This document discusses and classifies both solid and cystic pediatric abdominal tumors. It provides detailed information on common tumors such as Wilms tumor (nephroblastoma), neuroblastoma, hepatoblastoma, teratoma, intestinal lymphoma, and rabdomyosarcoma. For each tumor, it describes characteristics such as presentation, pathology, imaging findings, staging, and treatment approaches including surgery and chemotherapy. It also covers cystic lesions including hydronephrosis, mesenteric cysts, ovarian cysts, pseudo pancreatic cysts, and liver cysts. The document serves as a comprehensive reference for the diagnosis and management of major pediatric abdominal tumors.
This presentation include biliary anatomy ,indication, contraindication post op care of percutaneus transhepatic biliary drainage with important technique. and advantage and disadvantage of different technique. This is important for radiologist, radiographers, intervention radiologist radiology resident. Thanks
This presentation include biliary anatomy ,indication, contraindication post op care of percutaneus transhepatic biliary drainage with important technique. and advantage and disadvantage of different technique. This is important for radiologist, radiographers, intervention radiologist radiology resident. Thanks
Ovarian cancer usually happens in women over age 50, but it can also affect younger women. Its cause is unknown. Ovarian cancer is hard to detect early.
The sooner ovarian cancer is found and treated, the better your chance for recovery. But ovarian cancer is hard to detect early. Many times, women with ovarian cancer have no symptoms or just mild symptoms until the disease is in an advanced stage and hard to treat.
Hepatocellular carcinoma—role of interventional radiologist Dr. Muhammad Bin ...Dr. Muhammad Bin Zulfiqar
In these presentation we will discuss the merits, demrits and outcomes of various interventional radiology modalities for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma
Purpose of this presentation is to educate non radiologist about basic CT anatomy of abdominal viscera and basic interpretation of very common diseases
Chair, Brendon M. Stiles, MD, Boris Sepesi, MD, and Catherine Shu, MD, discuss immunotherapy advances in lung cancer in this CME/MOC/CC activity titled “Immunotherapy as a Game-Changer in Multimodal Management of Locally Advanced and Earlier Stages of Lung Cancer.” For the full presentation, downloadable Practice Aids, monograph, and complete CME/MOC/CC information, and to apply for credit, please visit us at https://bit.ly/3qfOXmB. CME/MOC/CC credit will be available until May 20, 2022.
Imaging assessment of malignant focal and diffuse liver lesions from Ultrasound to Mri with overview of interventional modalities and diagnostic snippets,
Ovarian cancer usually happens in women over age 50, but it can also affect younger women. Its cause is unknown. Ovarian cancer is hard to detect early.
The sooner ovarian cancer is found and treated, the better your chance for recovery. But ovarian cancer is hard to detect early. Many times, women with ovarian cancer have no symptoms or just mild symptoms until the disease is in an advanced stage and hard to treat.
Hepatocellular carcinoma—role of interventional radiologist Dr. Muhammad Bin ...Dr. Muhammad Bin Zulfiqar
In these presentation we will discuss the merits, demrits and outcomes of various interventional radiology modalities for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma
Purpose of this presentation is to educate non radiologist about basic CT anatomy of abdominal viscera and basic interpretation of very common diseases
Chair, Brendon M. Stiles, MD, Boris Sepesi, MD, and Catherine Shu, MD, discuss immunotherapy advances in lung cancer in this CME/MOC/CC activity titled “Immunotherapy as a Game-Changer in Multimodal Management of Locally Advanced and Earlier Stages of Lung Cancer.” For the full presentation, downloadable Practice Aids, monograph, and complete CME/MOC/CC information, and to apply for credit, please visit us at https://bit.ly/3qfOXmB. CME/MOC/CC credit will be available until May 20, 2022.
Imaging assessment of malignant focal and diffuse liver lesions from Ultrasound to Mri with overview of interventional modalities and diagnostic snippets,
Testicular tumors are rare.
1 – 2 % of all malignant tumors.
Most common malignancy in men in the 15 to 35 year age group.
Benign lesions represent a greater percentage of cases in children than in adults.
Most curable solid neoplasm
A brief description on cancer.Cancer – a large group of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells,Some topics are genesis of cancer,types of cancer,causes of cancer like Heredity,Immunity,Chemical,Physical,Viral Bacterial,Lifestyle.
,sign&symptom:*Change in bowel habits or bladder function,*Sores that do not heal,*Unusual bleeding or discharge,*Thickening or lump in breast or other parts of the body,Indigestion or trouble swallowing,*Recent change in a wart or mole,Nagging cough or hoarseness,
diagnosis and staging,treatment:Surgery,Radiation,Chemotherapy,Immunotherapy,Hormone therapy, Gene therapy,side effect of cancer treatment,prevention of cancer
Benign condition
Rare typically occurring as a small, isolated growth
commonly in younger patients
A discrete papillary growth with a central fibrovascular core
lined by urothelium of normal thickness and normal cytology
simple branching pattern without fusion
The umbrella cell layer is often prominent and may show prominent vacuolization, nuclear enlargement, or cytoplasmic eosinophilia
Overall orderly appearance but with easily recognizable variation of architectural and or cytologic features seen at scanning magnification.
-Architecture is frequently complex with obvious anastomosis of adjacent papillae creating fused, confluent formations
-Variation of polarity and nuclear size, shape, and chromatin texture
- Mitotic figures are infrequent and usually seen in the lower half; but may be seen at any level of the urothelium
Complex, disordered architecture
- A spectrum of pleomorphism ranging from moderate to marked
-The individual neoplastic cells are often more rounded than in lower grade lesions
-Loss of polarity in relation to the basement membrane
-Frequent mitotic figures, including atypical forms
-Much higher risk of progression than low-grade lesions
-High risk of association with invasive disease at the time of diagnosis.
- A spectrum of cytologic and architectural abnormalities may exist within a single lesion, stressing the importance of examining the entire lesion and noting the highest grade of abnormality.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
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NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
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4. Wilm’s Tumor (Nephroblastoma)
The second most common solid intra-
abdominal malignant tumor in children.
Commonest renal mass in children
Peak incidence: 3-5 years of age.
5. Wilm’s Tumour: Pathology
Derived from primitive metanephric
blastema cells.
Histopathology: Triphasic (three cell types)
stromal, epithelial, and blastemal. Thus
may contain tissue not found in the normal
kidney eg. Skeletal, muscles, cartilage and
squamous epithelium.
7. Diagnosed by the
presence of a
solid, intrarenal
mass causing
intrinsic distortion
of the calyceal
collecting system.
Metastases: lung,
occasionally liver.
Wilm’s Tumor
8. Wilm’s Tumor: Presentation
Presentation: abdominal (flank) mass +/-
pain, fever.
Other presentations: malaise, weight loss,
anemia, hematuria, left varicocele and
hypertension.
14. Staging by National Wilm’s Tumor
Study Group:
Stage I: Tumor limited to kidney and
completely resected.
Stage II: Tumor extends beyond the
kidney but completely excised.
Stage III: Residual non-hematogenous
tumor confined to the abdomen.
Stage IV: Hematogenous metastasis.
Stage V: Bilateral tumors.
15. Wilm’s Tumour: Treatment
Surgical Excision followed by Chemotherapy +/-
Radiotherapy according to the stage and histology
(favorable or unfavorable).
Aim of surgery: Radical nephrectomy without
spillage + accurate staging (spread of disease).
Chemotherapy commonly used: Actinomycin D
(A), Vincristine (V), Doxorubicin (D), Cytoxan (C).
16. Wilm’s Tumour: NWTS-4 treatment
STAGE HISTOLOGY NEPHRE
CTOMY
CHEMO
THERAPY
RADIO
THERAPY
I FV, UFV + A, V NO
II FV + A, V NO
III, IV FV + A, V, D YES
II, III, IV UFV + A, V, D +/-
C
YES
18. Wilm’s Tumor : Prognosis
Disease-free survival is 95% for Stage I
and approximately 77% for all patients.
Good prognosis:
-Stage I & II
-Para-aortic LN: -ve
-Favorable histology
-No tumor ruptured during surgery
19. Congenital Mesoblastic Nephroma
presents in infants < 30 days of age
(< 6 months), is commonly benign
and invasive locally.
Operative removal is curative.
Ruptured of tumor increases
recurrences.
Chemo and radiotherapy are not
indicated.
Mesoblastic Nephroma
20. Neuroblastoma
most common extracranial solid tumor
of childhood.
8-10% of all pediatric malignancies
Median age at diagnosis is 2 years.
Arises from the adrenals or sympathetic
chain
Higher frequency seen in certain
syndromes (Myoclonus-opsoclonus
syndrome ,Watery diarrhea )
21. Pathology
“Small round blue cell” tumors
Originates from neural crest cells in the sympathetic
nervous system
Arises from the adrenals or sympathetic chain
3 subgroups
Neuroblastoma- most primitive
Ganglioneuroma- benign and mature
Ganglioneuroblastoma- in between
Secrete neurogenically derived substance
Urinary catecholamines in 75-90%
*VMA & HVA
Others
*Neuron specific enolase (NSE)
*Ferritin
22. Pathology : Pseudorosettes
Shimada Classification:
favorable histology&
unfavorable histology
NBL metastasized to the
bone marrow
Clumps of tumor cells
23. Cytogenetics
Chromosomal abnormalities in most
cases of NBL
N-myc amplification (normally 2 copies)
>10 copies/cell
30% of NBL
Poor prognosis
Ploidy
Hyperdiploid = DNA index > 1.0
Good prognosis, at least in those < 2 years
24. Presentation
Variable
Median age is 2 years, so S/S are vague
Constitutional
Fever, malaise, irritability
Mass
Posterior mediastinal mass on CXR(esp in infants)
Palpable abdominal mass
Hard, painless mass in the neck
Mass effect, dependent on location
Abd pain/obstruction
Lower limb paresis from a paraspinal tumor
32. Treatment
Surgery
Localized tumors that don’t encase vasculature
Complete resection = excellent chance for cure
Palliative treatment for tumors compressing vital
organs
Chemotherapy
The mainstay of therapy since most are metastatic
May be very intensive requiring stem cell rescue
Radiation
Used for localized but unresectable tumor (stage III)
Control of tumor that is unresponsive to chemo
43. Hepatoblastoma: Treatment
Surgery + Chemotherapy +/- Radiotherapy
Surgery: Optimum treatment is complete
resection.
Chemotherapy:
*Adjuvant following resection.
*Pre-operative for non-resectable.
*Palliative for metastatic disease.
Radiotherapy: for non-resectable tumor to
reduce its size.
46. Teratoma
Arises from Totipotent cells thus contains tissues
(bone, teeth, cartilage, hair and fat) foreign to
the site of origin.
Commonest site: Sacrococcygeal.
Other sites: Gonads, Retro-peritoneal,
Cervical.
Solid, cystic or mixed.
Benign or Malignant from the start .
High incidence of malignant transformation if not
resected.
52. Ovarian tumours
Uncommon childhood malignancies (1%)
Presents as an Abdominal Mass or Acute
Abdomen in cases of torsion.
Common histology is germ cell:
dysgerminoma, teratoma, and endodermal
sinus tumor.
Other: Epithelial (older adolescent), lipid-
cell, and gonadoblastoma.
58. Intestinal Lymphoma
Presents as an Abdominal Mass.
High incidence of Burkitt’s Lymphoma.
Diagnosis: U.S. and C.T.
Treatment: Chemotherapy
Surgery is only indicated if patient
presents with intestinal obstruction.
64. Ovarian Cyst
Mostly functional and presents in the
neonatal period.
Can be diagnosed antenatally.
Liable for torsion.
Diagnosis: U.S ,C.T
Treatment is surgical excision of the cyst if
its size exceeds 4 to 5 cm.
69. Liver Cysts
Mesenchymal Hamartoma and Solitery
Liver Cyst.
Presents in the first year of life as a rapidly
growing abdominal mass.
Diagnosis: U.S. and C.T.
Treatment: Excision.
73. Hydronephrosis
Commonest cystic abdominal swelling.
May be due to U.P.J., P.U.V., Megaureter,
V.U.Reflux.
Diagnosis: U.S., Isotope scan
Treatment: according to the cause.