Module-1 Non Conventional Energy sources

Dr. Ramesh B T
Assistant Prof, MED
Jain Institute of Technology
Davangere-577003
Mail ID: rameshbt049@gmail.com
Phone No: 9900784915
4/9/2022
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Energy
The word ‘energy’ itself is derived from the Greek
word which means ‘in-work’ or ‘work content’. The work
output depends on the energy input.
Energy can be defined as the ability to do work.
Energy is measured in the same unit as work: joules (J).
Energy is all around us. we can hear energy as sound. we can
see energy as light and we can feel it as wind.
The five main forms of energy are:
Heat
Chemical
Electromagnetic
Nuclear
Mechanical
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All forms of energy can be converted into other forms.
The sun’s energy through solar cells can be converted directly into
electricity.
Green plants convert the sun’s energy (electromagnetic) into
starches and sugars (chemical energy).
In an electric motor, electromagnetic energy is converted to
mechanical energy.
In a battery, chemical energy is converted into electromagnetic
energy.
The mechanical energy of a waterfall is converted to electrical
energy in a generator.
All forms of energy can be in either of two states:
Potential
Kinetic
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Kinetic Energy
The energy of motion is called kinetic energy
K.E. = mass x velocity
Potential Energy
Potential Energy is stored energy, Stored chemically in fuel,
the nucleus of atom, and in foods. Or stored because of the
work done on it:
Stretching a rubber band.
Winding a watch.
Pulling back on a bow’s arrow.
Lifting a brick high in the air.
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Classification of energy resources:
*Conventional/ Commercial
*Non - Conventional
*Renewable
*Non – renewable
*Primary resources
*Intermediate resources
*Secondary resources
Conventional sources:
Energy sources which are available in less amount and will one day be
exhausted, are known as conventional sources of energy. E.g. fossil fuels
Non - conventional sources:
The energy sources which are renewable and can be regenerated are
known as renewable or non-conventional sources of energy.
As the population is increasing the energy consumption also is increasing.
Hence we need such sources of energy which can be renewed from time
to time and they can meet our needs regularly. 4/9/2022
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The different sources of energy are:
1. Fossil fuels
2. Biomass
3. Hydro power plant
4. Wind energy
5. Solar energy
6. Geothermal energy
7. Ocean thermal energy
8. Tidal energy
9. Wave energy
10.Nuclear energy
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The need for alternatives:
* The average rate of increase of oil production in the world is declining & a peak in
production may be reached around 2015. There after the production will decline
gradually & most of the oil reserves of the world are likely to be consumed by the end of
the present century. The serious nature of this observation is apparent when one notes
that oil provides about 30% of the world‘s need for energy from commercial sources &
that oil is the fuel used in most of the world‘s transportation systems.
* The production of natural gas is continuing to increase at a rate of about 4% every year.
Unlike oil, there has been no significant slowdown in the rate of increase of production.
Present indications are that a peak in gas production will come around 2025, about 10
years after the peak in oil production.
* As oil & natural gas becomes scarcer, a great burden will fall on coal. It is likely that the
production of coal will touch a maximum somewhere around 2050.
* Finally, it should be noted that in addition to supplying energy, fossil fuels are used
extensively as feed stock material for the manufacture of organic chemicals. As
resources deplete, the need for using fossil fuels exclusively for such purposes may
become greater.
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need for non-conventional energy sources
• CO2 is at 407ppm (Oct 2018)
increased by 90ppm in the last
70 years
• Global warming ~1.1°C in the
past 200 years
• Ocean acidification
• Rising sea level ~3.2mm each
year
• Decreasing ice sheet mass
• Retreating glaciers
• Decreasing Arctic ice at a rate
of 13% each decade
NASA Youtube video showing planet warming
https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=9&v=s3RWTTtPg8E 4/9/2022
9

Energy Production/consumption Energy Percent
source equivalent( in contribution
1015 J)
Coal 310 Mt 8177 56.16
Oil 103.44 Mt 4331 29.75
Natural 27.860×109 m3 1087 7.47
gas
Water- 74362 GWh 765 5.25
power
Nuclear 16621GWh 199 1.37
power
Total 14559 100.00
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Consumption trend of primary energy resources
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1. Coal and Lignite:
2. Oil and Gas:
3.Hydroelectric power:
4.Atomic or Nuclear Power:
5. Nuclear Power
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SALIENT FEATURES OF NON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY RESOURCES
Merits:
* NCES are available in nature, free of cost.
* They cause no or very little pollution. Thus, by and large, they are
environmental friendly.
* They are inexhaustible.
* They have low gestation period.
Demerits:
* Though available freely in nature, the cost of harnessing energy from NCES is
high, as in general, these are available in dilute forms of energy.
* Uncertainty of availability: the energy flow depends on various natural
phenomena beyond human control.
* Difficulty in transporting this form of energy.
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ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF CONVENTIONAL ENERGY RESOURCES:
ADVANTAGES:
• Coal: as present is cheap.
• Security: by storing certain quantity, the energy availability can be ensured for a
certain period.
• Convenience: it is very convenient to use.
DISADVANTAGES:
• Fossil fuels generate pollutants: CO, CO2, NOX, SOX. Particulate matter & heat.
The pollutants degrade the environment, pose health hazards & cause various
other problems.
• Coal: it is also valuable petro-chemical & used as source of raw material for
chemical & paints, industries, etc. From long term point of view, it is desirable
to conserve coal for future needs.
• Safety of nuclear plants: it is a controversial subject.
• Hydro electrical plants are cleanest but large hydro reservoirs
cause the following problems
• As large land area submerges into water, which leads to deforestation
Causes ecological disturbances such as earthquakes
• Causes dislocation of large population & consequently their rehabilitation
problems. 4/9/2022
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Solar energy is a very large, inexhaustible source of energy.
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Merits of solar energy:
Demerits of solar energy:
Solar applications:
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https://youtu.be/zvQZtpZnRRE

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https://youtu.be/ZYO83TkM0To

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https://youtu.be/q8HmRLCgDAI

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https://youtu.be/45Xh7FKS9nM

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https://youtu.be/BsojDI7tQm0
Biomass energy is energy generated or produced by living or once-living
organisms. ... Biomass is organic, meaning it is made of material that comes
from living organisms, such as plants and animals. The most
common biomass materials used for energy are plants, wood, and waste.

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33
https://youtu.be/IASV8IH-ytE
Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) is a process or technology for
producing energy by harnessing the temperature differences (thermal gradients)
between ocean surface waters and deep ocean waters

he temperature of the ocean also varies from top to bottom, giving a vertical
structure to most of the ocean. There is an upper layer of water, up to 200m
deep, that is warmed by the Sun and has the same temperature from top to
bottom. Below that is a layer called the thermocline, reaching down in places to
1000m, which is colder at the bottom than at the top. The deep ocean below the
thermocline, making up 80% of the ocean, is the same very cold temperature
throughout
Some properties of water change with temperature:
• Cold water is denser than warm water, so it tends to sink.
• Cold water holds more dissolvable gases, such as carbon dioxide
• Water temperature can affect the productivity of organisms living in it.
Water expands when it warms up – heat energy makes its molecules move around
more and take up more space. Because the molecules are more spread out,
the density goes down. When water cools, it contracts and becomes denser.
Temperature and salinity both affect the density of water, resulting in water
moving up or down through the ocean layers and moving as currents around the
ocean.
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Applications:
used turbines to produce electricity.
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Tidal energy is energy produced by the tides of the ocean. Tides are produced by
the pull of gravity from the Moon as well as the spin of the Earth. There is a lot of
energy in the movement of that much water.
The first wave power plant in the world opened in 2008 at the Farm in Portugal.
Tidal power to turn water wheels and grind grains was used as far back as
Roman times and the Middle Ages. The idea of using tidal power for electricity
is fairly recent, but the costs have been too high to make it a major energy
source. Recent technological advances have shown that it could become a
competitive and viable source.
Oscillating Water Column (OWC)

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The Pivoting Flap Device
Tidal Turbines
Tidal Barrages
https://youtu.be/VkTRcTyDSyk https://youtu.be/gcStpg3i5V8

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Some advantages of tidal energy are:
• Environment-friendly
• A highly predictable energy source
• High energy density
• Operational and maintenance costs are low
• An inexhaustible source of energy
Some of the disadvantages of tidal energy are:
• High tidal power plant construction costs
• Negative influence on marine life forms
• Location limits
• The variable intensity of sea waves

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Geothermal energy is heat within the earth.
https://youtu.be/mCRDf7QxjDk

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Oil shale is a fine-grained sedimentary rock containing large amounts of organic
matter (kerogen), which can yield substantial quantities of hydrocarbons.
Tar sands are grains of sand or, in some cases, porous
carbonate rocks that are intimately mixed with a very
heavy, asphalt-like crude oil called bitumen.

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oil shale contains about 4% kerogen. When heated to 350-400 °C, it yields about 6
gallons of oil per ton of shale. Rich shale may contain up to 40% kerogen and
typically yields about 50 gallons of oil per ton.
Oil is then recovered from the shale by retorting the shale. Retorting involves
heating the shale in the absence of air to temperatures of 500 °C or more.
Typically, 75-80% of the kerogen is converted to oil.
https://youtu.be/Dx1jOD-V8mc

4/9/2022
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The bitumen is much too viscous to be recovered by traditional petroleum recovery
techniques. If tar sand is heated to about 80 °C, by injecting steam into the deposit
in a manner analogous to that of enhanced oil recovery, the elevated temperature
causes a decrease in the viscosity of the bitumen just enough to allow its pumping
to the surface. Alternatively, it is sometimes easier to mine the tar sand as a solid
material. When the mined tar sand is mixed with steam and hot water, the bitumen
will float on the water while the sand sinks to the bottom of the container, allowing
for easy separation. Heating the bitumen above 500 °C converts about 70% of it to
a synthetic crude oil. Distilling this oil gives good yields of kerosene and other
liquid products in the middle distillate range. The remainder of the bitumen either
thermally cracks to form gaseous products or reacts to form petroleum coke

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Nuclear power is the use of nuclear reactions to produce electricity. Nuclear
power can be obtained from nuclear fission, nuclear decay and nuclear fusion
reactions.

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https://youtu.be/_UwexvaCMWA

The solar constant, GSC is the energy from the sun, per unit time, received on
a unit area of surface perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the
radiation, at mean earth-sun distance, outside of the atmosphere.
Earth’s elliptic orbit
The elliptical path causes
only small variations in the
amount of solar radiation
reaching the earth.
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*3 factors contribute to
the amount of incoming
solar radiation
(insolation):
1) Period of daylight
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*
Vernal and autumnal equinox
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The Earth is a planet with an atmosphere and is largely transparent to the incoming
solar radiation. There are constituents in the atmosphere which prevent some kinds of
radiation from reaching the surface, such as ozone which stops the ultraviolet. A fair
proportion of the Earth is covered by clouds which reflect a lot of the Sun's radiation
and thus affecting the surface temperature.
The process of scattering occurs when small particles and gas
molecules diffuse part of the incoming solar radiation in random
directions without any alteration to the  of the electromagnetic
energy. Scattering does, however, reduce the amount of
incoming radiation reaching the Earth's surface. A significant
proportion of scattered shortwave solar radiation is redirected
back to space. The amount of scattering that takes place is
dependent on two factors:  of the incoming radiation and the
size of the scattering particle or gas molecule. In the Earth's
atmosphere, the presence of a large number of particles with a
size of about 0.5 m results in shorter wavelengths being
preferentially scattered. This factor also causes our sky to look
blue because this color corresponds to those wavelengths that
are best diffused. If scattering did not occur in our atmosphere
the daylight sky would be black.
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If intercepted, some gases and particles in the atmosphere
have the ability to absorb incoming insolation. Absorption is
defined as a process in which solar radiation is retained by
a substance and converted into heat. The creation of heat
also causes the substance to emit its own radiation. In
general, the absorption of solar radiation by substances in
the Earth's atmosphere results in temperatures that get no
higher than 1800° C. Bodies with temperatures at this level
or lower would emit their radiation in the longwave band.
Further, this emission of radiation is in all directions so a
sizable proportion of this energy is lost to space.
The third process in the atmosphere that modifies
incoming solar radiation is reflection. Reflection is a process
where sunlight is redirect by 180° after it strikes an
atmospheric particle. This redirection causes a 100 % loss
of the insolation. Most of the reflection in our atmosphere
occurs in clouds when light is intercepted by particles of
liquid and frozen water. The reflectivity (albedo) of a cloud
can range from 40 to 90 %.
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At the smallest scale the electromagnetic radiation behaves as a particle, like when light is
emitted by a single atom or molecule. When energy is given off there is a change in the
orbital pattern of the electrons that surround the nucleus of an atom. As the orbit
changes, a bundle of energy called a "photon" is released. However, particles of light
differ from particles of matter: they have no mass, occupy no space, and travel at the
speed of light. The amount of energy carried by a photon varies inversely with
wavelength, the shorter the wavelength the more energetic is the photon. Normally, light
is formed from a large number of photons, with the intensity related to the number of
them.
The gasses that comprise our atmosphere absorbs
only particular wavelengths of light. Electrons orbit
the nucleus of an atom at fixed orbital distances
called orbital shells. The orbital shell for each atom
is different and discrete. That is, for a given atom
like hydrogen, its electrons can only orbit at
particular distances and are different than those
for atoms of other gases.
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Sun is a sphere of hot gaseous matter with a diameter of 1.39*10^9m. Due to its
temperature, sun emits energy in the form of electromagnetic waves, which is
called radiation energy. The energy from the sun is X-ffered to the earth in the
form of photons (Small packet of energy) moving at the speed of 3*10^8 m/s.
When Photon energy- absorption (metal)- Heat energy .When Photon energy-
absorption (Plant)- (Photon energy combine with O2)Chemical energy. The heat
energy received on the earth through photons is responsible foe earth’s
temperature. The amount of solar radiation reaching different parts of the world is
not the same .

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Extraterrestrial Radiation:
The extraterrestrial radiation refers to the amount of radiation falling on
earth, outside its atmosphere. The extraterrestrial solar radiation received by
the earth is essentially constant. The solar constant, a measure of flux, is the
amount of incoming solar electromagnetic radiation per unit area that would
be incident on a plane perpendicular to the rays, at a distance of one
astronomical unit (AU) (roughly the mean distance from the Sun to the Earth).
Solar radiation incident
outside the earth's
atmosphere is called
extraterrestrial radiation.
On average the
extraterrestrial irradiance
is 1367 W/m2. This value
varies by ±3% as the
earth orbits the sun.

4/9/2022
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Solar Radiation at the Earth's Surface
While the solar radiation incident on the Earth's atmosphere is relatively constant,
the radiation at the Earth's surface varies widely due to:
• atmospheric effects, including absorption and scattering;
• local variations in the atmosphere, such as water vapour, clouds, and pollution;
• latitude of the location; and
• the season of the year and the time of day.
The above effects have several impacts on the solar radiation received at the Earth's
surface. These changes include variations in the overall power received, the
spectral content of the light and the angle from which light is incident on a surface.
In addition, a key change is that the variability of the solar radiation at a particular
location increases dramatically. The variability is due to both local effects such as
clouds and seasonal variations, as well as other effects such as the length of the day
at a particular latitude. Desert regions tend to have lower variations due to local
atmospheric phenomena such as clouds. Equatorial regions have low variability
between seasons.

equator

90o

Beam radiation is the solar radiation received from the Sun without having
been scattered by the atmosphere. Diffuse radiation is that received from the
Sun after its direction has been changed by scattering by the atmosphere.
The total solar radiation is the sum of the beam (B) and
diffuse solar (D) radiation on a surface (Eq. 5.1). The
most common measurements of solar radiation are total
radiation on a horizontal surface, often referred to as
global radiation on the surface.
G= B+ D
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Diffuse radiation :
radiation reaching earth’s surface after having been scattered from the direct
solar beam by molecules or suspensoids in the atmosphere.

Global solar radiation
Ib
Ir
Id
flected
Diffuse
Beam
GlobalRadiation Re



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Irradiance is given in W/m2 and is represented by the
symbol G.
The rate at which radiant energy is incident on a surface
per unit area of surface.
Irradiation is given in J/m2 and is the incident energy per
unit area on a surface - determined by integration of
irradiance over a specified time, usually an hour or a day.
Insolation is a term used to solar energy irradiation
Radiosity is the rate at which radiant energy leaves a
surface, per unit area, by combined emission, reflection
and transmission.
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The path length of the solar radiation
through the Earth’s atmosphere in units
of Air Mass (AM) increases with the
angle from the zenith. The AM 1.5
spectrum is the preferred standard
spectrum for solar cell efficiency
measurements.
The easiest way to estimate the air
mass in practice is to measure the
length of the shadow s cast by a
vertical structure of height h using
AM  1 
h

 s2
Air Mass AM : The ratio of the mass of atmosphere through which beam radiation passes to
the mass it would pass through if the sun were at zenith (directly overhead).
At sea level, AM =1 when the sun is at zenith; AM = 2 for a zenith angle z of 60o.
For 0 < z < 70o AM= 1/cos z
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*The amount of solar radiation on a surface on earth at any position
at a particular time depends on the orientation and inclination of a
surface.
*An inclined surface takes direct (GBt), diffuse (GDt) and ground
reflected (GGt) radiation given by:
*Gt=GBt + GDt +GGt

Measurement of Solar Radiation
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Pyranometer for
• Global radiation
• Direct radiation
• Diffuse radiation
Definition: A type of actinometer used to measure irradiance of solar
energy within the preferred location as well as flux density of solar radiation.
The range of solar radiation extends between 300 & 2800 nm.
The SI units of irradiance are W/m² (watts /square meter). Usually, these are
used in the fields of researches like climatological & weather monitoring, but
current attention is showing interest in pyranometers for solar energy
worldwide.
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Pyranometer
https://youtu.be/zdZYMl-w2Y0
The working principle of the pyranometer mainly depends on the difference in
temperature measurement between two surfaces like dark and clear. The solar
radiation can be absorbed by the black surface on the thermopile whereas the
clear surface reproduces it, so less heat can be absorbed.
The thermopile plays a key role in measuring the difference in temperature. The
potential difference formed within the thermopile is due to the gradient of
temperature between the two surfaces. These are used to measure the sum of
solar radiation.
But, the voltage which is generated from the thermopile is calculated with the
help of a potentiometer. The information of radiation needs to be included
through planimetry or an electronic integrator.
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The pyranometer advantages and disadvantages are
• The temperature coefficient is extremely small
• Standardized to ISO standards
• Measurements of performance ration & performance index are accurate.
• Response time is longer compare to PV cell
The disadvantage of the pyranometer is,
• its spectral sensitivity is imperfect, so it does not observe the complete
spectrum of the sun. So errors in measurements can occur.
The applications are
• The solar intensity data can be measured.
• Climatological & Meteorological studies
• PV systems design
• Locations of the greenhouse can be established.
• Expecting the requirements of insulation for building structures

Pyranometer shade ring
When a shade ring is used to shield a pyranometer from direct solar
radiation, a correction to the measured diffuse radiation is necessary to
account for diffuse radiation intercepted by the ring. A general analysis is
developed to relate shade‐ring corrections to the radiance distribution of
diffuse radiation.
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Pyrheliometer
A pyrheliometer is an instrument for measurement of direct beam solar
irradiance. Sunlight enters the instrument through a window and is directed onto
a thermopile which converts heat to an electrical signal that can be recorded.
The signal voltage is converted via a formula to measure watts per square metre
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https://youtu.be/0ef2EWFR3RQ

Module-1 Non Conventional Energy sources

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