This document discusses units of concentration used in chemistry solutions including molarity, molality, and normality. It also covers colligative properties such as vapor pressure, boiling point elevation, and freezing point depression. Finally, it mentions osmosis and the laws of osmotic pressure.

1. Solutions
Prepared by;
Mr. Snehal Patel

5. Units of Concentration
1. Formality
2. Molarity
3. Molality
4. Normality
5. Volume percentage (%v/v)
6. Mass percentage (%w/w)
7. Mass by Volume percentage (%w/v)
8. Parts per million (ppm)
9. Mole fraction

6. 1. Formality

7. Formality

30. Colligative Properties
1. Vapour pressure of Solution.
2. Elevation in Boiling Point
3. Depression in Freezing Point
4. Osmosis

60. The pressure used to stop osmosis is known as
Osmotic pressure.

61. Laws of Osmotic Pressure