Electrochemistry is a document prepared by Mr. Snehal Patel that discusses the Nernst equation and hydrogen fuel cells in 2 sections. It provides information on the Nernst equation, which describes the relationship between voltage and concentrations in electrochemical cells under non-standard-state conditions. It also covers hydrogen fuel cells and their use of hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity through an electrochemical reaction.
This is the contents of this presentation-
• The arenium ion mechanism,
• Orientation and reactivity,
• Energy profile diagrams.
• o/p ratio,
• Orientation in benzene ring with more than one substituent, orientation in other ring systems.
• ipso attack
• Diazonium coupling,
• Gatterman-Koch reaction,
• Reimer-Tiemann reaction,
• Pechman reaction,
• Houben –Hoesch reaction,
• Kolbe Schmitt reaction,
• Recapitulation of halogenation, nitration, sulphonation, and F.C. reaction.
chemical bonding and molecular structure class 11sarunkumar31
hybridisation, bonding and antiboding, dipole moment, VSPER theory, Molecular orbital diagram, Phosphorous pentachloride, ionic bond, bond order, bond enthalpy, bond dissociation, sp and sp2hybridisation, hydrogen bonding,electron pair,lone pair repulsion, resonance structure of ozone, how to find electron pair and lone pair, sp3 hybridization of methane.
Preparation and reaction of aldehyde and ketone, electromeric effect, aldol condensation, cannizarro reaction, perkin condensation, benzoin condensation, nucleophilic addition reaction and uses of aldehyde and ketone
This unit includes: rate of a chemical reaction, graphs,, unit of rate, average rate& instantaneous rate,. factors influuncing rate of a reaction, Rate expression & rate constant, Order & molecularity of a reaction,, initiall rate method & integrated rate law equations, numerical problems,, Half life period, Pseudo first order reaction, Temperature of rate of reaction, Activation energy, collision frequency & effective collision, Collision theory, Arrhenius equation,, effect of catalyst on rate of reaction, numerical problems
This is the contents of this presentation-
• The arenium ion mechanism,
• Orientation and reactivity,
• Energy profile diagrams.
• o/p ratio,
• Orientation in benzene ring with more than one substituent, orientation in other ring systems.
• ipso attack
• Diazonium coupling,
• Gatterman-Koch reaction,
• Reimer-Tiemann reaction,
• Pechman reaction,
• Houben –Hoesch reaction,
• Kolbe Schmitt reaction,
• Recapitulation of halogenation, nitration, sulphonation, and F.C. reaction.
chemical bonding and molecular structure class 11sarunkumar31
hybridisation, bonding and antiboding, dipole moment, VSPER theory, Molecular orbital diagram, Phosphorous pentachloride, ionic bond, bond order, bond enthalpy, bond dissociation, sp and sp2hybridisation, hydrogen bonding,electron pair,lone pair repulsion, resonance structure of ozone, how to find electron pair and lone pair, sp3 hybridization of methane.
Preparation and reaction of aldehyde and ketone, electromeric effect, aldol condensation, cannizarro reaction, perkin condensation, benzoin condensation, nucleophilic addition reaction and uses of aldehyde and ketone
This unit includes: rate of a chemical reaction, graphs,, unit of rate, average rate& instantaneous rate,. factors influuncing rate of a reaction, Rate expression & rate constant, Order & molecularity of a reaction,, initiall rate method & integrated rate law equations, numerical problems,, Half life period, Pseudo first order reaction, Temperature of rate of reaction, Activation energy, collision frequency & effective collision, Collision theory, Arrhenius equation,, effect of catalyst on rate of reaction, numerical problems
Introduction
Discovery of Sub-atomic Particles
Atomic Models
Developments leading to Bohr’s Model of atom
Bohr’s Model for Hydrogen atom
Quantum Mechanical Model of the atoms
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DEGRADATION OF PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS.
Physical Factors
Loss of volatile constituents
Loss of water
Absorption of water
Crystal growth
Polymorphism changes
Colour changes
Chemical factors
Hydrolysis
Oxidation
Carboxylation
Decarboxylation
Isomerization
Polymerization
Definition
Application
Difference between molecular and Colloidal dispersion
Characteristics of dispersed phase
Classification of colloidal dispersion
Purification of colloidal dispersion
Natural Resources
Renewable and non-renewable resources
Forest Resources
Water Resources
Mineral Resources
Food Resources
Energy Resources
Land Resources
Role of an individual in conservation of natural resources
MICROBALLOONS: A NOVEL APPROACH IN GASTRO-RETENTION FLOATING DRUG DELIVERY SY...Snehal Patel
ABSTRACT
Oral controlled release dosage forms face several physiological restriction like inability to retain
and position the controlled drug delivery system within the targeted region of the gastrointestinal
tract (GIT) due to fluctuation in gastric emptying. This results in non uniform absorption
pattern, inadequate medication release and shorter residence time of the dosage form in the
stomach. As the fallout of this episode there is inadequate absorption of the drug having
absorption window predominantly, in the upper area of GIT. These contemplations have
provoked to the development of oral controlled release dosage forms with gastroretentive
properties. Microballoons (Hollow microspheres) hold certification as one of the potential
approaches for gastric retention. Microballoons are spherical empty particles without core and
can remain in the gastric region for delayed periods. They significantly increase the gastric
residence time of medication, thereby enhance bioavailability, improves patient compliance by
reducing dosing frequency, lessen the medication waste, enhance retention of medication which
solubilize only in stomach, enhance solubility for medications that are less soluble at a higher pH
environment. The present review preparation methods, characterization, advantages,
disadvantages, mechanism of drug release from microballoons, applications and list of the drugs
formulated as microballoons are discussed.
KEYWORDS: Microballoons, Gastro-retention, Floating drug delivery system (FDDS).
MICROSPONGE: A NOVEL APPROACH IN GASTRO-RETENTION DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM (GRDDS)Snehal Patel
Oral controlled release dosage forms face several physiological restriction like inability to retain and position the controlled drug delivery system within the targeted region of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) due to fluctuation in gastric emptying. This results in non‑uniform absorption pattern, inadequate medication release and shorter residence time of the dosage form in the stomach. As the fallout of this episode there is inadequate absorption of the drug having absorption window predominantly, in the upper area of GIT. These contemplations have provoked to the development of oral controlled release dosage forms with gastroretentive properties. Microsponge hold certification as one of the potential approaches for gastric retention. Microsponge are porous spherical empty particles without core and can remain in the gastric region for delayed periods. They significantly increase the gastric residence time of medication, thereby enhance bioavailability, improves patient compliance by reducing dosing frequency, lessen the medication waste, enhance retention of medication which solubilize only in stomach, enhance solubility for medications that are less soluble at a higher pH environment. In the present review method of preparation, characterization, advantages, disadvantages and applications of floating microsponge are discussed. Please cite
Design, Development, Evaluation and Optimization of Microballoons of TelmisartanSnehal Patel
Abstract: In present study an attempt was made to prepare microballoons of
Telmisartan by emulsion solvent diffusion technique for sustained delivery by
using polymers like Ethyl cellulose to extend the drug release for about 12 hours in
the upper GIT, which may result in enhanced absorption and there by improved
bioavailability. Formulation optimization of Telmisartan loaded microballoons was
carried out by using different concentration of Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and Ethyl
cellulose. Total 9 batches were formulated. All 9 batches were evaluated for
entrapment efficiency (EE) and buoyancy. Among all batches DP4 shows
maximum entrapment efficiency (EE) and buoyancy and was considered as
optimized formulation. DP4 batch was further used for process optimization. The
process optimization was carried out at three different stirring speeds i.e. 1300,
1500 and 1700 rpm for three different stirring time period i.e. 1hr, 2hr and 3 hr and
another 9 batches were formulated. Out of all the batches DP13 showed the
spherical shape of microballoons without formation of flakes. Optimized batch
DP13 was evaluated for Zeta Potential, Particle Size Distribution which show -
41.8mV and 1.344 μm particle size, SEM, XRD Analysis. Batch DP13 was
charged for stability and were placed in glass vials container and stored at ICH
storage condition (2°C - 4°C Refrigeration condition , 30 ± 2°C / 60% ± 5% RH ,
40 ± 2°C / 75% ± 5% RH ) for a period of 30 days. The samples were analyzed for
physical appearance, buoyancy and for the drug release after 30 days. After 1
months samples were withdrawn and microballoons showed no change in physical
appearances, buoyancy and drug release, which indicate that the microballoons
were stable.
Keywords: Telmisartan, Microballoons, Emulsion solvent diffusion technique,
Buoyancy, Entrapment Efficiency.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
ANAMOLOUS SECONDARY GROWTH IN DICOT ROOTS.pptxRASHMI M G
Abnormal or anomalous secondary growth in plants. It defines secondary growth as an increase in plant girth due to vascular cambium or cork cambium. Anomalous secondary growth does not follow the normal pattern of a single vascular cambium producing xylem internally and phloem externally.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
