This document provides information on designing a solar power plant including basic solar PV structure, load calculation, solar power plant sizing, MPPT, effect of temperature on PV modules, inverters, case study of a 100KW plant, orientation and tilt angle of solar panels in India, cable sizing, correction factors, earthing, losses in solar plants, and videos on the world's largest solar park and solar panel production. It covers key aspects of solar power plant design and installation.

1. SOLAR POWER PLANT DESIGN
RASHMI DUBEY

2. INTRODUCTION

3. Solar Cell

7. Basic Solar PV Structure

9. Grid-connected photovoltaic system

10. Stand-Alone Photovoltaic Systems

11. Stand-alone PV system with battery storage
powering DC and AC loads

12. Photovoltaic hybrid system

13. LOAD CALCULATION
•Load Calculation.xlsx

14. Solar Power Plant Sizing Calculation

19. Charge Controller Voltage
Power plant Capacity Voltage
0.5 - 3 KW 24 V
3-10KW 48 V
10-30 KW 96 V
30-50 KW 110 V
> 50 KW 220 V

20. Day-2

21. Typical solar plant

29. STC & NOCT

30. AIR MASS INDEX

31. MPPT

32. Effect of Radiation and Temperature on PV Module

34. Central VS String Inverter

36. Case Study(100 KW SOLAR PLANT )
•Plant Capacity -100kw
•Inverter - String(50 KW×2 No.s)
•No of Input Connected - 12 Nodes
•Maximum System Voltage -1100 V
•MPPT range -520V-800V
•Module rating -315 Wp
•Vmp - 37.2 V
•Voc - -3.0 % /ºC

38. Why should solar panels in India be south-facing?
Our country India, lies in the Northern hemisphere so when the sun travels, it takes an
elliptical trajectory going from east to west having an inclination towards south ,hence to get
the maximum quantity of solar energy we have to place our panel accordingly. As you can
see, be it summer or winter, the inclination is towards south.

39. What should be the Orientation of Solar Panels

40. Why should solar panels in India be south-facing?
• in order to get the most from solar panels, they must point in the direction that captures
most sunshine. In India, as anywhere in the northern hemisphere, solar panels should
face southwards. However, in the southern hemisphere, for example, in Australia panels
should point towards north. Here North means the true north – not the magnetic north as
pointed by the compass needle.
• Magnetic compass does not always point to North. Actually, there are only a few locations
on Earth where it points exactly to the True (geographic) North. The direction in which the
compass needle points is known as Magnetic North, and the angle between Magnetic
North and the True North direction is called magnetic declination.
• Fortunately for India, the magnetic declination is rather small. For example, at Delhi the
declination is only 0.41˚ east and at Mumbai the declination is 0.58˚ west. It means that
the compass needle gives the direction of geographic north is given quite accurately.

41. Tilt Angle

42. What should be angle of solar panels in India?
• The tilt angle is determined according to the latitude of your position. For example if you
are living in Cochin-Kerala, the tilt angle for your solar panel will be approx. 10-12 degree.
On the other hand if you want to incorporate a panel in Delhi, your tilt angle will be almost
28- 30 degree.
• For fixed tilt angle throughout the year, the angle of the latitude is preferred. This is one
fixed orientation where the panel almost always intercepts the greatest amount of solar
radiation during the year.
• in general the horizontal tilt of the panels may be adjusted 4 times a year: at the latitude
angle in spring and autumn, (Latitude – 15˚) in summer, and (Latitude + 15˚) in winter.
Alternatively, one can choose the angle depending upon when the power requirement is
greatest.
• For Mumbai (latitude: 18˚ 55’N) summer angle 3˚ and the winter angle 33˚.
For Delhi (Latitude: 28˚ 38’N) the summer angle will be 13˚ and the winter angle 43˚.

44. How Critical is the Tilt Angle
• if 2 axis tracking is taken to give 100% energy, fixed angle panels generate about 71%
energy, adjusting two season gives 76% and adjusting four season does not produce any
additional gain. Thus, for fixed mounting adjusting the angles twice a year is simple and
good enough for maximum gain.

45. DAY-3

49. Cable Sizing

51. Calculating Correction Factor of Cable from
data:
•Total derating factor = k1 · k2 · k3 · K4 · K5 · K6 · K7

52. Temperature Correction Factor in Air: K1
Ambient Temperature
Insulation
PVC XLPE/EPR
10 1.22 1.15
15 1.17 1.12
20 1.12 1.08
25 1.06 1.04
35 0.94 0.96
40 0.87 0.91
45 0.79 0.87
50 0.71 0.82
55 0.61 0.76
60 0.5 0.71
65 0 0.65
70 0 0.58
75 0 0.5
80 0 0.41

53. Ground Temperature Correction Factor: K2
Ground Temperature
Insulation
PVC XLPE/EPR
10 1.1 1.07
15 1.05 1.04
20 0.95 0.96
25 0.89 0.93
35 0.77 0.89
40 0.71 0.85
45 0.63 0.8
50 0.55 0.76
55 0.45 0.71
60 0 0.65
65 0 0.6
70 0 0.53
75 0 0.46
80 0 0.38

54. Thermal Resistance Correction Factor (K4) for Soil
(When Thermal Resistance of Soil is known)
Soil Thermal Resistivity: 2.5 KM/W
Resistivity K3
1 1.18
1.5 1.1
2 1.05
2.5 1
3 0.96

55. Soil Correction Factor (K4) of Soil (When Thermal Resistance of Soil is
not known)
Nature of Soil K3
Very Wet Soil 1.21
Wet Soil 1.13
Damp Soil 1.05
Dry Soil 1
Very Dry Soil 0.86

56. Cable Depth Correction Factor (K5)
Laying Depth (Meter) Rating Factor
0.5 1.1
0.7 1.05
0.9 1.01
1 1
1.2 0.98
1.5 0.96

57. Cable Distance correction Factor (K6)
No of Circuit Nil
Cable
diameter
0.125m
0.25
m
0.5m
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 0.75 0.8 0.85 0.9 0.9
3 0.65 0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85
4 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.75 0.8
5 0.55 0.55 0.65 0.7 0.8
6 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.7 0.8

58. Cable Grouping Factor (No of Tray Factor)
(K7)
No of
Cable/Tray
1 2 3 4 6 8
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 0.84 0.8 0.78 0.77 0.76 0.75
3 0.8 0.76 0.74 0.73 0.72 0.71
4 0.78 0.74 0.72 0.71 0.7 0.69
5 0.77 0.73 0.7 0.69 0.68 0.67
6 0.75 0.71 0.7 0.68 0.68 0.66
7 0.74 0.69 0.675 0.66 0.66 0.64
8 0.73 0.69 0.68 0.67 0.66 0.64

59. IP Protection Codes
•The IP Code, International Protection Marking, IEC standard 60529,
sometimes interpreted as Ingress Protection Marking, classifies and
rates the degree of protection provided against intrusion (body parts
such as hands and fingers), dust, accidental contact, and water by
mechanical casings and electrical enclosures

62. Earthing

63. GI Strip

64. Losses in Solar Power Plant

65. LID loss
•The LID loss ("Light Induced Degradation") is a phenomenon
specific to Crystalline modules (and only with P-type bulk
wafers). It is due to the wafer quality, namely traces of oxygen,
which recombine with doping atoms during the first hours of
exposition. It is not taken into account in the flash-test at the
output of the factory, and therefore in the sorting process.
Therefore it has to be taken into account in the simulation.

66. •World's Largest Solar Power Park 2000 MW is now in Karnataka India -
YouTube (480p).mp4
•Solar Panel with EVA Film Manufacturing Procedure-Silicone Sheet
Ethylene Vinyl Acetate EVA - YouTube (360p).mp4
•Solar Panel Production Line, Open Solar Factory Cheaper_solar panel
making machines - YouTube (480p).mp4