Somatoform disorders
A disorder in which people have physical illnesses or complaints that cannot be fully explained by actual medical conditions
Dissociative disorders
A personality disorder marked by a disturbance in the integration of identity, memory, or consciousness.
Historically, both somatoform and dissociative disorders used to be categorized as hysterical neurosis
in psychoanalytic theory neurotic disorders result from underlying unconscious conflicts, anxiety that resulted from those conflicts and ego defense mechanisms
"schizophrenia" "split mind" but it refers to a disruption of the usual balance of emotions and thinking.
Schizophrenia is chronic and a severe brain disorder in which people interpret reality abnormally. Schizophrenia may result in some combination of hallucinations, delusions, and extremely disordered thinking and behavior .
Schizophrenia is a chronic and severe mental disorder that affects how a person thinks, feels, and behaves. People with schizophrenia may seem like they have lost touch with reality. Although schizophrenia is not as common as other mental disorders, the symptoms can be very disabling.
the presentation describes in detail about the mental illness, i.e. schizophrenia along with its diagnostic criteria, symptoms, prognosis, course as well as its causes.
12. Diseño de evapocristalizadores (Tachos)
13. Diseño de equipos de transferencia de calor (intercambiadores de placas, tubo y coraza y de espiral)
14. Diseño de clarificadores.
15. Tratamiento de agua de calderas.
16. Tratamiento de aguas industriales.
17. Manejo de sólido.
18. Consultoría en contaminación del aire.
19. Asesoría en soldadura.
20. Contraparte en proyectos de instalación.
21. Transferencia de masa (equipos de destilación, adsorción, osmosis inversa, etc.)
22. Maquinaria minera pesa (trituración)
23. Electroquímica
24. Curtiembre
25. Formulación de insecticidas
26. Diseño de extrusores.
27. Análisis de capacidad de producción en la industria alimenticia.
28. Balance y economía del agua.
29. Elaboración de productos en laboratorios farmacéuticos
30. Industria farmacéutica.
31. Alcohol –química (productos derivados del alcohol)
Schizophrenia is a chronic and severe mental disorder that affects how a person thinks, feels, and behaves. People with schizophrenia may seem like they have lost touch with reality. Although schizophrenia is not as common as other mental disorders, the symptoms can be very disabling.
the presentation describes in detail about the mental illness, i.e. schizophrenia along with its diagnostic criteria, symptoms, prognosis, course as well as its causes.
12. Diseño de evapocristalizadores (Tachos)
13. Diseño de equipos de transferencia de calor (intercambiadores de placas, tubo y coraza y de espiral)
14. Diseño de clarificadores.
15. Tratamiento de agua de calderas.
16. Tratamiento de aguas industriales.
17. Manejo de sólido.
18. Consultoría en contaminación del aire.
19. Asesoría en soldadura.
20. Contraparte en proyectos de instalación.
21. Transferencia de masa (equipos de destilación, adsorción, osmosis inversa, etc.)
22. Maquinaria minera pesa (trituración)
23. Electroquímica
24. Curtiembre
25. Formulación de insecticidas
26. Diseño de extrusores.
27. Análisis de capacidad de producción en la industria alimenticia.
28. Balance y economía del agua.
29. Elaboración de productos en laboratorios farmacéuticos
30. Industria farmacéutica.
31. Alcohol –química (productos derivados del alcohol)
A Student Guide to the NYPL Jerome Robbins Dance DivisionKatya Schapiro
A student guide to using the NYPL's Jerome Robbins Dance Division collection. Created as a presentation to Barnard College faculty, staff, and students April 13, 2011. (Not affiliated in any way with Barnard College or the New York Public Library)
We present here MPI’s briefing during the recently concluded iProperty.com Expo International Collection held at the Marina Bay Sands, Singapore from March 5-6th 2011. MPI (Malaysia Property Inc) is a Malaysian government initiative tasked with encouraging foreign investment in Malaysian property.
This presentation shows the analysis carried out during Value-it project about the performance of Semantic technolgies Vs Taxonomies to manage ideas in Telefonica Ideas Bank
Lesson about abnormal psychology which help to understand who are suffering from psychological problems and guide us to understand other peoples behavior, attitude. some of the type of abnormal behavior are the DID, somatoform, hypochondriasis and understanding psychosomatic behavior.
Schizophrenia is a mental disorder that generally appears in late adolescence or early adulthood - however, it can emerge at any time in life. It is one of many brain diseases that may include delusions, loss of personality (flat affect), confusion, agitation, social withdrawal, psychosis, and bizarre behavior.
In 1911, Eugen Bleuler, first used the word "schizophrenia."The word schizophrenia does come from the Greek words meaning "split" and "mind," & refers to the way that people with schizophrenia are split off from reality; they cannot tell what is real and what is not real.
WHAT ARE THE BEST MEASURES TO REDUCE THE EFFECTS OF HOUSE-DUST MITES ON ASTHMATIC PATIENTS?
DUST MITES PROTECTION IN ASTHMA
are very small, insect-like pests that feed on dead human skin cells and thrive in warm, humid settings. Any swelling (also called inflammation) of the nasal passages caused by dust mites is considered a dust allergy.
Viral hepatitis is the leading cause of liver cancer and the most common reason for liver transplantation
In the United States, an estimated 1.2 million Americans are living with chronic Hepatitis B and 3.2 are living with chronic Hepatitis C
Many do not know they are infected
Each year an estimated 21,000 persons become infected with Hepatitis A; 35,000 with Hepatitis B, and 17,000 with Hepatitis C
Hepatitis A – fecal/oral, contaminated food, vaccine available
Hepatitis B – blood, semen, vertical (mother-child), vaccine available
Hepatitis C – blood (IV drug use, transfusion, organ donation, unsterile injecting equipment, sexual intercourse)
Hepatitis D – survives only in cells co-infected with hepatitis B
Hepatitis E* – contaminated food or water, fecal/oral
*causes short-term disease and is not a chronic carrier state
Uterus Transplantation Utx (obstetric and gynecology) D.A.B.M
Is the surgical procedure whereby a healthy uterus is transplanted into an organism of which the uterus is absent or diseased.
As part of normal mammalian sexual reproduction, a diseased or absent uterus does not allow normal embryonic implantation, effectively rendering the female infertile.
This phenomenon is known as Absolute Uterine Factor Infertility (AUFI).
Uterine transplant is a potential treatment for this form of infertility.
Uterus is a dynamic, complex organ. It is hugely blood-flow dependent.
More than 116,000 Number of men, women and children on the national transplant waiting list as of August 2017.
33,611 transplants were performed in 2016.
20 people die each day waiting for a transplant.
every 10 minutes another person is added to the waiting list.
Pertussis : Highly contagious respiratory infection caused by Bordetella pertussis
Outbreaks first described in 16th century
Bordetella pertussis isolated in 1906
Estimated >300,000 deaths annually worldwide
Before the availability of pertussis vaccine in the 1940s, public health experts reported more than 200,000 cases of pertussis annually.
Since widespread use of the vaccine began, incidence has decreased more than 75% compared with the pre-vaccine era.
In 2012, the last peak year, CDC reported 48,277 cases of pertussis.
Extremely contagious-attack rate 100%
Immunity is never complete
Protection begins to wane in 3-5 yrs after vaccination
is an upper respiratory tract bacterial infection associated with a characteristic rash, which is caused by an infection with pyrogenic exotoxin (erythrogenic toxin) -producing GAS in individuals who do not have antitoxin antibodies In the past.
scarlet fever was thought to reflect infection of an individual lacking toxin-specific immunity with a toxin-producing strain of GAS.
Subsequent studies have suggested that development of the scarlet fever rash may reflect a hypersensitivity reaction requiring prior exposure to the toxin.
FA is a very rare, genetic, recessive disease, affecting 1/50,000 people.
Originates from mutations in the “coding” of the mitochondria.
Discovered by Nicholaus Friedreich in the early 1860’s.
Both parents must have the dominant trait for a 25% chance of an offspring possessing the disease.
Not necessarily a disease that kills you, but eventually a wheelchair and regular assistance will be required.
Onset before age 20-25 year.
Propranolol is the most common beta-blocker involved in severe beta-blocker poisoning. It is nonselective and can lead to CNS depression, seizures, and prolongation of the QRS complex.
Beta blocker toxicity is notably distinguished by bradycardia, low respiratory
rate and hypoglycemia
Seizures and other CNS effects can occur with beta blockers that can cross the blood brain barrier (more rarely with the other beta blockers)
Overdoses of beta blockers with a combination of other drugs can have wide
ranging systemic effects
If within a short time after ingestion, give activated charcoal
Treat with glucagon to raise blood glucose levels
Widely used treatment is currently Atropine though it is considered less effective
Treat bronchospasm with beta agonists like Albuterol
Treat Seizures with Benzodiazepines like Valium
If the patient is still unresponsive or the condition is still deteriorating, treat with epinephrine
More than 5.7 million new cases of TB (all forms, both pulmonary and extra-pulmonary) were reported to the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2013; 95% of cases were reported from developing countries
Latest figures from 20151 indicate an estimated 10.4 million people had TB, and 1.8 million people died (1.4 million HIV negative and 400 000 HIV positive).
Of further concern is that 480 000 cases of multidrug-resistant (MDR) TBa and a further 100 000 that were estimated to be rifampicin-resistant (RR) TB have occurred in the same period.
The most common non-cancerous tumours in women .
The most common indication for hysterectomy.
Apparent in up to 25% of women.
More common in a higher body mass index women.
3 times more common in black American women than white women.
Asian women have a lower incidence .
Symptoms appear at age of 30s or 40s .
The incidence increases with age up to the menopause.
Women over the age of 30 are commonly affected by fibroid uterine.
50% of all women are affected by fibroid uterine.
Most common solid pelvic tumors.
Develop in 20~25% of women during reproductive years.
Multiple pregnancies consists of two or more fetuses ,there are exceptions to this such as twins gestations made of a singleton viable fetus & a complete mole.
Is characterized by the sudden loss of blood circulation to an area of the brain, resulting in a corresponding loss of neurologic function. Acute ischemic stroke is caused by thrombotic or embolic occlusion of a cerebral artery and is more common than hemorrhagic stroke.
It can occur
in the carotid
artery of the
neck as well as
other arteries.
When an artery is acutely occluded by thrombus or embolus, the area of the CNS supplied by it will undergo infarction if there is no adequate collateral blood supply.
Surrounding a central necrotic zone, an ‘ischemic penumbra’ remains viable for a time, i.e. it may recover function if blood flow is restored.
CNS ischemia may be accompanied by swelling for two reasons:
● cytotoxic oedema – accumulation of water in damaged glial cells and neurones,
● vasogenic oedema – extracellular fluid accumulation as a result of breakdown of the blood–brain barrier.
In the brain, this swelling may be sufficient to produce clinical deterioration in the days following a major stroke, as a result of a rise in intracranial pressure and compression of adjacent structures.
• The Facial nerve is the 7th of twelve paired cranial nerves.
• It is a mixed nerve with motor and sensory roots.
• It also supplies pre-ganglionic parasympathetic fibres to several
head and neck ganglia
Branches
1. Greater superficial petrosal – arises from the geniculate ganglion.
2. Branches within the facial canal:
• i) nerve to stapedius
• ii) Chorda tympani
3. After exit from stylomastoid foramen:
• i) Posterior auricular
• ii) Nerve to posterior belly of digastric
• iii) Nerve to stylohyoid.
4. On the face - Five major branches:
• i) Temporal
• ii) Zygomatic
• iii) Buccal
• iv) Marginal mandibular
• v) Cervical
The stomach J-shaped. It has two surfaces (the anterior & posterior), two curvatures (the greater & lesser), two orifices (the cardia & pylorus). It has fundus, body and pyloric antrum.
Blood supply
The left gastric artery
Right gastric artery
Right gastro-epiploic artery
Left gastro-epiploic artery
Short gastric arteries
Stomach cancer begins when cancer cells form in the inner lining of your stomach. These cells can grow into a tumor. Also called gastric cancer, the disease usually grows slowly over many years.
It could be:
malignant or benign
primary or secondary
What is a Pet Scan : Nuclear 3-D imaging test that uses a radioactive substance called a tracer to look for disease in the body.
Shows how organs and tissues are working at a molecular and cellular level. Scan is non-invasive, but does involve exposure to ionizing radiation.
Best known for its role in detecting cancer imaging.
A small amount of a radioactive sugar molecule, 18 fluoro-2-deoxyglucose (FDG), is injected into the bloodstream (can also be inhaled as gas or swallowed in pill form).
A PET Scan is used to detect and generate images that indicate areas of high FDG uptake.
Many cancers require more energy than normal cells, and the FDG tracer accumulates in these cells.
This allows cancers to be seen on the Pet images as hot spots.
Use focusing Shock Waves to breakdown
a stone into small pieces.
Shock waves are acoustic pulses.
Pass through better in water and solid but
not in air.
Introduce in 1980 by Dornier which is a supersonic aircraft company
Breast cancer :-
is a disease in which cells in the breast grow out of control. There are different kinds of breast cancer. The kind of breast cancer depends on which cells in the breast turn into cancer.
Breast cancer can begin in different parts of the breast:
1- Lobule (the glands that produce milk).
2- Ducts (tubes that carry milk to the nipple).
3- Connective tissue (which consists of fibrous and fatty tissue)( surrounds and holds everything together) .
*Most breast cancers begin in the ducts or lobules.
*Breast cancer can spread outside the breast through blood vessels and lymph vessels.
Zika virus disease is a mosquito-borne viral infection that primarily occurs in tropical and subtropical areas of the world.
It is related to other pathogenic vector borne flaviviruses including dengue, West-Nile and Japanese encephalitis viruses but produces a comparatively mild disease in humans
Genre: Flavivirus
Vector: Aedes mosquitoes (which usually bite during the morning and late afternoon/evening hours)
Reservoir: mosquitoes (gut, blood, saliva )
human ( blood, prostate, semen and testes )
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
2. Somatoform disorders
A disorder in which people have physical illnesses or
complaints that cannot be fully explained by actual
medical conditions
Dissociative disorders
A personality disorder marked by a disturbance in the
integration of identity, memory, or consciousness.
Historically, both somatoform and dissociative
disorders used to be categorized as hysterical
neurosis
in psychoanalytic theory neurotic disorders result from
underlying unconscious conflicts, anxiety that resulted
from those conflicts and ego defense mechanisms
3. Soma – Meaning Body
Preoccupation with health and/or body appearance and
functioning
No identifiable medical condition causing the physical complaints
Types of Somatoform Disorders:
Hypochondriasis
Somatization disorder
Conversion disorder
4. Hypochondriasis
A disorder in which individuals are preoccupied with having or
getting physical ailments despite reassurances that they are
healthy
severe anxiety focused on the possibility of having a serious
disease
shares age of onset, personality characteristics of running in
families with panic disorder
illness phobia vs. hypochondriasis
60% of patients with illness phobia develop hypochondriasis
1% to 14% of medical patients
treatment usually involves cognitive-behavioral therapy and
general stress management treatment (gain retained after 1
year follow-up)
5.
6. Somatization disorder
A disorder characterized by unexplained physical complaints in
several categories over many years.
Briquet’s syndrome (100 years ago)
patients have a history of many physical complaints that can
not be explained by a medical condition, the complaints are not
intentionally produced
20% of patients in primary care setting
develops during adolescence (majority women)
may be connected to Antisocial personality disorder
difficult to treat (reassurance, stress reduction, more adoptive
methods of interacting with family are encouraged)
7. Conversion Disorder
A disorder in which psychological conflict or stress brings about
loss of motor or sensory function.
Physical malfunctioning without any physical or organic pathology
Malfunctioning often involves sensory-motor areas
Persons show la belle indifference
Retain most normal functions, but without awareness of this ability
Statistics
▪ Rare condition, with a chronic intermittent course
▪ Seen primarily in females, with onset usually in adolescence
▪ Not uncommon in some cultural and/or religious groups
8. Conversion disorder (cont.)
Freudian psychodynamic view is still popular (anxiety converted into physical
symptoms)
Emphasis on the role of trauma (stress), conversion, and primary/secondary
gain
Detachment from the trauma and negative reinforcement seem critical
Different from factitious disorder (intentional)
Treatment
▪ Similar to somatization disorder
▪ Core strategy is attending to the trauma
▪ Remove sources of secondary gain
▪ Reduce supportive consequences of talk about physical symptoms
9.
10. Derealization
Loss of sense of the reality of the external world
Depersonalization
Loss of sense of your own reality
types of Dissociative Disorders:
Dissociative amnesia
Dissociative fugue
Dissociative identity disorder (DID).
11. DissociativeAmnesia
Inability to recall personal information, usually of
a stressful or traumatic nature
Generalized vs. selective amnesia
Dissociative Fugue
Sudden, unexpected travel away from home,
along with an inability to recall one’s past (new
identity)
Occur in adulthood and usually end abruptly
12. Dissociative Identity Disorder
Formerly multiple personality disorder
Many personalities (alters) or fragments of personalities
coexist within one body
The personalities or fragments are dissociated
Switch (transition form one personality to another,
includes physical changes)
Can be simulated by malingers are usually eager to
demonstrate their symptoms whereas individuals with
DID attempt to hide symptoms
Very high comorbidity
Prevalence about 3%
13. Dissociative Identity Disorder
Auditory hallucinations (coming from inside their
heads)
97% severe child abuse
Onset – approximately 9 years
Suggestible people may use dissociation as
defense against severe trauma
Real and false memories
Temporal lobe pathology (out of body
experiences)
14. Treatment
Dissociative amnesia and fugue
▪ Get better on their own
▪ Coping mechanisms to prevent future episodes
DID
▪ Reintegration of identities
▪ Neutralization of cues
▪ Confrontation of early trauma
▪ hypnosis
15.
16. 100,000 young people will have a first
episode of schizophrenia.
5% of people with schizophrenia will die by
suicide.
17. "schizophrenia" "split mind" but it refers to a
disruption of the usual balance of emotions
and thinking.
Schizophrenia is chronic and a severe brain
disorder in which people interpret reality
abnormally. Schizophrenia may result in
some combination of hallucinations,
delusions, and extremely disordered thinking
and behavior .
18.
19.
20. Withdrawal from friends and family
A drop in performance at school
Trouble sleeping
Irritability or depressed mood
Lack of motivation
21.
22.
23.
24. Cognitive symptoms: For some patients, the
cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia are subtle,
but for others, they are more severe and
patients may notice changes in their memory or
other aspects of thinking. Symptoms include:
Poor “executive functioning” (the ability to
understand information and use it to make
decisions)
Trouble focusing or paying attention
Problems with “working memory” (the ability to
use information immediately after learning it)
25.
26. 1. DisorganizedType
a person displays incoherent patterns of thinking
and grossly bizarre and disorganized behavior.
Emotions are flattened or inappropriate to the
situation.
Often, a person acts in a silly or childish manner,
such as giggling for no apparent reason.
Language can become so incoherent, full of
unusual words and incomplete sentences, that
communication with others breaks down.
If delusions or hallucinations occur, they are not
organized around coherent theme.
27. Disorganized thinking is inferred from
disorganized speech. Effective
communication can be impaired, and
answers to questions may be partially or
completely unrelated. Rarely, speech may
include putting together meaningless words
that can't be understood, sometimes known
as word salad.
28. 2. CatatonicType
The major feature of the catatonic type of schizophrenia is
a disruption in motor activity.
Sometimes people with this disorder seem frozen in a
stupor. For long periods of time,
the individual can remain motionless, often in a bizarre
position, showing little or no reaction to anything in the
environment At other times,
these patients show excessive motor activity, apparently
without purpose and not influenced by external stimuli.
The catatonic type is also characterized by extreme
negativism, an apparently unmotivated resistance to all
instructions.
29. 3. ParanoidType Individuals suffering from this form of
schizophrenia experience complex and systematized delusions focused
around specific themes:
Delusions of persecution. Individuals feel that they are being constantly
spied on and plotted against and that they are in mortal danger.
Delusions of grandeur. Individuals believe that they are important or
exalted beings—millionaires, great inventors, or religious figures such as
Jesus Christ.
Delusions of persecution may accompany delusions of grandeur—an
individual is a great person but is continually opposed by evil forces.
Delusional jealousy. Individuals become convinced— without due
cause—that their mates are unfaithful.
They contrive data to fit the theory and “prove” the truth
of the delusion.
Individuals with paranoid schizophrenia rarely display obviously
disorganized behavior. Instead, their behavior is likely to be intense and
quite formal.
30. 4. UndifferentiatedType This is the grab-bag
category of schizophrenia, describing a
person who exhibits prominent delusions,
hallucinations, incoherent speech, or grossly
disorganized behavior that fits the criteria of
more than one type or of no clear type.The
hodgepodge of symptoms experienced by
these individuals does not clearly
differentiate among various schizophrenic
reactions.
31. 5. ResidualType Individuals diagnosed as
residual type have usually suffered from a major
past episode of schizophrenia but are currently
free of major positive symptoms such as
hallucinations or delusions.The ongoing
presence of the disorder is signaled by minor
positive symptoms or negative symptoms like
flat emotion. A diagnosis of residual type may
indicate that the person’s disease is entering
remission, or becoming dormant.
32. Having a family history of schizophrenia.
Exposure to viruses, toxins or malnutrition
while in the womb.
Increased immune system activation, such as
from inflammation or autoimmune diseases.
Older age of the father.
Taking mind-altering (psychoactive or
psychotropic) drugs during teen years and
young adulthood
33. Suicide.
Any type of self-injury.
Anxiety.
Depression.
Abuse of alcohol, drugs or prescription medications.
Poverty.
Homelessness.
Family conflicts
Inability to work or attend school.
Social isolation.
Health problems, including those associated with
antipsychotic medications, smoking and poor lifestyle
choices.
35. Genetic Approaches
Three independent lines of research—family
studies, twin studies, and adoption studies.
Persons related genetically to someone who
has had schizophrenia are more likely to
become affected than those who are not
(Riley, 2011)
36. Environmental Stressors
genetic factors place the individual at risk but environmental
stress factors must impinge for the potential risk to be
manifested as a schizophrenic disorder.
Eg :
live in urban .
traumatic life events.
37. A hypothesis about the cause of certain
disorders, such as schizophrenia, that
suggests that genetic factors predispose an
individual to a certain disorder but that
environmental stress factors must impinge in
order for the potential risk to manifest itself.
38. Brain Function Another biological approach to the study
of schizophrenia is to look for abnormalities in the brains
of individuals
MRI has shown that the ventricles—the brain structures
through which cerebrospinal fluid flows—are often
enlarged in individuals with schizophrenia (Barkataki et al.,
2006).
MRI studies also demonstrate that individuals with
schizophrenia have measurably thinner regions in frontal
and temporal lobes of cerebral cortex; the loss of neural
tissue presumably relates to the disorder’s behavioral
abnormalities (Bakken et al., 2011).
The study focused on changes in gray matter (largely the
cell bodies and dendrites of nerve cells in the cortex) .
39.
40.
41.
42.
43. Atypical antipsychotics
Aripiprazole (Abilify)
Asenapine (Saphris)
Clozapine (Clozaril)
Psychosocial interventions
1- Social skills training.This focuses on
improving communication and social interactions.
2- Family therapy.This provides support and
education to families dealing with schizophrenia.