This document discusses solar radiation geometry and solar thermal energy conversion. It begins by defining various angles used to describe the sun's position such as the latitude, declination, hour angle, and solar azimuth angle. It then explains concepts such as the zenith angle, altitude angle, and day length. The document also discusses the principles of solar energy collection using flat plate and concentrating solar collectors. It describes common components of flat plate collectors and applications of solar air collectors. Concentrating collectors that use reflectors are also introduced. The document concludes by discussing thermal energy storage options such as sensible heat storage and latent heat storage.
The document discusses solar energy collection and applications. It describes how solar panels use solar radiation to heat water, and that active solar water heating systems rely on pumps to circulate heated liquid between collectors and storage tanks while passive systems rely on gravity. It then discusses different types of solar collectors like flat-plate and concentrating collectors, and how solar concentrators reduce costs by focusing sunlight onto a smaller receiver area. Finally, it provides examples of solar applications including solar water distillation, solar boilers for heated water, and parabolic solar cookers.
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This presentation gives us an insight into different types of solar plate collectors, and their respective applications.
This document discusses various types of solar energy collectors and their applications. It begins by explaining that solar energy can be captured as heat or electricity using solar collectors. It then describes different types of collectors - flat plate collectors, which are best for moderate temperatures below 100°C, and concentrating collectors, which produce higher temperatures but are more complex. Specific collector types discussed include flat plate collectors, evacuated tube collectors, parabolic trough collectors, and solar air heaters. Applications mentioned include solar water heating, solar space heating, solar drying, and solar cooking.
The document presents information on solar radiations and geometry. It discusses that the sun generates enormous energy and provides the earth with around 1500 quadrillion kilowatt-hours per year. However, only around 47% of the sun's energy reaches the earth's surface due to reflection and absorption in the atmosphere. It then outlines several important angles used in solar radiation analysis, including latitude, declination, hour angle, altitude angle, zenith angle, solar azimuth angle, and slope.
solar water heating system - types and mechanismlee shin
solar is one of the trending technology getting into use which reduces the utility bills and bring more beneficial factor through its eco friendly method
Types of collectors used in solar power installationlee shin
solar is one of the renewable energies which can be easily trapped and utilized for the home. collectors are the source to capture sun power. the slides here shows the some of the types of collectors
A solar water heater works by using an array of solar collectors to collect solar energy and transfer it to heat water stored in an insulated tank. During the day, water circulates through the collectors and is heated, with the hot water then stored in the tank for various applications like homes, pools, hospitals and more. It has key components like solar panels, a storage tank, and connecting pipes, and provides advantages such as low cost and maintenance over time.
The sun generates energy through nuclear fusion in its core. This energy radiates outward through different layers of the sun and is finally emitted from the photosphere as electromagnetic radiation. About half of the solar energy that reaches the top of Earth's atmosphere reaches the surface, with the remaining energy being reflected or absorbed by gases, aerosols and clouds in the atmosphere. Instruments such as pyranometers and pyrheliometers are used to measure different components of solar radiation, including global, diffuse and direct radiation.
The document discusses solar energy collection and applications. It describes how solar panels use solar radiation to heat water, and that active solar water heating systems rely on pumps to circulate heated liquid between collectors and storage tanks while passive systems rely on gravity. It then discusses different types of solar collectors like flat-plate and concentrating collectors, and how solar concentrators reduce costs by focusing sunlight onto a smaller receiver area. Finally, it provides examples of solar applications including solar water distillation, solar boilers for heated water, and parabolic solar cookers.
Thank you very much for checking out my presentation.
If you are a student or a faculty of an engineering college and need to create a presentation, you can contact me. Check out my profile to know how.
This presentation gives us an insight into different types of solar plate collectors, and their respective applications.
This document discusses various types of solar energy collectors and their applications. It begins by explaining that solar energy can be captured as heat or electricity using solar collectors. It then describes different types of collectors - flat plate collectors, which are best for moderate temperatures below 100°C, and concentrating collectors, which produce higher temperatures but are more complex. Specific collector types discussed include flat plate collectors, evacuated tube collectors, parabolic trough collectors, and solar air heaters. Applications mentioned include solar water heating, solar space heating, solar drying, and solar cooking.
The document presents information on solar radiations and geometry. It discusses that the sun generates enormous energy and provides the earth with around 1500 quadrillion kilowatt-hours per year. However, only around 47% of the sun's energy reaches the earth's surface due to reflection and absorption in the atmosphere. It then outlines several important angles used in solar radiation analysis, including latitude, declination, hour angle, altitude angle, zenith angle, solar azimuth angle, and slope.
solar water heating system - types and mechanismlee shin
solar is one of the trending technology getting into use which reduces the utility bills and bring more beneficial factor through its eco friendly method
Types of collectors used in solar power installationlee shin
solar is one of the renewable energies which can be easily trapped and utilized for the home. collectors are the source to capture sun power. the slides here shows the some of the types of collectors
A solar water heater works by using an array of solar collectors to collect solar energy and transfer it to heat water stored in an insulated tank. During the day, water circulates through the collectors and is heated, with the hot water then stored in the tank for various applications like homes, pools, hospitals and more. It has key components like solar panels, a storage tank, and connecting pipes, and provides advantages such as low cost and maintenance over time.
The sun generates energy through nuclear fusion in its core. This energy radiates outward through different layers of the sun and is finally emitted from the photosphere as electromagnetic radiation. About half of the solar energy that reaches the top of Earth's atmosphere reaches the surface, with the remaining energy being reflected or absorbed by gases, aerosols and clouds in the atmosphere. Instruments such as pyranometers and pyrheliometers are used to measure different components of solar radiation, including global, diffuse and direct radiation.
A solar still is a simple device that uses solar energy to distill and purify water. It has two main types - box and pit stills. Water is evaporated by sunlight and the vapor condenses on the inside surface, then drips down into a collection area. The process removes impurities through evaporation and condensation, producing cleaner water than rainwater. Solar stills have advantages of being low-cost using free solar energy, but also have disadvantages like low production capacity and not killing all bacteria. They can be used to provide clean water for drinking or industrial processes.
Solar collector : A device designed to absorb incident solar radiation and to transfer the energy to a fluid passing in contact with it, usually liquid or air.
Flat – Plate Collector : A typical flat-plate collector is an insulated metal box with a glass or plastic cover (called the glazing) and a dark-colored absorber plate. These collectors heat liquid or air at temperatures less than 180°F.
Solar Cooling Methods and Applications provides an overview of solar cooling systems and how to apply them. It describes two methods: photovoltaic (PV) panels that generate electricity to power a vapor compression chiller, and solar thermal panels that heat a fluid to power an absorption chiller. The document emphasizes that solar technologies have higher payback when the availability of the renewable resource matches the load, and that systems should be sized to maximize utilization of expensive components. It aims to help engineers understand when and how to apply solar cooling appropriately.
1) The document discusses solar heating and cooling systems (SHCS), which use solar energy to provide hot water, space heating, and cooling.
2) SHCS can be either active systems that involve collectors, circulation systems, storage tanks, and controls, or passive systems that rely on building ventilation.
3) Solar cooling uses solar heat to generate chilled water for cooling buildings. Combisystems provide both heating and cooling as well as hot water.
4) SHCS have advantages over conventional methods like reduced costs, employment opportunities, and being more environmentally friendly.
This document provides information about flat-plate solar collectors. It discusses that flat-plate collectors are the simplest type of solar collector that uses a stationary black surface placed at an angle to the sun. It then describes the key components of flat-plate collectors including the absorber plate, flow passages, transparent cover, insulation and enclosure. Applications for flat-plate collectors include domestic hot water, space heating, and pool heating. The document also discusses factors that impact collector efficiency and methods to improve efficiency such as reducing thermal losses.
This document discusses key concepts related to solar radiation geometry. It begins by providing background on the sun and how it generates enormous amounts of energy. It then discusses how solar radiation reaches the Earth's atmosphere and surface. Key angles used in solar radiation analysis are defined, including latitude, declination, hour angle, and others. The timing of solstices and equinoxes is explained by the changing declination angle throughout the year. Factors like direct and diffuse radiation, spectral distribution, and how solar radiation is attenuated in the atmosphere are also summarized.
The document discusses the solar constant, which is the rate at which solar energy arrives at the top of the Earth's atmosphere. It states that the Sun releases approximately 384.6 yotta watts of energy as light and radiation, which appears from Earth as radiation from a black surface at 5,762 degrees Kelvin. The solar constant can be approximated using an equation that takes into account how the distance between the Earth and Sun varies throughout the year. It also mentions spectral distribution of solar intensity and different types of solar radiation including direct, diffuse, and total radiation.
1. The document presents information on focusing type solar collectors. It discusses different types of focusing collectors that use reflecting surfaces to concentrate solar radiation onto absorbing surfaces.
2. Key focusing collector types discussed include cylindrical parabolic collectors, central receiver collectors, and compound parabolic collectors. Concentration ratios can reach as high as 10,000x, allowing surfaces to reach temperatures over 450°C.
3. Advantages of focusing collectors include using less material for higher collection of radiation. However, disadvantages include only collecting beam radiation and additional maintenance needs to keep reflecting surfaces clean and efficient.
Oro551 res - unit 1 - instruments for measuring solar radiation and sun shinekarthi keyan
This document discusses instruments used to measure solar radiation. It describes pyranometers, which measure global solar radiation on a horizontal surface using a thermopile sensor. The Eppley pyranometer construction and working are explained in detail. Other pyranometers like the bimetallic pyranograph are also covered. Pyrheliometers measure direct beam radiation using sensors like the Angstrom and Abbot silver disk pyrheliometers. Sunshine recorders like the Campbell-Stokes, rotating mirror, and Blake-Larsen recorders are also summarized.
The document provides information about solar energy and its use. It discusses:
1) Solar energy is a renewable energy source that is derived from the sun. The sun radiates a large amount of energy each day, more than humanity uses in a year.
2) Solar energy can be harnessed using technologies like solar panels. Only a small fraction of the sun's energy that reaches Earth is needed to meet our energy needs.
3) The document then discusses various solar energy terms and concepts like solar radiation, solar geometry, relationships between different solar angles, and calculations for sunrise, sunset, and day length.
The document defines sunshine as direct sunlight of at least 120 w/m2 measured on the ground. It provides details on the sun's composition and radiation, including that 53.12% of its energy is in the infrared region. It also discusses how the Earth reflects 1/3 of sunlight and is inclined at 23.5 degrees on its axis. Finally, it describes various instruments used to measure solar radiation, including pyranometers and pyrheliometers, and concepts like beam radiation, diffuse radiation, and solar declination.
There is often a gap between electricity supply and demand in Delhi, especially during peak seasons. Solar water heaters can help bridge this gap by providing hot water using solar energy instead of conventional energy sources. Solar water heating systems work by collecting solar energy via panels and transferring the heat to water stored in an insulated tank. These systems typically provide hot water for domestic use and can save a significant amount of electricity annually. The two main types are flat plate collectors and evacuated tube collectors.
A solar water heater uses solar energy to heat water for uses like bathing and cleaning. It has an array of solar collectors that absorb heat from the sun and transfer it to an insulated storage tank. There are two main types - ones using flat plate collectors and ones using evacuated tube collectors. Both can operate with or without pumps. Solar water heaters save on electric costs, reduce carbon dioxide emissions, and have low maintenance costs compared to electric water heaters, though they may require an electric backup on cloudy days.
A Complete Presenetation on "SOLAR WATER HEATER" By Himanshu Kumarrajaricky
The most emerging system in the field of utilization of solar energy by saving money with low payback period. Water heating technology is the old age technology but using solar energy as a energy source is viable and ecofriendly.
1. Solar radiation measurements are important for solar energy applications and require instruments that can measure direct beam and diffuse radiation on surfaces oriented at various angles.
2. Common solar radiation measurement devices include pyrheliometers for measuring direct beam radiation, pyranometers for measuring total radiation, and sunshine recorders for measuring duration of bright sunshine.
3. Solar radiation data should specify if measurements are instantaneous or integrated over a time period, the measurement time/period, whether beam, diffuse, or total radiation is measured, the receiving surface orientation, and any averaging period.
This document discusses different types of solar energy collectors. It begins by explaining that solar collectors absorb solar radiation and convert it to heat that is transferred to a fluid. Collectors are classified as low, medium, or high temperature based on the temperature range. Non-concentrating collectors like flat plate and evacuated tube collectors are used for low to medium temperatures, while concentrating collectors use mirrors or lenses to achieve higher temperatures. The document then describes various non-concentrating and concentrating collector designs including parabolic troughs, linear Fresnel reflectors, and heliostat fields. It provides diagrams and explanations of how each type works to harness solar energy.
Solar thermal systems use solar energy to heat a fluid that is then used for applications like water and space heating. There are two main types of solar thermal collectors: non-concentrating and concentrating. Non-concentrating collectors absorb sunlight directly while concentrating collectors use mirrors to focus sunlight onto a receiver. Common examples are flat plate collectors and parabolic trough collectors. Key factors in evaluating performance include efficiency, operating temperature range, and cost per square meter. Solar thermal can be used for applications such as water heating, space heating, cooking, and industrial processes.
This document discusses solar energy and its applications. It covers topics like solar radiation components, applications of solar energy in areas like solar heating and cooling and power generation, and factors that affect solar radiation intensity like geographical location and weather conditions. It also provides information on concepts like extraterrestrial solar radiation, solar collectors, and how solar geometry and angles help determine the amount of direct radiation received on Earth's surface.
This document discusses alternative sources of energy and solar energy principles. It describes the course outcomes which are to demonstrate different alternative energy sources and energy conversion methods, illustrate solar energy principles and applications, and summarize concepts of wind, biomass, geothermal and ocean energy. It then covers classification of energy resources, advantages of renewable energy, solar energy received on Earth and factors affecting solar radiation levels like latitude, declination angle, and hour angle. Measurement instruments for solar radiation are also mentioned.
A solar still is a simple device that uses solar energy to distill and purify water. It has two main types - box and pit stills. Water is evaporated by sunlight and the vapor condenses on the inside surface, then drips down into a collection area. The process removes impurities through evaporation and condensation, producing cleaner water than rainwater. Solar stills have advantages of being low-cost using free solar energy, but also have disadvantages like low production capacity and not killing all bacteria. They can be used to provide clean water for drinking or industrial processes.
Solar collector : A device designed to absorb incident solar radiation and to transfer the energy to a fluid passing in contact with it, usually liquid or air.
Flat – Plate Collector : A typical flat-plate collector is an insulated metal box with a glass or plastic cover (called the glazing) and a dark-colored absorber plate. These collectors heat liquid or air at temperatures less than 180°F.
Solar Cooling Methods and Applications provides an overview of solar cooling systems and how to apply them. It describes two methods: photovoltaic (PV) panels that generate electricity to power a vapor compression chiller, and solar thermal panels that heat a fluid to power an absorption chiller. The document emphasizes that solar technologies have higher payback when the availability of the renewable resource matches the load, and that systems should be sized to maximize utilization of expensive components. It aims to help engineers understand when and how to apply solar cooling appropriately.
1) The document discusses solar heating and cooling systems (SHCS), which use solar energy to provide hot water, space heating, and cooling.
2) SHCS can be either active systems that involve collectors, circulation systems, storage tanks, and controls, or passive systems that rely on building ventilation.
3) Solar cooling uses solar heat to generate chilled water for cooling buildings. Combisystems provide both heating and cooling as well as hot water.
4) SHCS have advantages over conventional methods like reduced costs, employment opportunities, and being more environmentally friendly.
This document provides information about flat-plate solar collectors. It discusses that flat-plate collectors are the simplest type of solar collector that uses a stationary black surface placed at an angle to the sun. It then describes the key components of flat-plate collectors including the absorber plate, flow passages, transparent cover, insulation and enclosure. Applications for flat-plate collectors include domestic hot water, space heating, and pool heating. The document also discusses factors that impact collector efficiency and methods to improve efficiency such as reducing thermal losses.
This document discusses key concepts related to solar radiation geometry. It begins by providing background on the sun and how it generates enormous amounts of energy. It then discusses how solar radiation reaches the Earth's atmosphere and surface. Key angles used in solar radiation analysis are defined, including latitude, declination, hour angle, and others. The timing of solstices and equinoxes is explained by the changing declination angle throughout the year. Factors like direct and diffuse radiation, spectral distribution, and how solar radiation is attenuated in the atmosphere are also summarized.
The document discusses the solar constant, which is the rate at which solar energy arrives at the top of the Earth's atmosphere. It states that the Sun releases approximately 384.6 yotta watts of energy as light and radiation, which appears from Earth as radiation from a black surface at 5,762 degrees Kelvin. The solar constant can be approximated using an equation that takes into account how the distance between the Earth and Sun varies throughout the year. It also mentions spectral distribution of solar intensity and different types of solar radiation including direct, diffuse, and total radiation.
1. The document presents information on focusing type solar collectors. It discusses different types of focusing collectors that use reflecting surfaces to concentrate solar radiation onto absorbing surfaces.
2. Key focusing collector types discussed include cylindrical parabolic collectors, central receiver collectors, and compound parabolic collectors. Concentration ratios can reach as high as 10,000x, allowing surfaces to reach temperatures over 450°C.
3. Advantages of focusing collectors include using less material for higher collection of radiation. However, disadvantages include only collecting beam radiation and additional maintenance needs to keep reflecting surfaces clean and efficient.
Oro551 res - unit 1 - instruments for measuring solar radiation and sun shinekarthi keyan
This document discusses instruments used to measure solar radiation. It describes pyranometers, which measure global solar radiation on a horizontal surface using a thermopile sensor. The Eppley pyranometer construction and working are explained in detail. Other pyranometers like the bimetallic pyranograph are also covered. Pyrheliometers measure direct beam radiation using sensors like the Angstrom and Abbot silver disk pyrheliometers. Sunshine recorders like the Campbell-Stokes, rotating mirror, and Blake-Larsen recorders are also summarized.
The document provides information about solar energy and its use. It discusses:
1) Solar energy is a renewable energy source that is derived from the sun. The sun radiates a large amount of energy each day, more than humanity uses in a year.
2) Solar energy can be harnessed using technologies like solar panels. Only a small fraction of the sun's energy that reaches Earth is needed to meet our energy needs.
3) The document then discusses various solar energy terms and concepts like solar radiation, solar geometry, relationships between different solar angles, and calculations for sunrise, sunset, and day length.
The document defines sunshine as direct sunlight of at least 120 w/m2 measured on the ground. It provides details on the sun's composition and radiation, including that 53.12% of its energy is in the infrared region. It also discusses how the Earth reflects 1/3 of sunlight and is inclined at 23.5 degrees on its axis. Finally, it describes various instruments used to measure solar radiation, including pyranometers and pyrheliometers, and concepts like beam radiation, diffuse radiation, and solar declination.
There is often a gap between electricity supply and demand in Delhi, especially during peak seasons. Solar water heaters can help bridge this gap by providing hot water using solar energy instead of conventional energy sources. Solar water heating systems work by collecting solar energy via panels and transferring the heat to water stored in an insulated tank. These systems typically provide hot water for domestic use and can save a significant amount of electricity annually. The two main types are flat plate collectors and evacuated tube collectors.
A solar water heater uses solar energy to heat water for uses like bathing and cleaning. It has an array of solar collectors that absorb heat from the sun and transfer it to an insulated storage tank. There are two main types - ones using flat plate collectors and ones using evacuated tube collectors. Both can operate with or without pumps. Solar water heaters save on electric costs, reduce carbon dioxide emissions, and have low maintenance costs compared to electric water heaters, though they may require an electric backup on cloudy days.
A Complete Presenetation on "SOLAR WATER HEATER" By Himanshu Kumarrajaricky
The most emerging system in the field of utilization of solar energy by saving money with low payback period. Water heating technology is the old age technology but using solar energy as a energy source is viable and ecofriendly.
1. Solar radiation measurements are important for solar energy applications and require instruments that can measure direct beam and diffuse radiation on surfaces oriented at various angles.
2. Common solar radiation measurement devices include pyrheliometers for measuring direct beam radiation, pyranometers for measuring total radiation, and sunshine recorders for measuring duration of bright sunshine.
3. Solar radiation data should specify if measurements are instantaneous or integrated over a time period, the measurement time/period, whether beam, diffuse, or total radiation is measured, the receiving surface orientation, and any averaging period.
This document discusses different types of solar energy collectors. It begins by explaining that solar collectors absorb solar radiation and convert it to heat that is transferred to a fluid. Collectors are classified as low, medium, or high temperature based on the temperature range. Non-concentrating collectors like flat plate and evacuated tube collectors are used for low to medium temperatures, while concentrating collectors use mirrors or lenses to achieve higher temperatures. The document then describes various non-concentrating and concentrating collector designs including parabolic troughs, linear Fresnel reflectors, and heliostat fields. It provides diagrams and explanations of how each type works to harness solar energy.
Solar thermal systems use solar energy to heat a fluid that is then used for applications like water and space heating. There are two main types of solar thermal collectors: non-concentrating and concentrating. Non-concentrating collectors absorb sunlight directly while concentrating collectors use mirrors to focus sunlight onto a receiver. Common examples are flat plate collectors and parabolic trough collectors. Key factors in evaluating performance include efficiency, operating temperature range, and cost per square meter. Solar thermal can be used for applications such as water heating, space heating, cooking, and industrial processes.
This document discusses solar energy and its applications. It covers topics like solar radiation components, applications of solar energy in areas like solar heating and cooling and power generation, and factors that affect solar radiation intensity like geographical location and weather conditions. It also provides information on concepts like extraterrestrial solar radiation, solar collectors, and how solar geometry and angles help determine the amount of direct radiation received on Earth's surface.
This document discusses alternative sources of energy and solar energy principles. It describes the course outcomes which are to demonstrate different alternative energy sources and energy conversion methods, illustrate solar energy principles and applications, and summarize concepts of wind, biomass, geothermal and ocean energy. It then covers classification of energy resources, advantages of renewable energy, solar energy received on Earth and factors affecting solar radiation levels like latitude, declination angle, and hour angle. Measurement instruments for solar radiation are also mentioned.
This document discusses solar energy and the structure and composition of the sun. It provides details on:
1) The core, radiation zone, convection zone, photosphere, chromosphere, transition layer, and corona of the sun and their respective temperatures and densities.
2) The concept of solar constant and how the amount of solar radiation reaching Earth varies with location and seasons.
3) Different types of solar collectors like flat plate and concentrating collectors and their uses for low to high temperature applications.
4) Key angles used in solar energy like the altitude, azimuth, and zenith angles and how they are calculated based on factors like latitude and day of the year.
The document discusses solar energy and provides information about:
1) How solar energy can be directly utilized through solar thermal and photovoltaic systems.
2) Predictions that fossil fuel deposits will be depleted within the next few centuries while solar energy is abundant and renewable.
3) A brief history of milestones in the development of solar energy technology from the 1800s to present day.
This document provides an overview of solar energy and solar radiation concepts. It discusses topics like solar radiation geometry, measurement of solar radiation, extraterrestrial and terrestrial radiation, scattering and absorption in the atmosphere, air mass, and formulas for calculating the angle of incidence and solar day length. It also includes examples of calculating the angle of incidence and sunshine hours at different locations and dates. The document is intended to outline the syllabus and learning outcomes for a course on renewable energy systems with a focus on solar energy.
This document provides information about calculating solar radiation. It begins by defining key terms like solar constant, latitude, longitude, declination, and hour angle that are used to determine the position of the sun. It then describes how to calculate the extraterrestrial radiation, zenith angle, sun altitude, solar azimuth, and incidence angle on sloped surfaces. Equations are provided to calculate daily and hourly extraterrestrial radiation. The document also discusses how the atmosphere influences solar radiation, noting that 53% of solar radiation reaches the earth's surface, with 31% as direct beam radiation and 22% as diffuse radiation.
The document discusses solar energy and the sun-earth relationship. It provides details on:
- The structure and composition of the sun, including how nuclear fusion reactions generate its energy.
- The geometry of the sun-earth relationship, including their relative sizes and average distance.
- How solar radiation is emitted from the sun as a black body and its spectral distribution outside the earth's atmosphere.
- How solar radiation is affected by passing through the earth's atmosphere, undergoing absorption and scattering.
This document discusses non-conventional energy resources, specifically solar radiation and solar thermal energy. It covers:
1) The different types of solar radiation - extraterrestrial and terrestrial radiation, and the factors that affect each.
2) Components of terrestrial radiation - direct, diffuse, and total radiation.
3) Construction and materials used in flat plate solar collectors, including absorber plates, insulation, glass covers, and selective coatings.
4) Performance parameters of flat plate collectors including efficiency, heat removal factor, and factors that affect performance.
5) Concentrating solar collectors including parabolic troughs, Fresnel lenses, and parabolic dishes that achieve higher temperatures.
This document presents equations to compute the efficiency of a parabolic-trough solar collector using solar position coordinates. The equations account for factors like universal time, day, month, year, longitude, latitude, and heliocentric and geocentric coordinates to determine the sun's position. The collector efficiency considers the direct and reflected solar energy incident on its glass cover as well as thermal losses. The developed equations can predict collector performance using meteorological and radiative data for any location.
Renewable Energy Technology_Alamustaqbal University.pptSuvankarHati
This document summarizes a lecture on components of solar radiation given at Almustaqbal University College in Iraq. It discusses derived solar angles like altitude angle, zenith angle, surface azimuth angle, and slope that are useful in solar radiation analysis. It also defines the angle of incidence as the angle between beam radiation on a surface and the normal to that surface. The document provides equations to calculate the angle of incidence and includes an example problem. Finally, it briefly discusses sunrise/sunset time and day length as well as the direction of beam radiation and how latitude, season and daily insolation are related.
1. Renewable energy comes from natural sources that are replenished, including sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves, and geothermal heat.
2. Solar energy has the highest available energy flux of all renewable resources. Common instruments for measuring solar radiation include pyranometers, pyrheliometers, sunshine recorders, and albedometers.
3. Wind power currently makes the largest contribution to power production from renewable sources.
1. Renewable energy comes from natural sources that are replenished, including sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves, and geothermal heat.
2. Solar energy has the highest available energy flux of all renewable sources. Common instruments for measuring solar radiation include pyranometers, pyrheliometers, sunshine recorders, and albedometers.
3. Wind power currently makes the largest contribution to renewable power production, followed by solar and geothermal. Tidal range is greatest during spring tides when the sun and moon are aligned.
This document describes the design of a box-type solar cooker. It discusses the aims and objectives of the solar cooker, which are to cook food using solar energy, reduce use of traditional stoves, and protect the local environment. It also outlines the types of solar cookers, including panel, box, and parabolic, and describes the working principles and advantages of the box-type solar cooker. The document then presents the theory behind solar cookers, discussing concepts like zenith angle, declination angle, latitude, and equations for calculating clear sky radiation, solar constant, and efficiency. It aims to apply this theoretical understanding to optimize the design of the box-type solar cooker.
This document describes the design of a box-type solar cooker. It discusses the aims and objectives of the solar cooker, which are to cook food using solar energy, reduce use of traditional stoves, and protect the local environment. It also reviews different types of solar cookers, including panel, box, and parabolic designs. The document outlines the key components of the box-type solar cooker, including an insulated black box with a glass top to admit sunlight. It discusses the advantages of solar cooking and various theoretical concepts involved in solar cooker design such as solar constants, zenith angles, and calculations for cooking power.
This paper is a mathematical study for finding the amount of solar radiation on the surface of the
Photovoltaic (PV) system affected due to the variation in the slope (tilt angle) of the PV system along with the
background theory of the attenuation of the solar radiation. The power density is maximum when the solar moduleabsorbing
surface is perpendicular to the sun and in all other cases module power is always lesser than the incident
power. Hence extra addition of panels with fixed tilt is no longer economical viable when electricity demand
increases. Theoretical estimation of solar radiation on the slope of the PV surface from the radiation available on
the horizontal surface is evaluated and the results are presented on the basis of the data available and proposed
mathematical model for the calculation of the total amount of solar radiation on tilted surface.
Assessment and evaluation of solar resources adb courseIrSOLaV Pomares
This document discusses the assessment and evaluation of solar resources. It covers topics like solar geometry, interaction of solar radiation with the atmosphere, measurement of solar radiation, and databases of solar radiation. Key points include how solar position varies daily and yearly due to Earth's orbit and rotation, atmospheric effects on solar irradiance like scattering, absorption and reflection, and parameters used to characterize solar resources like extraterrestrial and global irradiance. The goal is to provide tools to help evaluate solar power projects.
Ch.2 Solar radiation and the greenhouse effectUsamaAslam21
This document provides an introduction to solar radiation and the geometry of the Earth-Sun relationship. It discusses how solar radiation reaches Earth as electromagnetic waves carrying energy. The spectrum of solar radiation contains ultraviolet, visible, and infrared wavelengths. The maximum intensity occurs in the visible region. Solar radiation that reaches Earth without passing through the atmosphere is known as extraterrestrial radiation. Upon entering the atmosphere, solar radiation is reduced and consists of both direct beam radiation and diffuse sky radiation scattered by atmospheric constituents. The document also describes key geometric relationships between Earth and the Sun including latitude, longitude, declination angle, and hour angle.
Similar to Solar Radiation Geometry, Solar Thermal Conversion and Applications (20)
Geothermal Energy Conversion: Principle of working, types of geothermal station with schematic diagram, geothermal plants in the world, problems associated with geothermal conversion, scope of geothermal energy. Energy from Bio Mass: Photosynthesis, photosynthetic oxygen production, energy plantation, bio gas production from organic wastes by anaerobic fermentation, description of bio-gas plants, transportation of bio-gas, problems involved with bio-gas production, application of bio-gas, application of bio-gas in engines, advantages.
Module-1 Non Conventional Energy sourcesDr Ramesh B T
Energy source, India’s production and reserves of commercial energy sources, need for nonconventional energy sources, energy alternatives, solar, thermal, photovoltaic. Water power, wind biomass, ocean temperature difference, tidal and waves, geothermal, tar sands and oil shale, nuclear (Brief descriptions); advantages and disadvantages, comparison (Qualitative and Quantitative). Solar Radiation: Extra-Terrestrial radiation, spectral distribution of extra terrestrial radiation, solar constant, solar radiation at the earth’s surface, beam, diffuse and global radiation, solar radiation data. Measurement of Solar Radiation: Pyrometer, shading ring pyrheliometer, sunshine recorder, schematic diagrams and principle of working.
The document outlines the terms and conditions for a home loan agreement between a lender and borrower. It specifies details such as the loan amount, interest rate, repayment schedule, borrower obligations, default conditions, and foreclosure procedures if the borrower fails to meet the terms of the loan. The lender reserves the right to foreclose on the property if the borrower does not make timely payments or violates other conditions of the loan agreement.
The document discusses the history and physics of tidal power. It notes that tidal power buildings were first constructed in Europe as early as the 9th century. Tidal power harnesses the energy from ocean tides, which are caused by gravitational forces from the Moon and spin of the Earth. This results in bulges of water that rise and fall, providing potential energy that can be captured by tidal structures to generate electricity. The first wave power plant to utilize tidal power opened in 2008 in Portugal. Recent technological advances have improved the feasibility of tidal power as a renewable energy source.
This document provides instruction on orthographic projections and line projections. It begins by explaining the notation used to label different views of projections. It then covers concepts like quadrants, point projections in different locations, and line projections in different orientations. Examples are given of projecting points and lines in different positions in space. Key parameters for line projections are defined, including true length, angles of inclination, lengths of front and top views, and more. Step-by-step solutions are provided for sample problems of projecting lines with given information.
Projection of Isometrics- Engineering GraphicsDr Ramesh B T
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness, happiness and focus.
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Solar Radiation Geometry, Solar Thermal Conversion and Applications
1. Dr. Ramesh B T
Assistant Professor
Mechanical Engg. Dept.
JIT-Davanagere
Email Id: rameshbt049@gmail.com
Solar Radiation Geometry
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Dr. Ramesh B T
2. Let us first define below angles,
1. ɸl=Latitude of location,
2. δ=Declination,
δ = 23.45 sin [
360
365
(284+n)]
3. ω=Hour angle, S=slope,
4. γs=Solar Azimuth angle,
5. α=Altitude angle,
6. θz= Zenith angle
Θz=
𝜋
2
- α
7. Surface Azimuth angle (γ)
8. Solar Incident angle (θ)
9. Day Length (td)
10. Local Solar time (Local Apparent time) LAT
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3. Solar altitude angle(α):
Altitude Angle is the angle between the Sun‘s rays and projection of the Sun’s rays on the horizontal plane
Zenith angle(θz):
It is Complementary angle of Sun‘s Altitude angle. It is a vertical angle between Sun‘s rays and line perpendicular to the
horizontal plane through the point i.e. angle between the beam and the vertical
Θz=π/2-α
Solar Azimuth Angle(γs):
It is the solar angle in degrees along the horizon east or west of north
or
It is the horizontal angle measured from north to the horizontal projection of sun‘s rays.
Declination(δ):
It is the angle between a line extending from the centre of the Sun and center of the earth and projection of this on earth‘s
equatorial plane.
Declination is the direct consequence of earth‘s tilt and It would vary between 23.5o on June 22 to – 23.5o on December
22. On equinoxes of March21 & Sept22 declination is zero.
The declination is given by the formula
Where n is the day of the year
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4. Meridian:
Meridian is the immaginery line passing through a point or place on
earth and north and south poles of the earth‘.
hour angle(ω):
Hour angle is the angle through which the earth must turn to bring meridian of
the point directly in line with the sun‘s rays.
Hour angle is equal to 15o per hour.
slope(β):
Angle between the collector surface with the horizantal plane is called slope(β).
surface azimuth angle(γ):
Angle between the normal to the collector and south direction is called surface
azimuth angle(γ)
Solar Incident angle(θ):
It is the angle between an incident beam radiation falling on the collector and
normal to the plane surface
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6. Day Length:
At the time of sunset or sunrise the zenith angle θz=90o , we
obtain sunrise hour angle as
Local Solar Time(Local Apparent Time (LAT):
Local Solar Time can be calculated from standard time by applying two corrections. The first correction arises
due to the difference in longitude of the location and meridian on which standard time is based. The
correction has a magnitude of 4minutes for every degree difference in longitude. Second correction called the
equation of time correction is due to the fact that earth‘s orbit and the rate of rotation are subject to small
perturbations. This is based on the experimental observations.
Thus,
Local Solar Time=Standard time± 4(Standard time Longitude-Longitude of the location)+(Equation of time
correction)
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7. Determine the Local solar time and declination at a location latitude 23° 15’N, longitude
77° 30’ E at 12.30 IST on June 19. Equation of time correction is given from standard table
or chart=-(1’ 01”).
Soln: WKT The local solar time=IST-4(Standard time longitude-longitude of
location)+Equation of time correction
=12ʰ 30’-4(82° 30’-77° 30’)-1’ 01’’
Note: Indian Standard Time(IST) is the local civil time corresponding to 82.5° E (82° 30’)
longitude
= 12ʰ 30’-4 x 5- 1’ 01’’
L S T= 12ʰ 8’ 59’’
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8. Declination ‘δ’ can be obtained by Cooper’s equation i.e.,
δ = 23.45 sin [
360
365
(284+n)]
= 23.45 sin [
360
365
(284+170)]
Where n is the days up to June 19 = 170 days
= 23.45 sin 447.78
= 23.45 x 0.999
δ = 23.43°
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9. Solar Radiation on Tilted surfaces
The rate of receipt of solar energy on given surface on ground depends on orientation of surface
with reference to the sun. A fully sun-tracking surface that always faces the sun receives the
maximum possible solar energy at particular location. A surface of same area oriented in any other
direction will receive a smaller amount of solar radiation.
Because solar radiation is such a ‘dilute’ form of energy, it is desirable to capture as much as
possible on a given area.
It is seen in the preceding sections that the measuring instruments give the values of solar radiation
falling on horizontal surface.
The expression for flux on tilted surface is given by
cos θᴛ = sin δ sin(ɸ-s) + cosδ cosω cos(ɸ-s)
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10. Beam radiation
In most cases; the tilted surface faces due to south i.e., γ=0, for this case,
cos θ = sin δ sin (ɸ-s)+ cos δ cos ω cos (ɸ-s)
For horizontal surface (θ= θz)
cos θz = sinɸ sinδ+ cosɸ cosδ cosω
It follows that, the ratio of beam radiation flux falling on tilted surface to that of
horizontal surface is called the Tilt factor for beam radiation, it is given by
Rb=
𝐻𝑇
𝐻
=
cos θ𝑇
𝑐𝑜𝑠θ𝑧
Rb =
sin ɸ−s 𝑠𝑖𝑛δ+cos ɸ−s 𝑐𝑜𝑠δ 𝑐𝑜𝑠ω
𝑠𝑖𝑛ɸ 𝑠𝑖𝑛δ+𝑐𝑜𝑠ɸ 𝑐𝑜𝑠δ 𝑐𝑜𝑠ω
this ratio is called the tilt
factor for beam radiation.
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11. Diffuse Radiation
The ratio of diffuse radiation flux falling on tilted surface to that of horizontal surface is
called the Tilt factor for diffuse radiation.
Its value depends on distribution of diffuse radiation over the sky and portion of sky dome
seen by the tilted surface.
Assuming that the sky is an isotropic source of diffuse radiation, for a tilted surface with
slope s,
We have, Rd =
𝟏+𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒔
𝟐
is the shape factor for a tilted surface w. r. t. sky.
Reflected Radiation and Total Radiation
It is the portion of total radiation which has been reflected from earth surface and received on flat
faced thermopile surface. For total radiation, let Hb= Hourly beam radiation and Hd = Hourly diffuse
radiation.
Thus the total radiation such as beam, diffuse and reflected radiations incident on a tilted surface is
given as,
HT = Hb Rb =
𝐻𝑑(1+cos 𝑠)
2
+
𝐻𝑏+𝐻𝑑 (1−cos 𝑠)
2
ρ 21-06-2021
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Dr. Ramesh B T
12. Soln: γ=0 since collector is pointing due south. For this case we have an equation,
cos θᴛ = cos(ɸ-s) cosδ cosω + sin (ɸ-s) sinδ
Declination δ can be obtained with the help of Cooper equation on December 1, then
No. of Days n=335.
δ = 23.45 sin [
360
365
(284+n)]
δ = 23.45 sin [
360
365
(284+335)] = 23.45 sin (610.52)
δ = -22.10°
Problem on tilted surface
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13. Hence,
cos θᴛ = cos(28.58°-38.58°) cos(-22.11°) cos45° + sin (28.58°-
38.58°) sin(-22.11°)
= cos(10°) cos(22.11°) cos45° + sin (10°) sin(22.11°)
= 0.6451+ 0.0653
cos θᴛ = 0.7104
(or) θᴛ = 44.72°
Hour angle ω corresponding to 9.00 hour = 45
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14. Solar Thermal Conversion
Solar Energy Collectors and Storages
A solar Collector is a device for collecting solar radiation and transfer the energy to
a fluid passing in contact with it. There are two types of collectors are,
i) Non concentrating or Flat plate type solar collector: In this the collector area
is same as the absorber area. The maximum temperature achieved in this type is
about 100°c.
ii) Concentrating (focusing) type solar collector: Here the area intercepting the
solar radiation is greater(100 times) than the absorber area. In this much higher
temperature can be obtained and shows better efficiency than flat plate type.
The maximum temperature achieved in this type is about 350°c.
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15. Principle of solar energy conversion to heat
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16. 21-06-2021
16
The principle on which the solar energy is converted in to heat is the greenhouse effect. The name is
derived from the first application of green houses in which it is possible to grow vegetation in cold
climate through the better utilization of available sunlight.
The solar radiation incident on earth surface at a particular wavelength increases the surface
temperature of earth. As a result of difference in temperature between the earth surface and
surroundings, the absorbed radiation is reradiated back to the atmosphere with its wavelength
increased.
The Co2 gas in the atmosphere is transparent to the incoming shorter wavelength solar radiation,
while it is opaque to the long wavelength reradiated radiation. As a result of this the long wavelength
radiation gets reflected repeatedly between earth atmosphere and earth surface resulting in increase
in temperature of earth surface.
Dr. Ramesh B T
17. I.
Where temperatures below about 90°C are adequate, as they are for space and service water
heating flat plate collectors, which are of non-concentrating type, are particularly convenient.
Flat plate can collect and absorb both direct and diffuse solar radiation, they are consequently
partially effective even on cloudy days when there is no direct radiation.
Flat-plate solar collectors may be divided in to two main types based on type of heat transfer
fluid based. They are
1) Liquid heating collectors or Typical liquid collector
2) Solar air heater or Typical air collector
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19. 1) Liquid heating collectors or Typical liquid collector
It is the plate and tube type collector. It is used for heating water and non-
freezing aqueous solutions and occasionally for non-aqueous heat transfer fluids.
Fig: Selection through typical flat-plate
collector
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22. 1) Heating buildings
2) Drying agricultural produce and lumber
3) Heating green houses
4) Air conditioning buildings utilizing desiccant beds or a absorption refrigeration process
5) Using air heaters as the heat sources for heat engine such as Brayton or Stirling cycle.
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23. II. Concentrating or Focusing type solar collector
Focusing collector is a device to collect solar energy with high intensity of solar radiation
on the energy absorbing surface. Such collectors generally use optical system in the form of
reflectors or refractors.
A focusing collector is a special form of flat-plate collector modified by introducing a
reflecting surface between solar radiations and absorber.
Since the radiation is focused, the efficiency of concentrating collector is always greater
than that of non-focusing or FPC.
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24. It has generally two categories:
I. Focusing Type
a) Line focusing b) Point focusing type
1) Parabolic trough collector 1) Paraboloidal collector
2) Cylindrical Parabolic 2) Central Tower concept
3) Mirror strip reflector
4) Fresnel lens collector
II. Non-Focusing Type
1) Flat-plate collector with adjustable mirrors
2) Compound parabolic concentrator (C.P.C) 21-06-2021
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Dr. Ramesh B T
25. Fig. Cross-section of Parabolic-trough
collector 21-06-2021
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Dr. Ramesh B T
https://youtu.be/lrRTCbXE0Jc
26. Fig: A typical cylindrical parabolic collector
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Dr. Ramesh B T
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S2hN_p1oZQI
27. Fig: Point focus solar collector (Paraboloidal type)
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Dr. Ramesh B T
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EfMDiv6mV9s
28. 1) Reflecting surfaces required less material and are structurally simpler than flat-plate
collector.
2) The absorber area of concentrator system is smaller than that of flat-plate system.
3) The working fluid can attain higher temperature in concentrating system than in flat-
plate collector of same solar energy collecting surface.
4) Focusing system can be used for electric power generation when not used for heating
or cooling.
5) Higher temperature of working fluid attainable, which results to attain higher
efficiency.
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Dr. Ramesh B T
29. 1) Out of beam and diffuse solar radiation components, only beam component is collected
in case of focusing collectors.
2) Additional requirements of maintenance particular to retain the quality of reflecting
surface against dirt, weather, oxidation etc.
3) Non-uniform flux on the absorber whereas flux in flat-plate collectors is uniform.
4) Additional optical losses such as reflectance loss and intercept loss, so they introduce
additional factors in energy balances.
5) High initial cost.
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30. Solar Energy Storage
Solar energy is a time dependent and intermittent energy resource. In general energy needs
or demands for a very wide variety of applications are also time dependent, but in an
entirely different manner from the solar energy supply.
Classification of solar energy storage systems are:
1. Thermal energy storage a) Sensible Heat Storage
b) Latent heat storage
2. Electrical storage
3. Chemical storage
4. Electro-magnetic energy storage
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33. It is a type of thermal energy storage which involves a material that undergoes no change in
phase over the temperature domain encountered in storage process. The basic equation for
energy storage unit, operating over a finite temperature difference is,
Qs = (m Cp)s (T1-T2)
The ability of store thermal energy in a given container of volume V is,
Qs
𝑉
= ρ Cp ΔT where, ρ = Density of storage medium
Materials which are generally used for sensible heat storage are i) Water, ii) Rock, gravel or
crushed stone iii) Iron shot iv) Iron or iron ore v) Concrete, vi) Refractory materials like
MgO, Al2O3, SiO2.
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Dr. Ramesh B T
35. Fig: Schematic of Packed bed storage
unit
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Dr. Ramesh B T
36. It is also type of thermal energy storage in which, heat is stored in a material when it melts
and extracted from the material when it freezes. Material that undergo a change of phase in
a suitable temperature range may be useful for energy storage.
Fig: A typical latent heat storage
arrangement
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Dr. Ramesh B T
37. Applications of Solar energy
The actual and proposed applications of solar energy may be considered in three general categories:
a) Direct Thermal Applications
b) Solar Electric applications
c) Energy from Biomass and Bio-gas
Base on above classification, Solar electric applications are as follows
* Solar water heating, Space heating
* Space cooling, Thermal electric conversion
* Photovoltaic electric conversion
* Solar Distillation, Solar Pond
* Solar pumping
* Agriculture & Industrial process unit
* Solar furnace
* Solar cooking
* Solar production of hydrogen and
* Solar green houses 21-06-2021
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Dr. Ramesh B T
38. Solar Pond
A natural or artificial body of water for collecting and absorbing solar radiation energy and storing it
as heat. Thus a solar pond combines solar energy collection and sensible heat storage.
Solar ponds promise an economical way over flat-plate collectors and energy storage by employing a
mass of water for both collection and storage of solar energy.
The energy is stored in low grade (60 to 100°c) thermal form which, in self, might be suitable for
variety of applications such as space heating, industrial process heat and to obtain mechanical and
electrical energy.
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39. Principle of Operation and Description of non-
convective solar pond
A solar pond is a mass of shallow water about 1 or 2 metres deep with a large collection
area, which acts as a heat trap. It contains dissolved salts to generate a stable density
gradient.
Part of incident solar radiation entering the pond surface is absorbed throughout the depth
and remainder which penetrates the pond is absorbed at the black bottom.
If the pond were initially filled with fresh water, the lower layers would heat up, expand and
rise to surface.
At the bottom of the pond, a thick durable plastic liner is laid. Materials used for liner
include butyl rubber, black polyethylene and hypalon reinforced with nylon mesh.
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40. Solar Pond has three zones with following salinity with depth:
i) Surface convective zone or upper convective zone (0.3-0.5m), salinity<5%.
ii) Non-convective zone 1 to 1.5m, salinity increases with depth.
iii) Storage zone or lower convective zone (1.5-2m), salinity(salt conc )=20%
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41. Extraction of thermal energy stored in lower layers of pond can be easily accomplished
without disturbing the non-convecting salt gradient zone.
Hot water can be extracted from solar pond without disturbing the concentration gradient.
This is achieved by installing the water outlet at same height as water inlet.
Hot brine can be withdrawn and cool brine returned in a laminar flow pattern because of
presence of density gradient.
For small ponds, heat exchangers consisting of pipes can be placed in hot lower layers, but
this entails not only the initial installation cost but the continued pumping losses associated
with heat transfer fluid.
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43. 1) Heating and Cooling of buildings
2) Production of power
3) Industrial process heat
4) Desalination
5) Heating animal housing and
drying crops on farms
6) Heat for biomass conversion
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Dr. Ramesh B T
44. 1) Solar water heating (Hot water Supply System)
The basic elements of a solar water heater are:
i) Flat plate collector
ii) Storage tank
iii) Circulation system and auxiliary heating system
iv) Control of system
The use of solar energy for heating water in many respects quite similar to its use for
heating buildings. There are however, several aspects of solar water heating, that make it
potentially better investment of energy, money and effort than solar building heating.
The solar building heating system, on other hand, fully operational only during the coldest
months of heating season.
The simplest type of solar water heater is the thermo siphon system.
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Dr. Ramesh B T
45. *
i) Natural circulation solar water heater (pressurized)
ii) Natural circulation solar water heater (non-pressurized)
iii) Forced circulation solar water heater
i) Natural circulation solar water heater (pressurized)
Fig: Schematic of natural circulation Solar water heater
(Pressurized)
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Dr. Ramesh B T
47. *
Fig: Solar water heating system with
antifreeze
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48. Space Heating (Solar heating of building)
Many different concepts have been proposed and tested for using solar energy in space
heating of buildings. There are two primary categories into which virtually all solar heating
systems may be divided.
The first is Passive systems, in which solar radiation is collected by some element of
structure itself, or admitted directly in to building through large, south facing windows.
The second is the Active systems which generally consists of
a) Separate solar collectors, which may heat either water or air
b) Storage devices which can accumulate the collected energy for use at nights and during
inclement days, and
c) A back up system to provide heat for protected periods of bad weather.
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49. A) Passive Heating Systems
Passive heating systems operate without pumps, blowers or other mechanical devices; the
air is circulated past a solar heated surface and through the building by convection.
Fig: Passive solar heating
system
The basic design principles are:
i) Direct gain
ii) Thermal storage wall
iii) Attached sun space
iv) Roof storage
v) Convective loop
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50. Fig: Convective loop passive solar
heating
Fig: Roof storage of solar
heat
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51. B) Active space–Heating systems
It is a type of heating system in which, separate collectors are used together the solar
radiation, transfer it to water or air, and store it in tanks of water or rock piles or both. The
water and air are circulated by pumps or fans and conventional means are used to distribute
the heat to interior of residencies.
General principles: The solar space heating and hot water supply system utilize three main
components in addition to pumps and blowers:
1) A solar radiation collector with its associated heat transport fluid,
2) A heat storage medium, and
3) A distribution systems
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52. Fig: Schematic of basic hot water active
system
Fig: Solar space heating and hot water
system
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53. 1. In case of water heating, a common heat transfer and storage medium, water is used, this
avoids temperature drop during transfer of energy into and out of storage.
2. It requires relatively smaller storage volume.
3. It can be easily adopted to supply of energy to absorption air conditioners, and
4. Relatively low energy requirements for pumping of heat transfer fluid.
Disadvantages
1. Solar water heating system will probably operate at lower water temperature than
conventional water system.
2. Water heaters may also operate at excessively high temperature and means must be
provided to remove energy and avoid boiling and pressure buildup.
3. Collector storage has to be designed for overheating during the period of no energy
level.
4. Care has to be taken to avoid corrosion problems.
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55. i) There is no problem with freezing in the collectors.
ii) Corrosion problems are minimised.
iii) Conventional control equipment for air heating is already available and can be
readily used.
iv) Problems of designing for over heating during periods of no energy removal are
minimized.
v) The working fluid is air and warm air heating system are in common use.
Disadvantages
i) Relatively higher power cost for pumping air through the storage medium.
ii) Relatively large volumes of storage units.
iii)Difficulty of adding absorption air conditioners to the system.
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56. Space Cooling ( Solar Cooling of Buildings)
The major current interest is in mechanical cooling (or air-conditioning) systems that
depend on solar heat for their operation and are unaffected by atmospheric humidity. The
two most common refrigeration techniques are vapour compression and absorption.
1) Absorption air conditioning
Two approaches have been to solar operation of absorption coolers. The first is continuous
cooler which is in construction and operation, is similar to conventional vapour absorption
refrigeration system. The solar collector storage supplies the energy to generator, where
solar energy is available, otherwise it is supplied with auxiliary energy source.
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57. *
Classification of Absorption air conditioning
The two types of absorption air conditioners available in the market are,
(A)Lithium-bromide water (LiBr-H2O) system and
(B)Ammonia-water (NH3-H2O) system.
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58. *
LiBr-H2O system consists of two parts:
(i) The solar collector and storage, and
(ii) The absorption air conditioner and auxiliary heating.
Fig: Schematic of solar operated absorption air
conditioner
The essential components of cooler are,
i) Generator (G)
ii) Condenser (C)
iii) Evaporator (E)
iv) Absorber (A)
v) Heat-exchanger (HE)
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59. *
The schematic diagram of an ammonia water cooler is similar to that of lithium bromide
water. Except that a rectifying section must be added to the top of generator to reduce the
water vapour content of vapour stream going to the condenser.
The basic solution processes are similar to those of LiBr-H2O system, except that pressure
and pressure difference are much higher. Mechanical pumps are required to return solutions
from absorber to generator.
In many applications the condenser and absorber are air cooled, with generator temperatures
in the range of 125 to 175ᵒC. In applications where water cooling is used , generator
temperature may be in the range of 95 to 120ᵒC.
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60. *
Fig: Intermittent absorption
refrigeration
This system consists of two vessels which function in two alternative modes
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61. Solar Distillation
Fresh water is a necessity for the sustenance of life and also key to man’s prosperity.
It is generally observed that in some arid, semi arid and coastal areas which are
thinly populated and scattered, one or two family members are always busy in
bringing fresh water from a long distance.
In these areas solar energy is plentiful and can be used for converting saline water in
to distilled water. The pure water can be obtained by distillation in simplest solar
still, generally known as the “basin type solar still”.
Fig: Solar water still
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62. The performance rating and efficiency of solar still is determined by plotting the graph of
amount of fresh water produced per unit of basin area in one day versus the solar radiation
intensity over same period. Such curves for several stills are drawn. Efficiency is defined as
η =
𝑤∆ℎ
𝐻
Where, 𝑤= weight of distillate per square meter per day.
∆ℎ= Enthalpy change from cold water to vapour
𝐻=Solar radiation intensity per square meter per day
Operating efficiency of 35 to 50% for basin type still have been achieved in practical units,
as compared with a theoretical maximum of slightly more than 60%.
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63. Solar Cooking
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Solar cooking refers to using energy of direct sunlight to cook and heat food. A solar cooker
lets the UV light rays in and then converts them to longer infrared light rays that cannot
escape. Infrared radiation has the right energy to make the water, fat and protein
molecules in food vibrate vigorously and heat up.
There are three main components to most solar cookers, or you could say three main
principles to effective solar cooking; these being:
1. Concentration (reflection, or reflectance)
2. Absorption (ability to attract or hold heat.
3. Retention (means or capacity to retain heat)