes to upgrading flow measurement tools in the industrial world, calibration is a big deal. It's not just about how they look or what they're made of – calibration is the key to feeling sure about the accuracy of your measurements. It's like the bridge between what you expect and what you want to achieve.
The precision of calibration can either make or break your confidence in the measurements, especially in industries where being "good enough" isn't acceptable. Consider, for instance, the fields of pharmaceutical production and custody transfer, where regulatory frameworks operate with an uncompromising emphasis on precision. In the pharmaceutical realm, where the formulation of drugs demands an exquisite blend of accuracy and consistency, any deviation in measurement can lead to compromised product quality and, subsequently, jeopardize patient safety. Likewise, in the realm of custody transfer – the critical process of transferring products from one party to another – precision is paramount. Any miscalculation in quantity can have profound financial implications and potentially lead to disputes.
So, why does calibration matter beyond the technical details? Well, think about it like this: the quality of the product a company produces is directly influenced by how well their devices are calibrated. This suggests that inaccuracies at this foundational level have far-reaching consequences, affecting not only the efficiency of industrial processes but also the integrity and compliance of the end product.
So, before we dive into the step-by-step guide on calibrating Coriolis mass flow meters, let's first understand what makes these meters indispensable to various industries.
What makes Coriolis flow meters indispensable to various industries
Coriolis flow meters are important tools used in various industries because of their exceptional accuracy and versatility in measuring mass flow rates. Unlike traditional flow meters, Coriolis meters work based on the Coriolis effect, where fluid is deflected as it moves through a vibrating tube. This unique mechanism allows for precise measurement of mass flow and offers advantages that make Coriolis flow meters essential in different industrial applications.
One key reason for the importance of Coriolis flow meters is their inherent accuracy. These meters directly measure mass flow, eliminating the need for additional adjustments for density or temperature. This accuracy is essential in industries that require precision, such as pharmaceuticals, chemical manufacturing, and custody transfer processes.
Calibration of the measuring instrument is the process in which the readings obtained from the instrument are compared with the sub-standards in the laboratory at several points along the scale of the instrument. As per the results obtained from the readings obtained of the instrument and the sub-standards, the curve is plotted. If the instrument is accurate there will be matching of the scales of the instrument and the sub-standard. If there is deviation of the measured value from the instrument against the standard value, the instrument is calibrated to give the correct values.
All the new instruments have to be calibrated against some standard in the very beginning. For the new instrument the scale is marked as per the sub-standards available in the laboratories, which are meant especially for this purpose. After continuous use of the instrument for long periods of time, sometimes it loses its calibration or the scale gets distorted, in such cases the instrument can be calibrated again if it is in good reusable condition.
Even if the instruments in the factory are working in the good condition, it is always advisable to calibrate them from time-to-time to avoid wrong readings of highly critical parameters. This is very important especially in the companies where very high precision jobs are manufactured with high accuracy.
All the measuring instruments for measurement of length, pressure, temperature etc should be calibrated against some standard scale at the regular intervals as specified by the manufacturer. There are different methods or techniques of calibration, which are applied depending on whether it is routine calibration or if it is for special purpose where highly accurate calibration of the instruments is desired. In many cases different methods of calibration are applied for all the individual instruments. No what type of calibrations is being done, all of them are done in the laboratory.
The calibration of the instrument is done in the laboratory against the sub-standard instruments, which are used very rarely for this sole purpose. These sub-standards are kept in highly controlled air-conditioned atmosphere so that there their scale does not change with the external atmospheric changes.
To maintain the accuracy of the sub-standards, they are checked periodically against some standard which is kept in the metrological laboratories under highly secured, safe, clean and air conditioned atmosphere. Finally, standards can be checked against the absolute measurements of the quantity, which the instruments are designed to measure.
Precision and efficiency take center stage in the dynamic landscape of industrial processes. When it comes to measuring liquid propane with accuracy and reliability, Coriolis flow meters stand out as the undisputed champions. These advanced instruments leverage the Coriolis effect—a phenomenon where a fluid moving in a rotating system experiences a force perpendicular to the direction of motion—to deliver unparalleled measurement precision.
With more industries jumping on the propane bandwagon for its versatility and eco-friendly perks, the need for spot-on measurements is growing. So, in this article, we're going to dive into the nitty-gritty of Coriolis flow meters. We'll break down how they work in simple terms, making it easy to see why these meters are the top choice for industries that can't afford to mess around with imprecise propane measurements.
How the Coriolis flow meter works to measure Propane
Coriolis flow meters, known for their precision and versatility, are particularly adept at measuring the flow of propane, a common fuel used in various industrial and residential applications. Understanding how these meters work to measure propane involves examining their fundamental principles and the unique characteristics of propane as a fluid.
Estimation of Measurement Uncertainty in Labs: a requirement for ISO 17025 Ac...PECB
Knowledge of the uncertainty of measurement of testing and calibration results is fundamentally important for laboratories, their clients and all institutions using these results for comparative purposes. Uncertainty of measurement is a very important metric of the quality of a result or a testing method.
Main points covered:
• To introduce the basic concepts related to measurement results and measurement uncertainty
• Explain the relevance of these concepts to chemical analysis data
• Introduce mathematical concepts, uncertainty sources and important approaches for estimation of measurement uncertainty
Presenter:
This webinar was presented by Dotun Bolade, who is an Analytical Chemist/Environmental Scientist by training and practice with years of experience in laboratory instrumentation and automation. For him, ISO management systems have become second nature having worked in environments where ISO 9001, 14001, 18001 and 17025 have been fully implemented. He is a Certified PECB ISO/IEC 17025 Lead Assessor.
Link of the recorded session published on YouTube: https://youtu.be/AOpFou7_FVI
Choosing the Right Calibrator Webinar Presented by Druck BHGE and TranscatTranscat
This informational webinar will discuss:
-Definition of Terms
-Defining a goal and the primary objective of Calibration
-Approach in achieving Calibration goals
-Equipment selection criteria
The SUPERIOR Gas Chlorinator is considered the industry "workhorse" of gas chlorinators. Its efficient design, coupled with the long lasting materials, creates reliable water disinfection systems with a safety first, user friendly design that is cost effective to install and so easy to operate and maintain. The SUPERIORGas Chlorinator is the optimum choice for water disinfection, whether for drink ing water, sewage treatment, industrial processes, food processing, cooling water, or swimming pools.
SOR manufactures a complete line of thermocouple elements, Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD) sensors, thermowells, industrial assemblies and specialty temperature sensors.
Effective water management is critical to both open-pit and sub-surface mining operations. Mine dewatering is an essential part of resource extraction, as it lowers the water table around the mine or quarry. Effectively managed dewatering processes typically employ continuous water level monitoring.
In-Situ Inc., manufacturer of reliable, top quality water monitoring equipment, adds to their already comprehensive line of portable and fixed installation water quality measurement instruments with the Aqua Troll 500. The instrument is a multiparameter sonde that can be used as a handheld device, with data transmitted to a smartphone running the Android data collection app. For fixed installations, the Aqua Troll can be integrated wirelessly into a telemetry system to deliver collected data to remote stations.
MSA has extensive experience in monitoring hazardous gases in the workplace. In addition to selecting the right sensors and detection devices for the application, placement of the devices and instruments that monitor the presence of hazardous gases is key to providing an acceptable level of safety.
Kammer valves are designed to handle a wide range of service conditions: pressures from vacuum to 4000 bar and temperatures from minus 269 degrees C to plus 400 degrees C. Body materials include all common stainless steels, in addition to plastics and exotic alloys.
The full-featured 3700 Sampler collects sequential or composite samples based on time, flow rate, or storm conditions. It's a great choice if you don't need the sophisticated parameter monitoring and logging capabilities
The LaserFlow™ velocity sensor remotely measures flow in open channels with non-contact Laser Doppler Velocity technology and non-contact Ultrasonic Level technology. The sensor uses advanced technology to measure velocity with a laser beam at single or multiple points below the surface of the wastewater stream.
SOR® is a manufacturer of high-quality pressure and tempreature switches for industrial service. They serve a global market of oil and gas, chemical, petrochemical, and power industries through a network of independent sales representatives. Their products are suitable for a broad range of safety systems, control processes, and related applications.
The Level TROLL series of sensors are In-Situ’s premier water level data loggers, giving groundwater professionals higher data resolution, expanded memory and advanced logging modes for specialized applications. Designed specifically for aquifer characterization, the Level TROLL provides continuous monitoring of water level, water pressure, and temperature.
These units convert a 4-20mA process current input into two identical isolated 4-20mA output signals. Power is obtained from the output loop (sinks current).
For easy troubleshooting, each unit has LEDs and diagnostic test points. Power LEDs help identify output open loop conditions. The precision 10-ohm sense resistor enables monitoring of the output signal without disturbing field wiring.
Rotork Fairchild's all new PAX1 Series Linear Actuator can be used alone or it can be paired with a variety of Fairchild time proven pressure regulators, enabling remote control of the pneumatic pressure. Power is provided by 11-26 VDC and position is controlled by a 4-20mA signal or pulse clockwise or counterclockwise. The actuator is designed to lock in last place if power or signal are lost. The PAX1 is ideal when precise position control is required, and it has an optional analog feedback that transmits current position to the operator through an 4 to 20 mA Analog Feedback Signal. Adjustable motor speeds, customer set position limits and alarms are standard features.
The T7500 series is but one of several variants available from Rotork Instruments for converting electric control signals of C voltage or current to pneumatic output.
VALTEK control valves provide reliability, long life, parts interchangeability, ease of maintenance and prompt delivery. Valtek control products are known for handling severe services: cryogenic, superheated steam, volatile and corrosive fluids, erosion, high pressure drops, vibration, cavitation, flashing, and high noise levels.
Modular variable area flow meters are simple to install, accurate, and inexpensive. Modular design allows the addition of limits, alarms, communications, and transmitter capability in the field without shutting down the process.
The TIDALFLUX 2000 flow sensor with integrated and non-contact capacitive level measuring system provides accurate flow measurement in partially filled pipes.
TIDALFLUX is designed to measure reliably between 10% and 100% of the pipe cross section. The integrated level sensors in the liner are in no contact with the liquid and are therefore insensitive against fat and oil floating on the surface.
This application note from Brooks Instrument describes how to effectively establish differential pressure sensor purge lines on transmitters that may be measuring in a system where the media may restrict or clog the sensor lines and create error in the reading
Siemens power cell design allows for less maintenance and greater availability. And when combined with up to 90% savings on cable costs, the result is a significantly lower total cost of ownership over the drive’s lifecycle. No other drive offers the savings and reliability that the SINAMICS PERFECT HARMONY GH180 does, making it the ideal solution for low power applications
Fike is a globally recognized supplier of products and services that protect people and critical assets from dangers such as fire, explosion and over-pressurization. With over 60 years experience manufacturing products ranging from rupture discs and explosion protection systems, to fire suppression and fire alarm systems, Fike offers reliable solutions for customers around the world.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
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Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
3. Calibration Content
10/2013 • R02-en www.krohne.com
Introduction 4
1 Calibration 5
2 Definitions 8
3 Calibration in Germany 10
4 Calibration in the Netherlands 12
5 Calibration in the United Kingdom 14
6 Calibration in France 15
7 Calibration in Russia 16
8 Calibration in China and India 17
9 Influences in practical use 18
10 References and measurement standards 22
Definitions 24
Literature 25
KROHNE Calibration certificates 26
3
4. 4
CALIBRATIONINTRODUCTION
www.krohne.com 10/2013 • R02-en
Measuring devices are an integral part of our lives nowadays, whether in everyday life or on the job. They
are often only recognised, however, when we take a much closer look. Take, for example, the scales
at the supermarket check-out, the fuel volume measurement at the filling station pump, temperature
measurement, velocity, flow volume and thermal energy, taxi meters etc. The wide variety of available
quantities to be measured and measuring devices clearly illustrates the complex interplay between the
quantity to be measured and the measuring device used. What does "accurate" actually mean in this context
and how is this accuracy demonstrated? Why do we need accurate measuring devices? Using the example of
flowmeters, the following sections will go into detail about these and other aspects.
Established in 1921, the family business of KROHNE employs 2564 people around the world and has
representatives on all continents. The company has its headquarters in Duisburg, Germany where it
develops, manufactures and sells products in the field of measuring technology. KROHNE stands for
innovation and superior product quality. KROHNE is one of the market leaders in industrial process
measuring technology.
Prior to leaving one of our factories in Germany, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, France, Brazil, China,
India or Russia, each KROHNE measuring device is thoroughly inspected in terms of its technical functions
and device-specific features.
A number of tests which exceed statutory requirements ensure not only compliance with the specified
technical data but also guarantee reliable use in extremely difficult application conditions.
4
5. 5
CALIBRATION
10/2013 • R02-en www.krohne.com 5
1CALIBRATION
"Is this device calibrated?", is a typical question heard relatively early on when using measuring devices. To
answer this question in a satisfactory manner, different aspects of calibration are explained in what follows.
What is calibrated?
In principle, any physical trait of an object can be calibrated. This includes not only variables encountered
in flow measurement technology like volume flow, mass flow, level and volume but also many other
measurements found in day-to-day life such as temperature, length, mass, thermal energy, noise level
velocity etc. When it comes to flowmeters it is usually the signal of one pulse output, where one pulse stands
for one flowed through mass or volume, or a 4-20 mA output, which provides a signal in proportion to the
volume, that is calibrated.
What is calibration?
Basically, calibration is a comparison of measurements followed by a written report of the results, the
so-called systematic error of measurement. The resulting document is generally referred to as a calibration
certificate or calibration protocol. Examples of calibration certificates can be found on page 26. The result of
the comparison when calibrating is expressed as a difference, i.e. the deviation of the measurement of the
device to be calibrated from the more accurate reference device. This difference can be expressed as a
deviation in the unit of the quantity measured or as a percentage. The reference is then either the measured
value or the measuring range end value.
�H
Figure 1.1: Beam balance
Meter under test Reference meter
Figure 1.2: Flowmeter and reference
Flowmeter calibration generally takes place under fixed medium conditions like temperature, pressure,
conductivity and volume flow as well as fixed ambient conditions such as pressure, temperature and
humidity. What is calibrated is a pulse or frequency output, a 4-20 mA output, less frequently the display or
bus signals. Depending on the accuracy required for the calibration, various processes including reference
meters and gravimetric or volumetric liquid flow standard measurement calibration rigs may be used where
the reference should have between three to five times less measurement uncertainty than the device to be
calibrated. Reference meters are often used for calibration when similar measurement variables (e. g.
variable area flowmeters) or measuring devices with defined error limits are calibrated, see Fig 1.2.
Typically, during calibration the measurement of the
meter under test is compared to that of an identical
or similar, more accurate measuring device. The
example of the beam balance clearly demonstrates
this: the left-hand side holds a 1 kg weight to be
calibrated and the right-hand side holds a very
accurate 1 kg weight. The difference in mass of
the two weights results in a mass-scaled height
difference between the two balance trays.
6. CALIBRATION1 CALIBRATION
www.krohne.com 10/2013 • R02-en
However, instead of flowmeters, flow calibration rigs are now used as the reference for precision calibration.
In this case the flowing mass or volume is displayed via a mass and density measurement or volume
measurement. This ultimately enables the most accurate measurement of the volume or mass of flowing
products. Here, we distinguish between calibration rigs based on either the volumetric or gravimetric
principle, see Fig 1.3 and Fig 1.4:
Meter under test
Figure 1.3: Volumetric calibration rig
In the case of volumetric calibration rigs the volume flowing through a meter under test is compared to the
reference volume of a cylinder, tower or tank with an interior volume that is precisely known. The reference
volume can be determined geometrically or by volumetric measurement in intervals using reference volumes.
So-called piston prover systems are also based on the volumetric principle. With these systems, a known
volume of a test product is pressed out by a propelled piston, passing through the meter under test into a
storage tank. When the piston is pulled back, further measurements are made possible.
195,74 kg
Meter under test
Figure 1.4: Gravimetric calibration rig
When it comes to gravimetric calibration rigs, the volume (or mass) flowing through the meter under test
is compared to the indicator on a scale. The reference volume is then determined using the density of the
product and by taking into account the various influencing variables on the measuring process. In most
cases, testing is done in flying start-stop mode, whereby a diverter routes the product into the scale, or
in standing start-stop mode. The calibration of the scales is typically done using stainless steel standard
weights in accuracy class F2.
6
7. CALIBRATION 1CALIBRATION
10/2013 • R02-en www.krohne.com 7
Why calibrate?
In principle, measuring devices are calibrated to gather information about the current behaviour or condition
of the measuring device at the time of calibration. Any calibration is always tied to the existing temporal and
local conditions. Prognoses about the behaviour of the measuring device in the application can be made, for
example, based on experience or farther-reaching tests.
In regards to the information gathered about the measuring device during calibration, a distinction is
generally made between industrial and legal metrology. In the field of industrial metrology, i. e. for use in
the food and beverage industry, pharmaceuticals, the oil and gas industry for mixing and dosing processes,
feeding plants etc., requires measuring devices that measure the mass flow as stable as possible and without
fluctuations. On top of that, the devices must be able to display the same values over longer periods of time, i.e.
they must have good long-term stability. This ensures high process stability.
In the field of legal metrology, i. e. anywhere goods must be billed, the measuring devices
must measure within the maximum permissible errors and be regularly recalibrated, which is called
verification (see also calibration law and calibration ordinance).
With the introduction of the Measuring instruments directive 2004/22/EC in 2004, custody transfer was
standardised on a European level and it became legal in Germany on 30 October 2006. In addition to the
general, fundamental requirements such as error limits, suitability, resistance etc., the device-specific
part defines the requirements using 10 different types of measuring devices. These are:
MI-001 Water meters
MI-002 Gas meters and volume conversion devices
MI-003 Active electrical energy meters
MI-004 Heat meters
MI-005 Measuring systems for the continuous and dynamic measurement of
quantities of liquid other than water
MI-006 Automatic weighing instruments
MI-007 Taximeters
MI-008 Material measures
MI-009 Dimensional measuring instruments
MI-010 Exhaust gas analysers
In addition to standardised European technical requirements on the respective measuring devices and unlike
domestic law, the conformity assessment (formerly initial calibration) can now also be performed by the
manufacturer (module D). The conformity of a measuring device can also be evaluated by an independent,
third party which becomes an authorised body through accreditation (module F). The conformity assessment
according to module D or F takes place in combination with a European type examination certificate (module
B). A measuring device that has been evaluated for conformity obtains a declaration of conformity from the
manufacturer and can now be made available to an end user (released).
Although these measuring devices have been governed in accordance with national law by way of domestic
type approvals and calibration, measuring devices putted into use after the Measuring Instruments Directive
are subject to a conformity assessment. Calibration is carried out by the calibration office or a nationally
recognised test body. Each country has jurisdiction over this task and it is valid for all measuring devices that
are recalibrated once the reverification period has expired as well as for "first calibrations" of measuring
devices not subject to European law such as cooling measurements. All measuring devices not mentioned
in the European measuring instruments directive as well as features specific to each country, such as the
length of the calibration period and exceptions to mandatory verification, are subject to national law.
8. CALIBRATION2 Definitions
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Any error of measurement detected during calibration as a result of repeat measurements is the so-called
systematic measurement error. This remains constant as regards the value and the sign, provided the
conditions during measurement do not change and it can always be reproduced under the same conditions.
In addition to systematic measurement errors there are also random measurement errors. As the word
implies, there is nothing "systematic" about this kind of error, it occurs randomly. Fig 2.1 illustrates the
difference between systematic and random measurement error.
Figure 2.1: Systematic and random errors
If you look at the target on the left, the points (individual values) are evenly distributed around the blue centre,
which in this case is defined as the correct value as agreed and the mean is exactly the centre of the target. The
blue arrows indicate the random error of the individual values from the mean value. This can also be referred
to as a scattering of the points around the mean. In the picture on the right, the same points are all farther
from the centre of the target. The resulting systematic error is represented by the orange arrow.
Random measurement errors are caused by such things as reading errors, fluctuations in ambient conditions,
unstable process conditions, device characteristics and so on.
Unlike calibration, when adjusting a device the systematic measurement error is not only determined and
documented but also corrected by way of a manual intervention in the device. A familiar example of this is
"setting" a watch according to the news. When comparing the display on the watch to the reference clock on
the television (calibration process), you notice an error. The watch is, for example, five minutes slow (systematic
measurement error). Now, although no calibration certificate is issued, you could make a mental note of the
error and take that into account each time you look at the watch. However, as a rule this is too much of a hassle
for us, and we make the error smaller by resetting the hands on the watch. We have thus adjusted the watch, in
other words we have performed a lasting intervention.
Flowmeters are usually calibrated at different flow rates, which can be measured again if necessary. Examples
of flowmeter calibration certificates can be found at the end.
8
9. CALIBRATION 2Definitions
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Volume flow in m3/h
Measuringerroraspercentage
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
Figure 2.2: Calibration curve of a flowmeter
The measurement errors at the different flow rates result in the calibration curve plotted in a table or graph
on the calibration certificate, see also pg. 26 ff. In everyday language the calibration curve is also called an
error curve. Of course the term calibration curve is not quite right as no intermediate values were measured
between the individual points. Using the calibration curve makes it possible to detect to what degree the
calibration values fluctuate at the different flow rates; in other words, you can assess the linearity of the
flowmeter. The less the individual calibration values deviate from one another overall, the greater the
linearity of the measuring device. Calibration values for flowmeters with great linearity across the entire
measuring range do not have to be compensated for through corrections within the control centre software
of the corresponding application, provided the mean value of the deviations is close enough to zero.
In 1977, calibration laboratories in industrial enterprises, research institutions
and technical authorities joined forces to form the Deutschen Kalibrierdienst (DKD) [German calibration
service]. The goal was to formally approve the actions of the National Metrology Institute (Physikalisch-
Technische Bundesanstalt or PTB), privatise parts of the state duties and responsibilities and thus reduce
trade barriers. Accredited DKD laboratories can perform calibrations of measuring devices within the scope
of the measurands and measuring ranges determined by the accreditation. The advantage of this is that the
measurements can be traced back to the respective measurement standard of a specialist PTB laboratory.
The calibration results are documented on a DKD calibration certificate. Today, many DKD laboratories are
accredited for a variety of measurement categories including optical, electrical, acoustic, magnetic and
dimensional indicators, flow measurements as well as temperature and humidity. Technical committees
develop and provide guidelines and manuals for the calibration of the different measurement variables. With
the law regarding the accreditation body from 31.07.2009, the DKD accreditation body was transformed with
effect from 17.12.2009 into the Deutsche Akkreditierungsstelle GmbH (DAkks) [German Accreditation Body],
s. a. www.dakks.de
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Variable area flowmeters are one of the things manufactured at the KROHNE site in Duisburg, Germany. This
is a tradition which started in 1921 and has stood its ground to date with a wide range of devices. Whether
the DK devices are made of glass or metal, H250 or VA 40, the variety of different devices is reflected among
other things in the requirements placed on the calibration rigs. The calibration of the scales of variable area
flowmeters is done by comparison with a highly accurate flowmeter. Instruments used include. Coriolis
flowmeters, electromagnetic flowmeters and even reference glasses. Fig 3.1 illustrates calibration using
electromagnetic flowmeters at the elevated tank calibration facility.
Figure 3.1: Elevated tank calibration facility
The development calibration rig put into operation in 2009 is available for measurements of air-volume
flows up to 2500 m3/h. Calibration is performed using two turbines that are regularly traced back to the
measurement standard of a national body to ensure measuring accuracy. Figure 3.2 shows the measuring
section and references of the large air calibration rig.
Figure 3.2: Large air calibration rig
The 9 m high elevated tank is operated with water
and is used to calibrate H250 devices. Flow rates up
to 120 m3/h are possible. Fully automatic calibration
can take place simultaneously at five measuring
stations. A camera system accurately measures the
indicator position with a resolution of ± 0.1 % of the
calibration scale. The respective flow points at which
calibration takes place are automatically started
and the results for each device are stored in the
database. The installation site can also be varied so
that devices normally receiving the flow from below
as well as the devices like the KROHNE variants
that receive flow from above or horizontally can be
calibrated.
In the glass segment or with DK metal devices,
the devices to be calibrated are compared to high
resolution variable area flowmeters.
10
CALIBRATION3 CALIBRATION IN GERMANY
11. CALIBRATION 3CALIBRATION IN GERMANY
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The production of the OPTISWIRL vortex flowmeter series represents the second large product line at the
Duisburg site. For the calibration of the vortex flowmeters alone, two revolver calibration rigs were built.
Through the rotation of the revolver, the measuring sections necessary to calibrate different nominal
sizes can be rotated to the level of the measuring section without long conversion times. Calibration takes
place with water at flow rates up to 575 m3
/h using electromagnetic flowmeters. Long inlet runs in front of
the meter under test and specially fabricated inlet runs for the references guarantee precise measuring
conditions with long-term stability. The flow points are started and measurement data is recorded
automatically. The measurement data are stored in a database. Figure 3.3 depicts the large revolver
calibration rig used to calibrate vortex flowmeters.
Figure 3.3: Revolver calibration rig
Figure 3.4: Small air calibration rig
Flowmeters in the lower flow range can be
calibrated with the help of the small air calibration
rig up to 500 m³/h under normal conditions and 8
barg at temperatures up to 90 °C. Critical nozzles
are used as reference. They are regularly traced back
to national and international standards. In addition to
being able to calibrate the flowmeters in a vertical
or horizontal position, meters of varying physical
measuring principles can be calibrated.
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Electromagnetic flowmeters were added to the product range in 1961 with the foundation of the Dutch branch
in Dordrecht. Today, electromagnetic flowmeters and ultrasonic flowmeters from DN 2.5 to DN 3000 are
manufactured at KROHNE Altometer, placing huge demands on the calibration rigs. The largest flowmeters
are calibrated with the help of the tower seen from a distance. The 44 m high calibration tower, which can
create volume flow rates up to 30,000 m3/h, contains about half a million litres of water. Highly precise
position encoders mounted along the entire height of the inside of the tower enable maximum precision
when calibrating extremely large measuring devices. This huge engineering feat is put into perspective with
the size comparison of the flowmeters shown in figure 4.2.
Figure 4.1: 44 meter high calibration tower at KROHNE Altometer
Figure 4.2: Ultrasonic flowmeters nominal size DN 3000
12
CALIBRATION4 CALIBRATION IN THE NETHERLANDS
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CALIBRATION 4CALIBRATION IN THE NETHERLANDS
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Smaller nominal sizes are calibrated preferably using piston provers at KROHNE Altometer. The precisely
known interior volume of a cylinder is displaced during calibration and compared to the volume measured by
the meter under test. A direct comparison of volumes reduces the number of influencing variables, enabling
calibrations with extremely small measuring uncertainty. Electromagnetic flowmeters and ultrasonic
flowmeters are usually calibrated with water. Special calibrations using other liquids can be carried out with
calibration rigs specially equipped for this purpose. Regular comparisons with the Netherlands Metrological
Institute (NMI) and comprehensive quality management in combination with long years of experience logged
by employees make cutting edge, superior calibrations possible.
Figure 4.3: Piston prover calibration rig
14. 14
CALIBRATION5 Calibration in the UNITED KINGDOM
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1 United Kingdom Accreditation Service
The technical development made in leaps and bounds by Coriolis measuring devices has become
extremely evident over the past years. Straight tube Coriolis devices open up new dimensions in precision
measurement technology. Measuring the mass flow using the Coriolis effect eliminates a whole series of
influencing variables present with other calibration methods. During the calibration of Coriolis measuring
devices, the indicator of the meter under test is directly compared to the water mass that flowed into the
weighing container. All devices are calibrated at different process temperatures. For example, the straight
tube devices are calibrated at 20 °C, 40 °C and 60 °C so that through this process the process influences
for each device can be individually measured and corrected. As the density measurement is also calibrated
during calibration, the customer can choose to calibrate to mass or volume measurement. The entire
calibration process is computer controlled and therefore completely automated. Upon completion of the
process a separate calibration certificate is issued for each measuring device.
Figure 5.1: Calibration for large-size Coriolis measuring devices
When mass flowmeters with nominal sizes up to DN 250 were added to the product range, existing
calibration facilities had to be expanded. The "mega rig" put into operation in 2008 can handle mass flows
up to 860 t/h with minimal measuring uncertainty. In order to maintain the consistently high standard of
accuracy of calibration, the calibration rigs DN 15 to DN 250 are accredited by the British calibration service
provider UKAS1. A separate calibration rig is available for the calibration of mass flowmeters with small
nominal sizes starting at DN 1. Here, too, with the so-called "stationary start-stop" measuring principle, the
mass of water that flows through the meter under test is directly compared to the indicator on the scales.
To reduce calibration times, up to three devices can be simultaneously calibrated. A sophisticated signal
processing system prevents the devices from interfering with one another. Calibrations are possible at water
temperatures of 20 °C, 40 °C and 60 °C.
Figure 5.2: Calibration rig for mass flowmeters
14
15. 15
CALIBRATION 6CALIBRATION IN FRANCE
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At the KROHNE site in Romans, France, level meters are manufactured and calibrated. TDR level meters (Time
Domain Reflectory / guided microwaves) in the OPTIFLEX series are calibrated on 30 m tracks. In the process,
the reflector plate can be automatically positioned on the required calibration point. High demands are placed
on the measurement process, both in terms of measurement uncertainty as well as the repeatability of the
results. With the help of a tensioning device, the cable is stretched to its optimal length. Due to the parallel
setup of two tracks, installation times for the Optiflex devices are minimised. Another, manually-operated
calibration rig makes calibration possible at distances up to 40 m.
Figure 6.1: Optiflex calibration rig
The calibration of FMCW level meters (Frequency Modulated Continous Wave / non-contact radar waves) in
the OPTIWAVE series takes place in a calibration tunnel lined with high-quality absorbent material. As many
measuring points as necessary for the calibration can be set using automatic traversing. For calibrations of up
to 5 m, a multi-position calibration rig is available. Device calibration takes place vertically with the help of two
moving targets.
Figure 6.2: Optiwave calibration rig
The calibration rigs are checked regularly using a laser interferometer which is traceable to the
standard of the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) or a comparable calibration service. This guarantees
consistently high calibration quality.
16. 16
CALIBRATION7 Calibration in RUSSIA
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Vortex and ultrasonic flowmeters are produced at the site in Samara, Russia. Meters up to a nominal size of
DN 50 can be calibrated with the help of a water calibration rig. The revolver-type tilting inlet sections enable
a time-optimised retrofitting of the measuring section. Ceramic electromagnetic flowmeters are used as
reference. They can be traced back to international standards at pred-determined intervals. They also enable
measurement with a repeat precision (repeatability) of less than 0.03 %.
Figure 7.1: Revolver calibration rig
16
17. 17
CALIBRATION 8Calibration in China and India
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At the KROHNE location in Chengde, China, variable area and vortex flowmeters are manufactured. Like
calibration in Germany, flowmeters here are also calibrated using reference flowmeters. Depending on the
required measuring accuracy, more precise glasses or even electromagnetic flowmeters can be used. The
elevated tank shown in Figure 8.1 enables the calibration of H250 variable area flowmeters at any installation
site.
Figure 8.1: Elevated tank
Small flows can be measured using a gravimetric measuring system. In this case, the flowing volume is
traced back to a mass and density of the product.
Electromagnetic flowmeters and mass flowmeters are both manufactured at the KROHNE site in Shanghai.
Here too, devices with nominal sizes up to DN 3000 and flow rates up to 18,000 m/h can be calibrated. The
close technical dependence on the calibration rig technology of KROHNE Altometer makes the high standard of
calibration of KROHNE flowmeters possible.
In Poona, India, electromagnetic flowmeters and variable area flowmeters are calibrated. The calibration
of electromagnetic flowmeters is done using a volumetric reference. When calibrating variable area
flowmeters, reference devices of superior accuracy are incorporated.
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When you consider the calibration values of a flowmeter, ideally they should not deviate from the measuring
values in the application. In fact, there are a number of influencing variables which require great care when
installing in the application given the wide variety of flowmeters and measuring principles. Only by closely
analysing the application can undetected systematic measurement errors be reduced from the outset. The inlet
conditions of the flowmeter represents one of the main influencing variables on the measurement result:
Inlet and outlet sections
Inlet Outlet
V
Figure 9.1: Inlet and outlet sections
Inlet and outlet sections refer to the section of a straight tube before and after the measuring device, not
including built-ins (interferences) such as elbows, valves, ball valves etc. It can also be referred to as an
unimpeded or free inlet section. This is usually expressed in a whole number multiple of the pipe diameter,
e. g. a 10D inlet section on a DN 200 pipe corresponds to a length of 2 m. Observing the inlet and outlet
sections of different lengths is sometimes necessary to reduce influences on the measuring result that
originates in the system itself. These upstream/downstream influences on the measuring device are mainly
reflected in the "quality" of the flow profile. Information regarding the minimum lengths of the inlet and
outlet sections is generally contained in the technical documentation of the flowmeters.
Flow profile
laminar
turbulent
Figure 9.2:
2D flow profiles
The velocity distribution of the flow of liquids in closed pipelines is not constant
across the pipe. Under ideal conditions, the closer you get to the "middle" of the
pipe, the greater the flow velocity. The closer you get to the wall of the pipe, the
slower the flow. The velocity distribution can be illustrated two-dimensionally or
three-dimensionally across the pipe. This is called a velocity or flow profile. Figure
9.2 shows a two-dimensional, Figure 9.3 a three-dimensional laminar and turbulent
flow. If you have an extremely long, straight pipeline, two different flow profiles are
formed, depending on the diameter of the pipe, flow velocity and viscosity: either
a laminar or a turbulent flow profile. The turbulent flow profile is "flatter" than the
laminar one. These flow profiles are called swirl-free and rotationally symmetric. To
achieve the desired measuring accuracy, the unimpeded inlet run required in front
of a flowmeter depends on the measuring principle used (EMF, Vortex, ultrasonic,
Coriolis etc.).
CALIBRATION9 Influences in practical use
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CALIBRATION 9Influences in practical use
Figure 9.3: Three-dimensional flow profile
Installation situation
In terms of pipe direction the practical installation of a flowmeter in an application is always bound to on-
site possibilities. Often, having system parts that change the flow profile located close to the measuring
devices cannot be avoided. This includes built-ins like 90°elbows, 3D bends, shut-off devices, reducers and
expansions, filters etc. Information regarding which combinations or built-ins and measuring devices are to
be avoided can be found in the technical documentation of each measuring device.
Figure 9.4: Installation notes for electromagnetic flowmeters
Figures 9.4 and 9.5 show examples from documentation with recommended flowmeter installation sites and
those sites to avoid.
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CALIBRATION9 Influences in practical use
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Figure 9.5: Installation notes for electromagnetic flowmeters
If there are built-ins in the pipeline, changes such as one-sided increases in velocity or swirling components
in the local flow can be the consequence. These changes are slow to be diminished in the straight pipeline
until finally a rotationally symmetric, distinct laminar or turbulent flow profile is restored. To counteract such
interference with the measuring accuracy of the flowmeter, the data sheets for the respective flowmeters
indicate minimum inlet sections based on the desired measuring accuracy.
In general, it can be said that longer inlet runs diminish the influence of flow interferences.
Calibration conditions
Flowmeter calibration generally occurs at defined pressure, temperature and ambient conditions. Changes
in these conditions when using the measuring device in practice can result in more or less serious changes
in the measured value. Nowadays, flowmeters such as variable area flowmeters, are sometimes designed
for use in a specifically defined parameter range. Here, no corrections need be taken into account on site. If
the influence of the parameter is significant, a correction may be made with the appropriate measurement
of pressure and temperature (pressure and temperature compensation with vortex flowmeters). Significant
meaning is thus attached to the"Quality" used for potential conversions of the material parameters used as
data with significant measurement uncertainty have a direct impact on the result of the measurement.
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CALIBRATION 9Influences in practical use
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As a general rule, flowmeters are calibrated using water or air. Operating points which in terms of density,
temperature, viscosity etc. deviate from the calibration conditions, can be taken into account mathematically
if necessary. In order to perform measurements with minimal uncertainty, some circumstances may require
that calibration be done with the original liquid or original gas (true gas calibration).
Figure 9.6: Vortex flowmeter with integrated pressure and temperature compensation
Repeatability / reproducibility
To guarantee process conditions with a high degree of stability, flowmeters with high repeatability are
required, i.e. the measuring device should also output the same measured values with minimal scattering,
regardless of the absolute accuracy of the individual values under the same operating conditions in realtime.
Data about the repeatability of a measuring device can only be collected under repeatability condition
of measurement. This includes such things as constant temperatures, pressures, humidity, observers,
measurements following one another at close intervals and the same reference. Multiple measurements
on a test rig can be used as data for repeatability. In the absence of quantitatively useful calculation
specifications in the area of liquid measurements, it is often the smallest and largest values that are used but
these are not statistically meaningful and do not allow for a comparison of information. A recommendation
for the quantitative determination of repeatability can be found in [7]. The terms generally used for this in the
literature are "repeatability" or "reproducibility". In contrast to that there is advanced reproducibility which
takes into account different observers, installation sites and changed process and ambient conditions. As
for repeatability there is no known calculation specification for liquids for the specification of a quantitative
value.
Long term stability
If a measuring device is observed in use over a longer period of time, the measurement should not drift at all
under constant conditions. If the measurement errors caused by any aging, drift or environmental influences
is negligible over a longer period of time, the measuring device is said to have high long-term stability.
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Calibration usually takes place with the help of a "more accurate" measuring device. This device is referred
to as the reference, the measurement standard or superior measurement standard. It is crucial here that
the influence of the Reference on the result of the calibration of the meter under test is negligibly small. To
guarantee this, there is something called the 1/5 rule. This rule states that the uncertainty of the reference
may be a maximum of 1/5 of the targeted calibration uncertainty. In individual cases, the factor between the
meter under test and the reference may be 1/3 but in general it can be said that higher values (1/10) are the goal.
So who has the "right" measuring device? To tackle this problem, 17 European states came together in 1875
with the goal of presenting and using specific units consistently.
kg
sm
K A
molcd
PTB
Figure 10.1: SI base units
Figure 10.2: International kilogram prototype
The meter and kilogram were adopted as the
superior measurement standard and the production
of prototypes, which should then be used as the
material measure, was set. Today, the so-called SI
system®
comprises 7 base units: kilogram, meter,
second, kelvin, ampere, mole and candela. The
number of states has now grown to 51. How these
units are represented lies within the jurisdiction
of each country. In Germany, for example, they are
administered by the Physikalisch-Technischen
Bundesanstalt (PTB), in the Netherlands by the
Netherlands Metrology Institute (NMI) and in Austria
by the Bundesamt für Eich- und Vermessungswesen
[Federal Office of Metrology and Surveying].
The current definition of the 7 base units can be
found at www.ptb.de. The material measures or
technical apparatuses that depict these units are
called national measurement standards, superior
measurement standards or primary measurement
standards. Nowadays we try to make it possible
to depict the base units with the help of natural
constants such as Avogadro's number or the speed
of light. Unlike the material measures (kilogram
and meter), this has the advantage of displaying
with less measurement uncertainty. Not until 1960
was the platinum-iridium rod replaced by a new
definition. The last remaining material measure that
is currently valid is thus the international kilogram
prototype.
If a measuring device is calibrated against a
reference that was calibrated at a national institute,
the calibration is said to be "traceable to a national
measurement standard". This traceability makes
it possible to compare the calibration results of all
measuring devices traced back to this measurement
standard. The example of the international
kilogram prototype demonstrates how the tracing
of a measurement is structured. At the peak of
achievable accuracy is the international kilogram
prototype, see Figure 9.2, a platinum-iridium
cylinder which by definition embodies a mass of 1 kg
(material measure). Directly affiliated with this are
the national kilogram prototypes of the individual
member states.
2
International System of Units. International unit system which specifies
seven base units by convention. The International Office of Weights and
Measures (BIPM) in France is responsible for the system.
CALIBRATION10 References and measurement standards
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CALIBRATION 10References and measurement standards
As a rule, each member state has just one of these, to which main measurement standards made of stainless
steel are in turn associated and which are recalibrated on an annual basis. Germany, in addition to the
original kilogram which was damaged in the second world war, has a valid duplicate from the former DDR.
With the help of the transfer of measurements structured in this way through their traceability to a
superior measurement standard, the associated measurement standards guarantee on the one hand the
comparability of the measurements and on the other hand they guarantee that the consumer is getting a
product whose volume lies within statutory error limits.
To make a comparable statement about the accuracy of the measurement, the measurement result is
assigned the so-called measurement uncertainty. Without this information, the measurement result is
incomplete. Measurement uncertainty refers to the quality or accuracy of the measurement and is usually
expressed using the same unit with a "±" after the measurement result. For example, for a measured
length, the information 21.0 mm ± 0.5 mm means that there is a 95% chance that the actual value of the
measurement result (this can also be called the "agreed value") lies in the range of 20.5 mm to 21.5 mm. The
specification of measurement uncertainty for a flowmeter generally refers to the measuring range outlined
in the specifications and is usually stated as a percentage of the measured value or of the measurement
range end value. Even the measured volume of flowing liquids is assigned a measurement uncertainty which
depends among other things on the reference used. When it comes to precision calibrations, the flowing
volume is measured using gravimetric or volumetric calibration rigs. The designation of the measurement
uncertainty in this case occurs by way of an observation and evaluation of all of the input variables affecting
the measurement in a so-called measurement uncertainty analysis.
As a general rule, the calibration of a measuring device does not have unlimited validity in terms of time. To
counteract systematic measurement errors caused by ageing, drift, environmental influences or similar, it
is necessary to calibrate measuring devices within defined time intervals. This is known as recalibration or
a recalibration interval. The shorter the intervals, the sooner any systematic measurement errors can be
detected and corrected.
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Calibration
The determination of the relationship between the measured value or expected value of the output variable
and the associated true or correct value prevailing as the input variable for observed measuring equipment
with specified conditions (DIN 1319).
Adjusting
An activity that puts a measuring device into a usable state. As a rule, this refers to the determination and
correction (by way of permanent intervention into the device) of a systematic measurement error.
Verification
A state government inspection of a measuring device subject to statutory metrology which is conducted by a
calibration authority or a nationally recognised testing body. The verification process includes determining
the measurement error, tamper-proof lead sealing and affixing the calibration seal. The measured values
must lie within the maximum permissible errors. These limits depend on the measuring device and the
accuracy class. The German calibration law and calibration ordinance govern all the particulars.
Conformity assessment
A test to determine whether a measuring device complies with the requirements of the European measuring
instrument directive (MID). This directive defines various conformity assessment procedures which may
contain metrological tests. The conformity assessment replaces the initial verification and unlike it, the
assessment is valid throughout the entire European Economic Area.
Systematic measurement error
Mean value resulting from an unlimited number of measurements of the same quantity, conducted under
reproducible conditions minus a true value of the quantity being measured. The value of a measurement
standard is generally taken as the "true value". However, because the true value is based on an endlessly
large number of measurements, it is also known as the "correct value" or "agreed value".
Random measurement error
Measuring result minus the mean value that would be arrived at from an unlimited number of measurements
performed under reproducible conditions.
Reference
A standard, measuring device, reference material or measuring system whose purpose it is to determine,
represent, conserve or reproduce a unit or one or more values of a quantity.
(International Dictionary of Metrology, 2nd Edition 1994)
DKD
Abbreviation for the "Deutscher Kalibrierdienst" [German calibration service]. An amalgamation of German
calibration laboratories in industrial enterprises, research institutions and technical authorities whose
aim it is to formally approve the actions of the German national institute as regards measurement tasks, to
privatise parts of the national duties and responsibilities and ultimately to reduce trade barriers.
CALIBRATIONDEFINITIONS
25. 25
CALIBRATION LITERATURE
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[1] Weights and Measures Act (Verification Act) from 23 March 1992
(Federal Law Gazette I pg. 711), last amended by: Art. 2 G from 3 July 2008
[2] Calibration regulations from 12 August 1988 (Federal Law Gazette I pg. 1657), last amended by
Art. 3 § 14 G vom 13.12.2007 I 2930
[3] DIN EN 1319: Grundlagen der Messtechnik [Fundamentals of Metrology], Beuth Verlag GmbH,
Berlin, 1995
[4] Leitfaden zur Angabe der Unsicherheit beim Messen [Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in
Measurement], 1st Edition, Beuth Verlag GmbH, Berlin, 1995
[5] Adunka, F.: Messunsicherheiten – Theorie und Praxis [Measurement Uncertainty – Theory and Practice],
3rd Edition, Vulkan-Verlag GmbH, Essen, 2007
[6] Measuring instruments directive (MID) 2004/22/EC
[7] Mathies, N.; Wendt, G.; Rose; J.; Mickan, B. ; Schupp, R.:
"Mengen- und Durchflussmessung strömender Medien" [Measuring the Quantities and Flow Rates
of Flowing Media], technical measuring, Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, München, 79. Year,
Edition 2-2012, pg.120-128
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CALIBRATION KROHNE Calibration certificates
Calibration Certificate - Kalibrierzertifikat - Certificat d'étalonnage
DIN 55 350-18-4.2.2
Product / Produkt / Produit
Type / Typ / Type
Sales Order / VK-Auftrag / Commande de vente
Serial Number / Seriennummer / Numéro de série
Tag Number / Tagnummer / Repère
Calibration Method / Kalibriermethode / Méthode d'étalonnage
:
:
:
:
:
Test Equipment Data / Kalibrierstanddaten / Données du banc d'étalonnage
Serial Number / Seriennummer / Numéro de série
Calibration fluid / Kalibrierflüssigkeit / Fluide d'étalonnage
Uncertainty / Unsicherheit / Incertitude
:
:
:
Calibration Results / Kalibrier Resultats / Résultats d'étalonnage
Flow Rate
Durchflussmenge
Débit
(%)
Deviation
Abweichung
Ecart
(%)
Date / Datum / Date :
Calibration Data / Kalibrierdaten / Données d'étalonnage
GK :
GKl :
GKh :
GKw :
Set Flow rate
Gewählte Durchfluss
Débit réglé
(m3/h)
Water / Wasser / Eau
The flow sensor has been calibrated against a piston-prover. The calibration certificate of this prover documents the traceability to
national standards, which realize the physical units of measurements according to the International System of Units (SI).
Die Prüfung des Durchflussmessgeräts erfolgt im Vergleich zu einem Piston-Prover. Die Kalibrierung des Provers ist rückführbar auf
Nationale Standards. Die physikalischen Einheiten sind nach dem SI-System definiert.
Le capteur de mesure a été étalonné avec un piston étalon. Le certificat d'étalonnage de cet étalon prouve la traçabilité aux étalons
nationaux qui utilisent des unités de mesures physiques selon le Système International (SI).
OPTIFLUX 4000
268298 150 1
A07 55859
A3
0.02
98.90
49.40
9.90
5.00
-0.07
-0.02
-0.05
+0.2
2.4408
4.6179
2007-12-11
49.45
24.70
4.95
2.50
%
DN 50 mm/ 2 inch
This certificate is produced with EDP and valid without signature / Dieses Zertifikat wurde maschinell erstellt und ist ohne Unterschrift gültig / Ce certificate a été généré par un
système automatisé, il est valide sans signature
KROHNE Altometer, Kerkeplaat 12, 3313 LC Dordrecht, Nederland, Tel.:+31 (0)78 6306 300, Fax.:+31 (0)78 6306 390, www.KROHNE.com
29. 29
CALIBRATION
10/2013 • R02-en www.krohne.com 29
KROHNE Messtechnik GmbH & Co. KG, Ludwig-Krohne-Str. 5, 47058 Duisburg, Germany, Tel.: +49 (0)203 301 0, Fax: +49 (0)203 301 10 389, www.krohne.com
Certified according to / Zertifiziert nach / Certifié selon DIN EN ISO 9001:2000
1/1
Calibration Test Certificate – Kalibrierprüfzertifikat – Certificat d’étalonnage
In accordance with / Gemäß / Selon: DIN 55 350 – 18-4.2.2
Product / Produkt / Produit: Optiswirl 4070
Serial Number / Seriennummer / Numéro de série: 8/350804.001
KROHNE Ref. No./ KROHNE Ref. Nr. / Réf. KROHNE: 101905086
Customer Order / Bestellnummer / Commande de client: 5177-08
TAG Number / TAG-Nummer / Repère:
Sales Order / VK-Auftrag / Commande de vente: 905086-10
Customer / Kunde / Client: SEMAC Automation S.A.
Calibration Method / Kalibriermethode / Méthode d’étalonnage
This flowmeter was calibrated against an electromagnetic flow meter as a reference. This reference is traceable
through NMi to international standards. Calibration was carried out with water.
Das Durchflussmessgerät ist mittels eines magnetisch induktiven Durchflussmessgeräts kalibriert worden. Dieses
ist durch das NMI auf internationalen Standard rückführbar. Die Messung ist mit Wasser durchgeführt worden.
Ce débitmètre a été calibré par un débitmètre électromagnétique qui se réfère au standard international du NMI.
Cette mesure a été réalisée avec de l'eau.
Test Equipment Data / Kalibrierstanddaten / Données du banc d’étalonnage
Serial Number / Seriennummer / Numéro de série: BP380
Calibration Results / Kalibrierdaten / Résultats d’étalonnage
Flow Rate Deviation
Durchfluss Abweichung
Débit Déviation
m³/h %
15,5 0,31%
46,4 -0,04%
77,4 -31,60%
K-Factor: 2865,88 pulses/ m³
Additional Data / Zusatzdaten / Données complémentaires
Connections / Anschluss / Connexion: DN80 PN40
Pickup / Sensor / Capteur: 8/350506.017
Date / Datum / Date: Signature / Unterschrift / Signature:
TÜV
DIN EN ISO 9001
KROHNE Messtechnik GmbH & Co. KG, Ludwig-Krohne-Str. 5, 47058 Duisburg, Germany, Tel.: +49 (0)203 301 0, Fax: +49 (0)203 301 10 389, www.krohne.com
Certified according to / Zertifiziert nach / Certifié selon DIN EN ISO 9001:2000
1/1
Calibration Test Certificate – Kalibrierprüfzertifikat – Certificat d’étalonnage
In accordance with / Gemäß / Selon: DIN 55 350 – 18-4.2.2
Product / Produkt / Produit: Optiswirl 4070
Serial Number / Seriennummer / Numéro de série: D090000000045215
Production Order / Produktionsauftr./ Numéro de production: 013002900.001
Customer Order / Bestellnummer / Commande de client: 29159
TAG Number / TAG-Nummer / Repère:
Sales Order / VK-Auftrag / Commande de vente: 010009937-0040
Customer / Kunde / Client: KROHNE Norway A.S.
Calibration Method / Kalibriermethode / Méthode d’étalonnage
This flowmeter was calibrated against an electromagnetic flow meter as a reference. This reference is traceable
through NMi to international standards. Calibration was carried out with water.
Das Durchflussmessgerät ist mittels eines magnetisch induktiven Durchflussmessgeräts kalibriert worden. Dieses
ist durch das NMI auf internationalen Standard rückführbar. Die Messung ist mit Wasser durchgeführt worden.
Ce débitmètre a été calibré par un débitmètre électromagnétique qui se réfère au standard international du NMI.
Cette mesure a été réalisée avec de l'eau.
Test Equipment Data / Kalibrierstanddaten / Données du banc d’étalonnage
Serial Number / Seriennummer / Numéro de série: BP380
Calibration Results / Kalibrierdaten / Résultats d’étalonnage
Flow Rate Deviation
Durchfluss Abweichung
Débit Déviation
m_/h %
15,4 0,22%
46,4 0,05%
77,5 -0,22%
K-Factor: 2866,12 pulses/ m_
Additional Data / Zusatzdaten / Données complémentaires
Connections / Anschluss / Connexion: DN80 PN40
Pickup / Sensor / Capteur: 013002745.038
Date / Datum / Date: Signature / Unterschrift / Signature:
TÜV
0019001EN ISO
9001
DIN EN ISO 9001
KROHNE Calibration certificates