This document discusses solar energy and its applications. It covers topics like solar radiation components, applications of solar energy in areas like solar heating and cooling and power generation, and factors that affect solar radiation intensity like geographical location and weather conditions. It also provides information on concepts like extraterrestrial solar radiation, solar collectors, and how solar geometry and angles help determine the amount of direct radiation received on Earth's surface.
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This presentation gives us an insight into different types of solar plate collectors, and their respective applications.
The document discusses the solar constant, which is the rate at which solar energy arrives at the top of the Earth's atmosphere. It states that the Sun releases approximately 384.6 yotta watts of energy as light and radiation, which appears from Earth as radiation from a black surface at 5,762 degrees Kelvin. The solar constant can be approximated using an equation that takes into account how the distance between the Earth and Sun varies throughout the year. It also mentions spectral distribution of solar intensity and different types of solar radiation including direct, diffuse, and total radiation.
The document provides information about solar energy and its use. It discusses:
1) Solar energy is a renewable energy source that is derived from the sun. The sun radiates a large amount of energy each day, more than humanity uses in a year.
2) Solar energy can be harnessed using technologies like solar panels. Only a small fraction of the sun's energy that reaches Earth is needed to meet our energy needs.
3) The document then discusses various solar energy terms and concepts like solar radiation, solar geometry, relationships between different solar angles, and calculations for sunrise, sunset, and day length.
This document discusses various types of solar energy collectors and their applications. It begins by explaining that solar energy can be captured as heat or electricity using solar collectors. It then describes different types of collectors - flat plate collectors, which are best for moderate temperatures below 100°C, and concentrating collectors, which produce higher temperatures but are more complex. Specific collector types discussed include flat plate collectors, evacuated tube collectors, parabolic trough collectors, and solar air heaters. Applications mentioned include solar water heating, solar space heating, solar drying, and solar cooking.
Oro551 res - unit 1 - instruments for measuring solar radiation and sun shinekarthi keyan
This document discusses instruments used to measure solar radiation. It describes pyranometers, which measure global solar radiation on a horizontal surface using a thermopile sensor. The Eppley pyranometer construction and working are explained in detail. Other pyranometers like the bimetallic pyranograph are also covered. Pyrheliometers measure direct beam radiation using sensors like the Angstrom and Abbot silver disk pyrheliometers. Sunshine recorders like the Campbell-Stokes, rotating mirror, and Blake-Larsen recorders are also summarized.
This document discusses pyranometers and pyrheliometers. A pyranometer is a sensor that measures solar irradiance over 180 degrees using a thermopile sensor with a black coating inside a glass dome. It measures diffuse sunlight. A pyrheliometer specifically measures direct beam sunlight using a thermopile sensor that tracks the sun inside an instrument with a window. They are both used to study solar energy, meteorology and climate but a pyrheliometer additionally helps assess solar panel efficiency.
This document discusses solar energy and the structure and composition of the sun. It provides details on:
1) The core, radiation zone, convection zone, photosphere, chromosphere, transition layer, and corona of the sun and their respective temperatures and densities.
2) The concept of solar constant and how the amount of solar radiation reaching Earth varies with location and seasons.
3) Different types of solar collectors like flat plate and concentrating collectors and their uses for low to high temperature applications.
4) Key angles used in solar energy like the altitude, azimuth, and zenith angles and how they are calculated based on factors like latitude and day of the year.
Thank you very much for checking out my presentation.
If you are a student or a faculty of an engineering college and need to create a presentation, you can contact me. Check out my profile to know how.
This presentation gives us an insight into different types of solar plate collectors, and their respective applications.
The document discusses the solar constant, which is the rate at which solar energy arrives at the top of the Earth's atmosphere. It states that the Sun releases approximately 384.6 yotta watts of energy as light and radiation, which appears from Earth as radiation from a black surface at 5,762 degrees Kelvin. The solar constant can be approximated using an equation that takes into account how the distance between the Earth and Sun varies throughout the year. It also mentions spectral distribution of solar intensity and different types of solar radiation including direct, diffuse, and total radiation.
The document provides information about solar energy and its use. It discusses:
1) Solar energy is a renewable energy source that is derived from the sun. The sun radiates a large amount of energy each day, more than humanity uses in a year.
2) Solar energy can be harnessed using technologies like solar panels. Only a small fraction of the sun's energy that reaches Earth is needed to meet our energy needs.
3) The document then discusses various solar energy terms and concepts like solar radiation, solar geometry, relationships between different solar angles, and calculations for sunrise, sunset, and day length.
This document discusses various types of solar energy collectors and their applications. It begins by explaining that solar energy can be captured as heat or electricity using solar collectors. It then describes different types of collectors - flat plate collectors, which are best for moderate temperatures below 100°C, and concentrating collectors, which produce higher temperatures but are more complex. Specific collector types discussed include flat plate collectors, evacuated tube collectors, parabolic trough collectors, and solar air heaters. Applications mentioned include solar water heating, solar space heating, solar drying, and solar cooking.
Oro551 res - unit 1 - instruments for measuring solar radiation and sun shinekarthi keyan
This document discusses instruments used to measure solar radiation. It describes pyranometers, which measure global solar radiation on a horizontal surface using a thermopile sensor. The Eppley pyranometer construction and working are explained in detail. Other pyranometers like the bimetallic pyranograph are also covered. Pyrheliometers measure direct beam radiation using sensors like the Angstrom and Abbot silver disk pyrheliometers. Sunshine recorders like the Campbell-Stokes, rotating mirror, and Blake-Larsen recorders are also summarized.
This document discusses pyranometers and pyrheliometers. A pyranometer is a sensor that measures solar irradiance over 180 degrees using a thermopile sensor with a black coating inside a glass dome. It measures diffuse sunlight. A pyrheliometer specifically measures direct beam sunlight using a thermopile sensor that tracks the sun inside an instrument with a window. They are both used to study solar energy, meteorology and climate but a pyrheliometer additionally helps assess solar panel efficiency.
This document discusses solar energy and the structure and composition of the sun. It provides details on:
1) The core, radiation zone, convection zone, photosphere, chromosphere, transition layer, and corona of the sun and their respective temperatures and densities.
2) The concept of solar constant and how the amount of solar radiation reaching Earth varies with location and seasons.
3) Different types of solar collectors like flat plate and concentrating collectors and their uses for low to high temperature applications.
4) Key angles used in solar energy like the altitude, azimuth, and zenith angles and how they are calculated based on factors like latitude and day of the year.
This document discusses key concepts related to solar radiation geometry. It begins by providing background on the sun and how it generates enormous amounts of energy. It then discusses how solar radiation reaches the Earth's atmosphere and surface. Key angles used in solar radiation analysis are defined, including latitude, declination, hour angle, and others. The timing of solstices and equinoxes is explained by the changing declination angle throughout the year. Factors like direct and diffuse radiation, spectral distribution, and how solar radiation is attenuated in the atmosphere are also summarized.
Oro551 res - unit 1 - the solar constantkarthi keyan
This document discusses principles of solar radiation. It covers the role of solar energy, environmental impacts, physics of the sun, and measurements of solar radiation. Specifically, it defines the solar constant as the rate at which solar energy arrives at the top of the atmosphere, which is approximately 1.367 kW/m2. It also provides equivalent units of the solar constant in kcal/m2/hr and Btu/ft2/hr.
This document provides an introduction to solar radiation and its role in powering the water cycle. It discusses the composition and structure of the Sun, and how it produces radiation through nuclear fusion. While solar radiation is generally constant, it exhibits variations in the form of solar spots and an 11-year activity cycle. The amount of radiation emitted by any body is determined by the Stefan-Boltzmann law, which relates radiation to the body's temperature and emissivity.
This document defines various angles used to describe the position of the sun relative to Earth and vertical surfaces. It outlines three angles that describe the Earth's position: latitude, declination, and hour angle. It then defines three sun angles: inclination angle, zenith angle, and solar azimuth angle. Finally, it lists three surface angles: surface azimuth angle, tilt angle or slope, and angle of incidence.
This document discusses renewable and non-renewable energy sources. It provides details about solar energy collection and applications, including photovoltaic cells, solar water heating systems, and solar electric systems. The document also discusses wind and geothermal energy. It notes the advantages of renewable energy sources like solar and wind in that they do not release harmful pollutants. The document further explains concepts related to solar energy collection like clarity index, concentration ratio, and solar insolation.
This presentation talks about solar energy status and development in Saudi Arabia and basics of solar energy (Photovoltaics) and its economics. Developed on 30/4/2016
This document discusses solar energy storage and applications. It describes different methods of solar energy storage including sensible heat storage using materials like water, rocks, and concrete. Latent heat storage using phase change is also discussed. Thermal energy storage techniques like solar ponds are explained. Applications of solar energy covered include solar heating/cooling, distillation, drying, and photovoltaic energy conversion. Basic elements of a solar water heating system and different types including natural circulation and forced circulation models are outlined.
The document discusses solar energy, including its various forms and applications. It provides information on:
1) The different types of solar energy including thermal, electric, photovoltaic, concentrated solar power, and discusses technologies like solar water heaters, solar cells, and solar cookers.
2) How solar cells work, including the photovoltaic effect and formation of electrons when photons strike silicon.
3) Components of flat plate and evacuated tube solar thermal collectors and materials used.
4) Performance analysis of solar collectors and factors that determine useful heat gain.
5) Current status of solar energy in India and its potential for meeting energy demands.
The document discusses solar energy collection and applications. It describes how solar panels use solar radiation to heat water, and that active solar water heating systems rely on pumps to circulate heated liquid between collectors and storage tanks while passive systems rely on gravity. It then discusses different types of solar collectors like flat-plate and concentrating collectors, and how solar concentrators reduce costs by focusing sunlight onto a smaller receiver area. Finally, it provides examples of solar applications including solar water distillation, solar boilers for heated water, and parabolic solar cookers.
Solar energy can be harnessed using a range of technologies to capture and convert sunlight into useful forms of energy. There are two main types of solar energy technologies - passive solar, which uses sunlight without active solar components, and active solar, which uses electro-mechanical devices to convert sunlight into electricity or to power machinery. Solar energy can be used for heating, cooling, power generation, and other applications by using technologies like solar thermal collectors and photovoltaic panels. The amount of solar energy reaching the Earth's surface depends on geographic factors like latitude and weather conditions.
This document summarizes a seminar on basic design principles and components of solar photovoltaic systems. It discusses:
1) How solar photovoltaic systems work by converting sunlight directly into electricity using the photovoltaic effect in solar cells.
2) The basic components of solar photovoltaic systems including solar modules made of connected solar cells, inverters, batteries for storage, and electrical loads.
3) Applications of solar photovoltaic technology including water pumping, commercial and residential power, consumer electronics, and telecommunications.
4) The current state and future potential of solar photovoltaic installations in India, which has significant solar resources and a growing domestic manufacturing industry.
The document presents information on solar radiations and geometry. It discusses that the sun generates enormous energy and provides the earth with around 1500 quadrillion kilowatt-hours per year. However, only around 47% of the sun's energy reaches the earth's surface due to reflection and absorption in the atmosphere. It then outlines several important angles used in solar radiation analysis, including latitude, declination, hour angle, altitude angle, zenith angle, solar azimuth angle, and slope.
Solar thermal power generation systems use mirrors to collect sunlight and produce steam by solar heat to drive turbines for generating power. This system generates power by rotating turbines like thermal and nuclear power plants, and therefore, is suitable for large-scale power generation.
The document discusses solar energy and photovoltaic power conversion systems. It notes that the sun provides vastly more energy to Earth than is consumed and describes some key aspects of solar radiation. It also defines solar irradiance and discusses instruments used to measure direct and diffuse solar radiation, including pyranometers and pyrheliometers. Photovoltaic systems are introduced as arrangements that convert sunlight to electricity using solar panels.
The document defines sunshine as direct sunlight of at least 120 w/m2 measured on the ground. It provides details on the sun's composition and radiation, including that 53.12% of its energy is in the infrared region. It also discusses how the Earth reflects 1/3 of sunlight and is inclined at 23.5 degrees on its axis. Finally, it describes various instruments used to measure solar radiation, including pyranometers and pyrheliometers, and concepts like beam radiation, diffuse radiation, and solar declination.
This document provides an overview of wind energy and wind turbine technology. It begins with a brief history of wind power usage dating back thousands of years. Next, it discusses the global wind patterns that drive wind resources and different types of local winds. It then describes the two main types of modern wind turbines: horizontal axis turbines, which are the most commonly used large-scale turbines, and vertical axis turbines. The document concludes by discussing wind farm setups, potential environmental impacts of wind power, and how wind turbine costs have decreased significantly in recent decades.
Solar collectors are devices that absorb solar radiation and convert it to heat, transferring the heat to a circulating fluid like air, water, or oil. There are two main types of solar collectors:
1. Flat plate or non-concentrating collectors, which have an absorber surface of the same area as the aperture and do not concentrate sunlight. These include liquid collectors using water or glycol and air collectors for space heating.
2. Concentrating or focusing collectors, which use reflectors to concentrate sunlight onto a smaller absorber area to increase heat flux. These include cylindrical parabolic, central receiver, and compound parabolic collectors.
This document provides information about calculating solar radiation. It begins by defining key terms like solar constant, latitude, longitude, declination, and hour angle that are used to determine the position of the sun. It then describes how to calculate the extraterrestrial radiation, zenith angle, sun altitude, solar azimuth, and incidence angle on sloped surfaces. Equations are provided to calculate daily and hourly extraterrestrial radiation. The document also discusses how the atmosphere influences solar radiation, noting that 53% of solar radiation reaches the earth's surface, with 31% as direct beam radiation and 22% as diffuse radiation.
This document provides an overview of wind energy and wind turbines. It discusses the origins of winds and factors that affect wind distribution. It then describes the key components of horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWTs) including the rotor, nacelle, tower, and foundation. It also discusses Betz's law on turbine efficiency and introduces vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs) as an alternative design.
The document discusses solar energy and related topics. It begins by explaining that solar energy comes from the sun and is a clean, renewable source of energy. It then discusses various methods of harnessing solar energy, including photovoltaic cells that convert sunlight to electricity, solar thermal technologies that use sunlight to produce heat, and photosynthesis. The document also outlines some of the largest solar power plants currently in operation and provides background on solar energy availability and the environmental benefits of solar power.
This document provides an overview of solar energy and solar radiation concepts. It discusses topics like solar radiation geometry, measurement of solar radiation, extraterrestrial and terrestrial radiation, scattering and absorption in the atmosphere, air mass, and formulas for calculating the angle of incidence and solar day length. It also includes examples of calculating the angle of incidence and sunshine hours at different locations and dates. The document is intended to outline the syllabus and learning outcomes for a course on renewable energy systems with a focus on solar energy.
Dr. Patel Badari Narayana, MGIT unit II Introduction to Solar Radiation badarinp
This document provides information about solar radiation and its use as a renewable energy source. It discusses how solar radiation reaches Earth from the Sun, how the solar spectrum is affected by the atmosphere, and how to estimate the amount of solar radiation available at a given location and time. It also describes how to model the Sun's position in the sky and use sun path diagrams to assess solar access and shading issues at a site. The goal is to understand solar resources in order to effectively utilize solar energy technologies.
This document discusses key concepts related to solar radiation geometry. It begins by providing background on the sun and how it generates enormous amounts of energy. It then discusses how solar radiation reaches the Earth's atmosphere and surface. Key angles used in solar radiation analysis are defined, including latitude, declination, hour angle, and others. The timing of solstices and equinoxes is explained by the changing declination angle throughout the year. Factors like direct and diffuse radiation, spectral distribution, and how solar radiation is attenuated in the atmosphere are also summarized.
Oro551 res - unit 1 - the solar constantkarthi keyan
This document discusses principles of solar radiation. It covers the role of solar energy, environmental impacts, physics of the sun, and measurements of solar radiation. Specifically, it defines the solar constant as the rate at which solar energy arrives at the top of the atmosphere, which is approximately 1.367 kW/m2. It also provides equivalent units of the solar constant in kcal/m2/hr and Btu/ft2/hr.
This document provides an introduction to solar radiation and its role in powering the water cycle. It discusses the composition and structure of the Sun, and how it produces radiation through nuclear fusion. While solar radiation is generally constant, it exhibits variations in the form of solar spots and an 11-year activity cycle. The amount of radiation emitted by any body is determined by the Stefan-Boltzmann law, which relates radiation to the body's temperature and emissivity.
This document defines various angles used to describe the position of the sun relative to Earth and vertical surfaces. It outlines three angles that describe the Earth's position: latitude, declination, and hour angle. It then defines three sun angles: inclination angle, zenith angle, and solar azimuth angle. Finally, it lists three surface angles: surface azimuth angle, tilt angle or slope, and angle of incidence.
This document discusses renewable and non-renewable energy sources. It provides details about solar energy collection and applications, including photovoltaic cells, solar water heating systems, and solar electric systems. The document also discusses wind and geothermal energy. It notes the advantages of renewable energy sources like solar and wind in that they do not release harmful pollutants. The document further explains concepts related to solar energy collection like clarity index, concentration ratio, and solar insolation.
This presentation talks about solar energy status and development in Saudi Arabia and basics of solar energy (Photovoltaics) and its economics. Developed on 30/4/2016
This document discusses solar energy storage and applications. It describes different methods of solar energy storage including sensible heat storage using materials like water, rocks, and concrete. Latent heat storage using phase change is also discussed. Thermal energy storage techniques like solar ponds are explained. Applications of solar energy covered include solar heating/cooling, distillation, drying, and photovoltaic energy conversion. Basic elements of a solar water heating system and different types including natural circulation and forced circulation models are outlined.
The document discusses solar energy, including its various forms and applications. It provides information on:
1) The different types of solar energy including thermal, electric, photovoltaic, concentrated solar power, and discusses technologies like solar water heaters, solar cells, and solar cookers.
2) How solar cells work, including the photovoltaic effect and formation of electrons when photons strike silicon.
3) Components of flat plate and evacuated tube solar thermal collectors and materials used.
4) Performance analysis of solar collectors and factors that determine useful heat gain.
5) Current status of solar energy in India and its potential for meeting energy demands.
The document discusses solar energy collection and applications. It describes how solar panels use solar radiation to heat water, and that active solar water heating systems rely on pumps to circulate heated liquid between collectors and storage tanks while passive systems rely on gravity. It then discusses different types of solar collectors like flat-plate and concentrating collectors, and how solar concentrators reduce costs by focusing sunlight onto a smaller receiver area. Finally, it provides examples of solar applications including solar water distillation, solar boilers for heated water, and parabolic solar cookers.
Solar energy can be harnessed using a range of technologies to capture and convert sunlight into useful forms of energy. There are two main types of solar energy technologies - passive solar, which uses sunlight without active solar components, and active solar, which uses electro-mechanical devices to convert sunlight into electricity or to power machinery. Solar energy can be used for heating, cooling, power generation, and other applications by using technologies like solar thermal collectors and photovoltaic panels. The amount of solar energy reaching the Earth's surface depends on geographic factors like latitude and weather conditions.
This document summarizes a seminar on basic design principles and components of solar photovoltaic systems. It discusses:
1) How solar photovoltaic systems work by converting sunlight directly into electricity using the photovoltaic effect in solar cells.
2) The basic components of solar photovoltaic systems including solar modules made of connected solar cells, inverters, batteries for storage, and electrical loads.
3) Applications of solar photovoltaic technology including water pumping, commercial and residential power, consumer electronics, and telecommunications.
4) The current state and future potential of solar photovoltaic installations in India, which has significant solar resources and a growing domestic manufacturing industry.
The document presents information on solar radiations and geometry. It discusses that the sun generates enormous energy and provides the earth with around 1500 quadrillion kilowatt-hours per year. However, only around 47% of the sun's energy reaches the earth's surface due to reflection and absorption in the atmosphere. It then outlines several important angles used in solar radiation analysis, including latitude, declination, hour angle, altitude angle, zenith angle, solar azimuth angle, and slope.
Solar thermal power generation systems use mirrors to collect sunlight and produce steam by solar heat to drive turbines for generating power. This system generates power by rotating turbines like thermal and nuclear power plants, and therefore, is suitable for large-scale power generation.
The document discusses solar energy and photovoltaic power conversion systems. It notes that the sun provides vastly more energy to Earth than is consumed and describes some key aspects of solar radiation. It also defines solar irradiance and discusses instruments used to measure direct and diffuse solar radiation, including pyranometers and pyrheliometers. Photovoltaic systems are introduced as arrangements that convert sunlight to electricity using solar panels.
The document defines sunshine as direct sunlight of at least 120 w/m2 measured on the ground. It provides details on the sun's composition and radiation, including that 53.12% of its energy is in the infrared region. It also discusses how the Earth reflects 1/3 of sunlight and is inclined at 23.5 degrees on its axis. Finally, it describes various instruments used to measure solar radiation, including pyranometers and pyrheliometers, and concepts like beam radiation, diffuse radiation, and solar declination.
This document provides an overview of wind energy and wind turbine technology. It begins with a brief history of wind power usage dating back thousands of years. Next, it discusses the global wind patterns that drive wind resources and different types of local winds. It then describes the two main types of modern wind turbines: horizontal axis turbines, which are the most commonly used large-scale turbines, and vertical axis turbines. The document concludes by discussing wind farm setups, potential environmental impacts of wind power, and how wind turbine costs have decreased significantly in recent decades.
Solar collectors are devices that absorb solar radiation and convert it to heat, transferring the heat to a circulating fluid like air, water, or oil. There are two main types of solar collectors:
1. Flat plate or non-concentrating collectors, which have an absorber surface of the same area as the aperture and do not concentrate sunlight. These include liquid collectors using water or glycol and air collectors for space heating.
2. Concentrating or focusing collectors, which use reflectors to concentrate sunlight onto a smaller absorber area to increase heat flux. These include cylindrical parabolic, central receiver, and compound parabolic collectors.
This document provides information about calculating solar radiation. It begins by defining key terms like solar constant, latitude, longitude, declination, and hour angle that are used to determine the position of the sun. It then describes how to calculate the extraterrestrial radiation, zenith angle, sun altitude, solar azimuth, and incidence angle on sloped surfaces. Equations are provided to calculate daily and hourly extraterrestrial radiation. The document also discusses how the atmosphere influences solar radiation, noting that 53% of solar radiation reaches the earth's surface, with 31% as direct beam radiation and 22% as diffuse radiation.
This document provides an overview of wind energy and wind turbines. It discusses the origins of winds and factors that affect wind distribution. It then describes the key components of horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWTs) including the rotor, nacelle, tower, and foundation. It also discusses Betz's law on turbine efficiency and introduces vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs) as an alternative design.
The document discusses solar energy and related topics. It begins by explaining that solar energy comes from the sun and is a clean, renewable source of energy. It then discusses various methods of harnessing solar energy, including photovoltaic cells that convert sunlight to electricity, solar thermal technologies that use sunlight to produce heat, and photosynthesis. The document also outlines some of the largest solar power plants currently in operation and provides background on solar energy availability and the environmental benefits of solar power.
This document provides an overview of solar energy and solar radiation concepts. It discusses topics like solar radiation geometry, measurement of solar radiation, extraterrestrial and terrestrial radiation, scattering and absorption in the atmosphere, air mass, and formulas for calculating the angle of incidence and solar day length. It also includes examples of calculating the angle of incidence and sunshine hours at different locations and dates. The document is intended to outline the syllabus and learning outcomes for a course on renewable energy systems with a focus on solar energy.
Dr. Patel Badari Narayana, MGIT unit II Introduction to Solar Radiation badarinp
This document provides information about solar radiation and its use as a renewable energy source. It discusses how solar radiation reaches Earth from the Sun, how the solar spectrum is affected by the atmosphere, and how to estimate the amount of solar radiation available at a given location and time. It also describes how to model the Sun's position in the sky and use sun path diagrams to assess solar access and shading issues at a site. The goal is to understand solar resources in order to effectively utilize solar energy technologies.
Solar Radiation Geometry, Solar Thermal Conversion and ApplicationsDr Ramesh B T
This document discusses solar radiation geometry and solar thermal energy conversion. It begins by defining various angles used to describe the sun's position such as the latitude, declination, hour angle, and solar azimuth angle. It then explains concepts such as the zenith angle, altitude angle, and day length. The document also discusses the principles of solar energy collection using flat plate and concentrating solar collectors. It describes common components of flat plate collectors and applications of solar air collectors. Concentrating collectors that use reflectors are also introduced. The document concludes by discussing thermal energy storage options such as sensible heat storage and latent heat storage.
Lecture Slides - Solar Energy Basics and Utilization (1).pdfGian Jyoti Group
This document discusses solar energy basics including solar radiation, solar resource assessment, and solar geometry. Some key points:
- Solar radiation received on Earth consists of direct beam and diffuse radiation after passing through the atmosphere. The amount of each component depends on factors like air mass and atmospheric conditions.
- Solar geometry concepts like zenith angle, declination, and hour angle are used to determine the direction of incoming solar radiation and calculate quantities like duration of sunshine.
- Equations are provided to calculate the angle of incidence of direct radiation on tilted surfaces, as well as the total solar radiation received, accounting for direct beam, diffuse sky, and ground-reflected components.
The document summarizes the design of a 1 kW solar photovoltaic system for a college in Andhra Pradesh, India. It discusses the geographical and meteorological factors considered for setup, including latitude, longitude, radiation data, and temperature. It also outlines the key components of the system, such as solar panels, mounting structures, cables, and inverter. Mathematical equations are presented for estimating energy output based on location parameters. A single-axis solar tracker is proposed to improve energy capture and its design requirements are analyzed.
Ch.2 Solar radiation and the greenhouse effectUsamaAslam21
This document provides an introduction to solar radiation and the geometry of the Earth-Sun relationship. It discusses how solar radiation reaches Earth as electromagnetic waves carrying energy. The spectrum of solar radiation contains ultraviolet, visible, and infrared wavelengths. The maximum intensity occurs in the visible region. Solar radiation that reaches Earth without passing through the atmosphere is known as extraterrestrial radiation. Upon entering the atmosphere, solar radiation is reduced and consists of both direct beam radiation and diffuse sky radiation scattered by atmospheric constituents. The document also describes key geometric relationships between Earth and the Sun including latitude, longitude, declination angle, and hour angle.
The document discusses solar energy and the sun-earth relationship. It provides details on:
- The structure and composition of the sun, including how nuclear fusion reactions generate its energy.
- The geometry of the sun-earth relationship, including their relative sizes and average distance.
- How solar radiation is emitted from the sun as a black body and its spectral distribution outside the earth's atmosphere.
- How solar radiation is affected by passing through the earth's atmosphere, undergoing absorption and scattering.
This document presents equations to compute the efficiency of a parabolic-trough solar collector using solar position coordinates. The equations account for factors like universal time, day, month, year, longitude, latitude, and heliocentric and geocentric coordinates to determine the sun's position. The collector efficiency considers the direct and reflected solar energy incident on its glass cover as well as thermal losses. The developed equations can predict collector performance using meteorological and radiative data for any location.
The sun is the primary energy source for Earth's climate system. It emits radiation isotropically that decreases with the inverse square of distance. At the top of the atmosphere, the solar irradiance is approximately 1361 W/m^2. The atmosphere absorbs and transmits parts of the solar spectrum. Earth's climate is maintained by a balance between absorbed solar radiation and outgoing terrestrial radiation. There are spatial and seasonal variations in this energy budget due to Earth's orbit and tilt.
This document discusses non-conventional energy resources, specifically solar radiation and solar thermal energy. It covers:
1) The different types of solar radiation - extraterrestrial and terrestrial radiation, and the factors that affect each.
2) Components of terrestrial radiation - direct, diffuse, and total radiation.
3) Construction and materials used in flat plate solar collectors, including absorber plates, insulation, glass covers, and selective coatings.
4) Performance parameters of flat plate collectors including efficiency, heat removal factor, and factors that affect performance.
5) Concentrating solar collectors including parabolic troughs, Fresnel lenses, and parabolic dishes that achieve higher temperatures.
This document discusses alternative sources of energy and solar energy principles. It describes the course outcomes which are to demonstrate different alternative energy sources and energy conversion methods, illustrate solar energy principles and applications, and summarize concepts of wind, biomass, geothermal and ocean energy. It then covers classification of energy resources, advantages of renewable energy, solar energy received on Earth and factors affecting solar radiation levels like latitude, declination angle, and hour angle. Measurement instruments for solar radiation are also mentioned.
This document presents a mathematical model for estimating solar radiation incident on a horizontal surface. It begins with background on solar radiation and the sun-earth relationship. It then describes collecting solar radiation data for Dhaka, Bangladesh and using the Angstrom-Prescott method to evaluate regression coefficients a and b. The regression model determined is H/H0 = 0.11 + 0.70(n/N). This model is then used to estimate monthly solar radiation and is compared to other models, showing the lowest percentage mean bias error and root mean square error.
The document discusses solar energy and provides information about:
1) How solar energy can be directly utilized through solar thermal and photovoltaic systems.
2) Predictions that fossil fuel deposits will be depleted within the next few centuries while solar energy is abundant and renewable.
3) A brief history of milestones in the development of solar energy technology from the 1800s to present day.
Unit 2 - Solar Enerdknnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn...KavineshKumarS
The document discusses solar energy and its advantages and challenges. It begins by explaining that the sun is a hot gaseous sphere about 1.5x108 km from Earth. Solar energy reaches Earth in 8 minutes and 20 seconds. It then lists some key advantages of solar energy, such as its large size and clean nature, but also challenges like its dilute and varying availability. The document goes on to describe solar geometry concepts like declination angle, inclination angle, and zenith angle. It also summarizes different types of solar collectors like flat plate and evacuated tube collectors.
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الزملاء الأفاضل
نرحب بحضراتكم مع انطلاق
مبادرة #تواصل_تطوير
المحاضرة العاشرة من المبادرة مع
الأستاذ الدكتور/عبدالرحمن الليثي
الأستاذ المشارك بجامعة الملك سعود
بعنوان
"الطاقة الشمسية واتجاهاتها الحديثة"
العاشرة مساء بتوقيت مكة المكرمة الاثنين11مايو2020
وذلك عبر تطبيق زووم وقناة اليوتيوب الخاصة بالجمعية
https://www.linkedin.com/events/6665350460062474242
علما ان هناك بث مباشر للمحاضرة على القنوات الخاصة بجمعية المهندسين المصريين
ونأمل أن نوفق في تقديم ما ينفع المهندس ومهمة الهندسة في عالمنا العربي
والله الموفق
ملاحظة : تجنبا لاي ظروف, لطفا المشاركة على قناة التليجرام للحصول على دعوات المحاضرات على ZOOM
رابط اللينكدان
www.linkedin.com/company/eeaksa-egyptian-engineers-association/
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Principles of Solar radiation unit 1- Renewable Energy sourcesRamesh Thiagarajan
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2. 9/24/2020
Solar Radiation
Solar Components
Applications
Flat Plate
Collector
Photovoltaic
Cell
Solar Thermal
Power
Generation
Extraterrestrial
Solar Radiation
Solar Radiation
at Earth Surface
Optical
Properties for
Materials for
Solar Radiation
Direct, Diffuse,
Reflected
Radiation
Focusing
Collector
Solar
Heating and
Cooling
Direct Electric
Power
Generation
Geographical
Location and
Weather
Conditions
ELEMENTS OF SOLAR
ENERGY MODULE
Energy
Storage
Solar
Energy
Principles
3. 9/24/2020
Topics
•Solar energy and Application
•Major Characteristics of Sun and Earth
•Solar Radiation
•Solar and wall angles
•Estimation solar irradiation of a surface
•Optical properties of surface
•Solar collectors
•Solar thermal systems
4. Solar Energy and Applications
Solar radiation is potential energy source
for power generation through use of solar
collector and photovoltaic cells.
Solar energy can be used as thermal
energy source for solar heating, Air
conditioning and cooling systems.
Solar radiation has important effects on
both the heat gain and heat loss of a
building.
5. Solar Radiation
Intensity of solar radiation incident on a surface is
important in the design of solar collectors, photovoltaic
cells, solar heating and cooling systems, and thermal
management of building.
This effect depends on both the location of the sun in the
sky and the clearness of the atmosphere as well as on
the nature and orientation of the building.
We need to know
- Characteristics of sun’s energy outside the earth’s
atmosphere, its intensity and its spectral distribution
- Variation with sun’s location in the sky during the day
and with seasons for various locations on the earth's
surface.
6. Solar Radiation
• The sun’s structure and characteristics
determine the nature of the energy it radiates
into space.
• Energy is released due to continuous fusion
reaction with interior at a temperature of the
order of million degrees.
• Radiation is based on sun’s outer surface
temperature of 5777 K.
8. Solar Geometry
The Sun: Major Characteristics
- A sphere of hot gaseous matter
- Diameter, D = (865400 miles) (Sharp circular boundary)
- Rotates about its axes (not as a rigid body)
- Takes 27 earth days at its equator and 30 days at polar
regions.
- The sun has an effective black body temperature of 5777 K
i.e. It is the temperature of a blackbody radiating the same
amount of energy as does the sun.
Mean earth-sun distance: D = (865400 miles) (Sharp
circular boundary)
9. The Structure of Sun
Central Region: (Region – I)
Energy is generated due to fusion
Reaction of gases – transforms
hydrogen into helium.
- 90% of energy is generated within
the core range of 0 – 0.23 R
- The temperature in the central
region is in million degrees.
- The temperature drops to 130,000 K
with in a range of 0.7R
Convection Region ( Region – III)
- 0.7R to R where convection process
involves
- The temperature drops to 5,000 K
Photosphere:
Upper layer of the convective zone
- Composed of strongly ionized gas
- Essentially opaque
- Able to absorb and emit continuous
spectrum of radiation
- Source of the most solar radiation
Chromosphere (10,000km)
Further outer gaseous layer with
temperature somewhat higher tan the
Photosphere.
Corona
Still further outer layer
- extremity of sun.
- Consists of Rarified gases.
- Temperature as high as 1000,000 K
10. Thermal Radiation
• Thermal radiation is the intermediate portion (0.1
~ 100m) of the electromagnetic radiation
emitted by a substance as a result of its
temperature.
• Thermal radiation heat transfer involves
transmission and exchange of electromagnetic
waves or photon particles as a result of
temperature difference.
11. Planck’s Spectral Distribution of
Black Body Emissive Power
The thermal radiation emitted by a black
substance covers a range of wavelength
(), referred as spectral distribution and
given as
1e
C
E
T/2C5
1
b,
2482
01 m/m.W103.7422ππhC
K.m101.439k/hcC 4
02
s.J10626.6ttanconss'Planckh 24
K/J10381.1ttanconsBoltzmannk 23
13. Black Body Emissive Power
The total black body emissive power is
obtained by integrating the spectral emissive
power over the entire range of wavelengths
and derived as
4
TEb
Where = Stefan-Boltzman constant
=
428
./106697.5 KmW
d
1e
C
EE
0
T/2C5
1
b,b
14. Real Body Emissive Power
bEE factorEmissivity
E
E
b
bEE
Spectral Emissive Power
emissivitycalhemispheriSpectral
E
E
b
Total Emissive Power
4
TE
15. Extraterrestrial Radiation
Solar radiation that would be received in the
absence of earth atmosphere.
Extraterrestrial solar radiation exhibit a spectral distribution
over a
ranger of wavelength: 0.1- 2.5
- Includes ultraviolet, visible and infrared
m
16. Solar Constant
Solar Constant = Solar radiation intensity upon a
surface normal to sun ray and at outer
atmosphere (when the earth is at its mean
distance from the sun).
hr
mWGSC
2
2
Btu/ft433
/1367
scG
17. Variation of Extraterrestrial Radiation
Solar radiation varies with the day of the year as
the sun-earth distance varies.
An empirical fit of the measured radiation
data
365
360n
cos033.01scGDG
2Bsin0.0000772Bs0.000719co
Bsin0.001280Bcos0.0342211.000110
scGDG
n = day of the year
365
360
1nB
18. The Earth
Diameter: 7900 miles
Rotates about its axis-one in 24
hours
Revolve around sun in a period of
365+1/4 days.
Density=5.52 times that of H2O.
I: Central Core:1600 miles diameter,
more rigid than steel.
II: Mantel: Form 70% of earth mass.
III: Outer Crust: Forms 1% of total
mass.
I
II
III
19. Direct Radiation on Earth’s Surface
dG
Difuse
Direct
Reflected
d
DG rG
DNG
Normal to surface
DNG
cosDND GG
rdDt GGGG
Total radiation on a surface
Orientation of a surface on earth with respect sun or
normal to sun’s ray can be determined in terms basic
Earth-Sun angles.
20. Basic Earth-Sun Angles
Sun’s Ray Time
The earth is divided into 360o of
circular arc by longitudinal lines
passing through poles.
The zero longitudinal line passes
through Greenwich, England.
Since the earth takes 24 hours to
complete rotation, 1 hour = 15o of
longitude
What it means?
A point on earth surface exactly
15o west of another point will
see the sun in exactly the same
position after one hour.
The position of a point P on earth's
surface with respect to sun's ray Is
known at any instant if following
angles are known:
Latitude (l), Hour angle (h)
and Sun’s declination angle (d) .
21. Local Civil Time (LCT)
Universal Time or Greenwich Civil Time (GCT)
Greenwich Civil Time: GCT time or universal time
Time along zero longitude line passing through Greenwich,
England. Time starts from midnight at the Greenwich
Local Civil Time (LCT)
Determined by longitude of the observer. Difference being 4
minutes of time for each degree or 1-hr for 15 °
Example: What is the LCT at 75° degree west longitude
corresponding to 12:00 noon at GCT
75° degree corresponds to 75 ° / 15 ° = 5 hours
LCT at 75° degree west longitude = 12:00 PM – 5 hrs= 7
AM
22. Standard Time
Local civil time for a selected meridan near the center of
the zone. Clocks are usually set for the same time
throughout a time zone, covering approximately 15° of
longitude.
Example
For U.S.A different standard time is set over different time
zone based on the meridian of the zone. Following is a list
of meridian line.
EST: 75° CST: 90°
MST: 105° PST: 120°
Also, there is Day Light Savings Time
23. Solar Time
Time measured by apparent daily motion of the sun
Local Solar Time, LST = LCT + Equation of time (E)
Equation-of-time takes into account of non-symmetry of
the earthly orbit, irregularity of earthly rotational speed and
other factors.
Bsin0.032077-Bcos001868.0000075.0(2.220 E
2B)sin0.04089-2Bcos0014615.0
2B)sin0.04089-2Bcos0014615.0
365
360
1nB
2B)sin0.04089-2Bcos0014615.0
25. Example: Local Standard Time
Determine local solar time (LST) corresponding to 11:00 a.m. CDST on
February 8 in USA at 95° west longitude.
CST (Central Standard Time) = CDST - 1 hour = 11:00-1 = 10:00 a.m.
This time is for 90° west longitudinal line, the meridian of the central
time zone.
Local Civil Time (LCT) at 95° west longitude is 5 X 4 = 20 minutes
less advanced
LCT = CST - 20 minutes = 10:00 am – 20 min= 9:40 am
LST = LCT + Equation of Time (E)
From Table: For February 8 the Equation of time = -14:14
LST = 9:40-14:14 = 9:26 a.m.
26. Solar and Wall Angles
Following solar and wall angles are needed
for solar radiation calculation:
Latitude angle, l
Sun's Zenith angle , ψ
Altitude angle, β
Azimuth angle, or
Suns incidence angle θ
Wall-solar azimuth angle,
/
Wall azimuth angle,
Latitude (l) is defined as the angular
distance of the point P north (or south) of
the equator.
l = angle between line op and projection of
27. Declination (d)
Angle between a line extending from
the center of the sun to the center of
the earth and the projection of this
line upon the earth equatorial plane.
It is the angular distance of the sun's
rays north (or south) of the equator.
Figure shows the sun's angle of
declination.
d = - 23.5o C at winter solstice, i.e.
sun's rays would be 23.5 o south of
the earth's equator
d = +23.5 o at summer solstice, i.e.
sun's rays would be 23.5 o north of
the earth's equator.
d = 0 at the equinoxes
d = 23.45 sin [360(284+n)/365]
28. Hour Angle: 'h'
Hour Angle is defined as the angle measured in
the earth's equatorial plane between the projection
of op and the projection of a line from center of the
sun to the center of earth.
- At the solar room, the hour angle (h) is zero,
Morning: negative and Afternoon: positive
The hour angle expresses the time of the day
with respect to solar noon.
One hour time is represented by 360/24 or 15
degrees of hour angle
-
29. SOLAR ANGLES
ψ = Zenith Angle = Angle
between sun's ray and a line
perpendicular to the horizontal
plane at P.
β = Altitude Angle = Angle in
vertical plane between the sun's
rays and projection of the sun's
ray on a horizontal plane.
It follows β + ψ =π/2
= Azimuth angle = Angle measured from north
to the horizontal projection of the sun's ray.
= Azimuth Angle = angle measured from
south to the horizontal projection of the Sun’s ray.
180
Sun
30. Solar Angles
From analytical geometry
Sun’s zenith angle
cos (ψ) = cos (l) cos(h)cos(d)
+ sin (l) sin (d)
Also β = π/2 - ψ
Sun’s altitude angle:
sin (β) = cos (l) cos (h) cos (d )
+ sin (l) sin (d)
Sun's azimuth ( ) is given by
cos ( ) = sec (β){cos (l) sin (d)
-cos (d) sin (l) cos (h)}
Or
Cos = (sin β sin l – sin d )/(cos β cos l)
31. Tilted Surface
=
= wall-solar azimuth angle
= For a vertical surface the
angel measured in horizontal
plane between the projection of
the sun's ray on that plane and a
normal to that vertical surface
α = angle of tilt
= normal to surface and
normal to horizontal surface
ψ = Wall azimuth angle
= Angle between normal to
vertical surface and south
'
/
Where
= Solar Azimuth Angle
32. Angle of Incidence (θ)
Angle of incidence is the angle between
the sun's rays and normal to the surface
cos θ = cosβ cos sinα + sinβ cosα
For vertical surface
cos θ = cos β cos , α = 90°
For horizontal surface
cos θ = sinβ, α = 0°
'
'
'
33. Solar Radiation Intensity at Earth Surface
Solar radiation incident on a surface at earth has three different
components:
1. Direct radiation:
The solar radiation received from the sun without having
been scattered by the atmosphere.
2. Diffuse radiation:
Radiation received and remitted in all directions by earth
atmosphere:
3. Reflected radiation:
Radiation reflected by surrounding surfaces.
35. ASHRAE Clear Sky Model
Normal Direct Radiation: GND
The value of solar irradiation at the surface of the earth on
a clear day is given by the empirical formula:
GND= A/[exp(B/sin β)] = Normal direct radiation
A = apparent solar irradiation at air mass equal to
zero, w/m2
B = Atmosphere extinction co-efficient
β = Solar altitude
Above equation do not give maximum value of GND that can
occur in any given month, but are representation of
condition on average cloudiness days.
36. Constants A, B and C for Estimation of Normal
direct and diffuse radiation
37. Modified equation:
GND= A/[exp(B/sin β)] x CN
CN = Clearness factor
=multiplying factor for nonindustrial location in USA
GD= GND cos θ
= Direct radiation on the surface of
arbitrary Orientation.
θ = Angle of incident of sun's ray to the surface
39. Diffuse Radiation: Gd
Diffuse radiation on a horizontal surface is
Gd = C GND
Where
C = ratio of diffuse to normal radiation on a
horizontal surface = Assumed to be constant for an
average clear day for a particular month.
Diffuse Radiation on Non Horizontal Surface:
Gdθ = C GND FWS
FWS = Configuration factor
between the wall and the sky .
FWS = (1+ cos ε)/2
Where ε = Tilt angle of
the wall from horizontal
= (90-α).
40. Reflected Radiation (GR)
Reflection of solar radiation from ground to a tilted surface
or vertical wall.
GR = GtH ρg FWg
Where,
GtH = Ratio of total radiation (direct + diffuse) on
horizontal or ground in front of the wall.
ρg = Reflectance of ground or horizontal surface
FWg = Angles or Configuration factor from wall to
ground
FWg = (1- cos ε)/2.
ε = Wall at a tilt angle ε to the horizontal.
41. Example: Estimation of Solar Radiation
Calculate the clear day direct, diffuse and total solar radiation
on horizontal surface at 36 degrees north latitude and 84
degrees west longitude on June 1 at 12:00 noon CST
Local Solar Time: LST = LCT + Equ of time
LCT = LCT + (90-84)/15 * 60 = 12:00 + (90-84)/15 * 60
At Mid 90 degree
LST = 12:00 + (90-84)/15 *60+ 0:02:25 = 12:26
Hour angle: h = (12:00 - 12:26) * 15/60 = 65 degrees
Declination angle: d = 21 degrees 57 minutes
42. Sun’s altitude angle:
Sin β = Cos (l) Cos (d) Cos (h) + Sin (l) Sin (d)
= Cos (36) X Cos (21°57 min) + Sin (36) Sin (21°57) =(0.994)
(0.928) (0.809)+ 0.588 XS 0.376, Sin β = 0.965
Incidence angle for a horizontal surface: Cos θ = Sin β = 0.965
Direct Normal Radiation: GND = A/ [exp (B/sin β)]
= 345/ [exp (0.205/0.965)]
GND = 279 Btu/hr-ft2
The direct radiation
GD
= GND Cos θ = 279 X 0.965 = 269 Btu/hr-ft2,
The diffuse radiation
Gd = C GND = 0.136 X 279 = 37.4 Btu/hr-ft2
Total IrradiationG = GD + Gd = 269 + 37.6 = 300 Btu/hr-ft2
43. Solar Radiation – Material
Interaction
a
G
t
G
t
G
r
G
abGtrGreGtG
Where
radiationflectedRereG
radiationAbsorbedabG
radiationdTransmittetrG
1
44. Material Optical Properties
G
G
flectivityRe re
G
G
vityTransmissi tr
G
G
tyAbsorptivi tr
bodyblackabyemittedEnergy
bodyrealabyEmittedEnergy
E
E
Emissivity
b
The Khirchoff’s law
In equilibrium:
In general , ,
, ,
Wavelength incidentofAngle
45. Solar Radiation – Material
Interaction
Opaque Surface:
Transparent Surface:
0 1
1
GG,absorbedEnergy ab
GG,absorbedEnergy ab
GG,dtransmitteEnergy tr
46. Solar Heart Gain
Solar Heat gain through a
transparent Glass Cover:
fwN
tftsg GNGAq
Solar Heat gain Through a
Glass Window:
ScGNGAq tftsg
Where
A = Surface area of glass
= Total solar irradiation
= Fraction of absorbed solar
radiation that enters Inward
=
Sc = Shading coefficient
tG
fN
oh
U
tfwwsg GNAq ,
Solar Heat gain opaque
wall: = Fraction of absorbed solar
radiation that enters Inward
=
oh
U
47. Use of Solar Energy
1. Solar Thermal Energy:
Converts solar radiation in thermal heat energy
- Active Solar Heating
- Passive Solar Heating
- Solar Thermal Engine
2. Solar Photovoltaics
Converts solar radiation directly into electricity
48. Solar Thermal Energy System
The basic purpose of a solar thermal
energy system is to collect solar radiation
and convert into useful thermal energy.
The system performance depends on
several factors, including availability of
solar energy, the ambient air temperature,
the characteristic of the energy
requirement, and especially the thermal
characteristics of solar system itself.
49. Classification Solar System
The solar collection system for heating and
cooling are classified as passive or active.
Active System
Active systems consist of components which
are to a large extent independent of the building
design
Often require an auxiliary energy source (Pump
or Fan) for transporting the solar energy
collected to its point of use.
Active system are more easily applied to existing
buildings
50. Passive System
Passive systems collect and distribute solar
energy without the use of an auxiliary energy
source.
Dependent on building design and the thermal
characteristics of the material used.
51. Solar Water Heating System
Uses solar collector
mounted on roof top to
gather solar radiation
Low temperature
range: 100 C
Applications involves
domestic hot water or
swimming pool heating
Hot Water
Pump
Collector
Cold Water
Supply
52. Solar Space Heating System
Solar Collector
Space
Auxiliary Heater
Pump
Thermal
Storage
A collector intercepts the sun’s energy.
A part of this energy is lost as it is absorbed by the cover glass or
reflected back to the sky.
Of the remainder absorbed by the collector, a small portion is lost by
convection and re-radiation, but most is useful thermal energy, which
is then transferred via pipes or ducts to a storage mass or directly to the
load as required
53. An energy storage is usually necessary since
the need for energy may not coincide with the
time when the solar energy is available.
Thermal energy is distributed either directly after
collection or from storage to the point of use.
The sequence of operation is managed by
automatic and/or manual system controls.
54. Solar Cooling System
C200 0
Air inlet
Evaporator
Turbine
Compressor
Solar
Collector
Condenser
10 kpa
Condenser
Cooling Capacity
Qe = 5 kW
HR
55. A Solar-driven Irrigation Pump
Turbine
Solar
Collector
CondenserPump
Irrigation
Pump
ph
pm
A solar-energy driven irrigation pump operating on a
solar driven heat engine is to be analyzed and designed.
C150T 0
H
kPa10Pc
56. Solar Collector
Several types are available
•Flat Plate Collector
- Glazed and unglazed
- Liquid-based
- Air-based
• Evacuated Tube
• Concentrating
- Parabolic trough
57. Fixed Vs Tracking
A tracking collectors are controlled to follow the sun
throughout the day.
A tacking system is rather complicated and generally
only used for special high-temperature
applications.
Fixed collectors are much simpler - their position
or orientation, however, may be adjusted on a
seasonal basis. They remain fixed over a day’s time
Fixed collector are less efficient than tracking
collectors; nevertheless they are generally preferred
as they are less costly to buy and maintain.
58. Flat-plate and Concentrating
Concentrating collectors uses mirrored surfaces
or lenses to focus the collected solar energy on
smaller areas to obtain higher working
temperatures.
Flat-plate collectors may be used for water
heating and most space-heating applications.
High-performance flat-plate or concentrating
collectors are generally required for cooling
applications since higher temperatures are
needed to drive chiller or absorption-type cooling
units.
59. Flat Plate Solar Collector
• Used for moderate
temperature up to 100 C
• Uses both direct and
diffuse radiation
• Normally do not need
tracking of sun
• Use: water heating,
building heating and air-
conditioning, industrial
process heating.
• Advantage: Mechanically
simple
Outer Glass
Cover
Insulation Fluid Flow
Tubes
Absorber
Plate
Inner Glass
Cover
Flat Plate Collector
Incident Solar Radiation ( tG )
Consists of an absorber
plate, cover glass,
insulation and housing.
60. Characteristics of Flat Plate
Collector
• Used for moderate temperature up to 100 C
• Uses both direct and diffuse radiation
• Normally do not need tracking of sun
• Use: water heating, building heating and air-
conditioning, industrial process heating.
• Advantage: Mechanically simple
61. Flat Plate Solar Collector
• The absorber plate is usually made
of copper and coated to increase the
absorption of solar radiation.
• The cover glass or glasses are
used to reduce convection and re-
radiation losses from the absorber.
• Insulation is used on the back edges
of the absorber plate to reduce
conduction heat losses.
• The housing holds the absorber with
insulation on the back and edges,
and cover plates.
• The working fluid (water, ethylene
glycol, air etc.) is circulated in a
serpentine fashion through the
absorber plate o carry the solar
energy to its point of use.
Outer Glass
Cover
Insulation Fluid Flow
Tubes
Absorber
Plate
Inner Glass
Cover
Flat Plate Collector
Incident Solar Radiation ( tG )
Consists of an absorber
plate, cover glass,
insulation and housing.
62. Collector Performance
x
y
x
T
)T(x
Temperature Distribution
in the Absorber Plate
• The temperature of the working fluid in a
flat-plate collector may range from 30 to
90C, depending on the type of collector
and the application.
• The amount of solar irrradiation reaching
the top of the outside glazing will depend
on the location, orientation, and the tilt of
the collector.
• Temperature of the absorber plate varies
along the plate with peak at the mid
section
• Absorbed heat diffuses along the length
towards the tube with and transferred to
the circulating fluid.
63. Collector Performance
• The collector efficiency of flat-plate
collectors varies with design orientation,
time of day, and the temperature of the
working fluid.
• The amount of useful energy collected
will also depend on
- the optical properties (transmissivity
and reflectivity) of cover glasses,
- the properties of the absorber plate
(absorptivity and emissivity) and
- losses by conduction, convection and
radiation.
Outer Glass
Cover
Insulation Fluid Flow
Tubes
Absorber
Plate
Inner Glass
Cover
Flat Plate Collector
Incident Solar Radiation ( tG )
64. Collector Performance
An energy balance for the absorber plate is
cond
a
conv
ca
rad
ca
accsolca
R
TT
R
TT
R
TT
IAq 2
4
2
4
21
A simplification leads to
TTUIAq fiaccsolca 21
Where
= temperature of the fluid at inlet to
collector
U = over all heat transfer coefficient
empirically determined heat collection factor
fiT
fiT
fiT
65. Collector Performance
Useful energy output of a collector
apctpcu TTUGAQ
Where
= Total absorbed incident
radiation at the absorber plate
Overall heat transfer
coefficient (Represents total heat
loss from the collector.
Temperature of the absorber
plate
Temperature of ambient air
tpG
plateCollectorAc
cU
pT
aT
• One of the major problem in
using this equation is the
estimation and determination of
the collector plate temperature
.
66. A more useful form is given in terms of fluid inlet
temperature, and a parameter called collector heat
removal factor ( ), which can be evaluated analytically
from basic principles or measured experimentally
RF
The heat removal factor in defined as
TaTUGA
Q
F
pctpc
u
R
Where the heat removed by
the circulating fluids through
the tubes is given as
fofipu TTCmQ
TaTUGA
TTCm
F
pctpc
fofip
R
Heat Removal Factor
67. Effective Transmittance-
Absortance Product
In order to take into account of the multiple absorption,
transmission by the multiple layer of glass covers and
reduced loss of by the overall heat transfer coefficient, an
effective transmittance – absorptance product is
Introduces and expressed as
n
1i
1i
iae a1
n
1i
1i
iae a1
An effective transmittance-
absorptance product can be
approximated for collectors
with ordinary glass
01.1e
68. Collector Efficiency
Typical collector efficiency
curves:
• As absorber temperature increases,
the losses increases and the efficiency
drops.
•At lower ambient temperatures the
efficiency is low because of higher loss.
•As the solar irradiation on the cover
plate increases, the efficiency
increases because the loss from the
collector is fairly constant for given
absorber and ambient temperature and
becomes a smaller fraction.
c
t
afic
G
)TT(U
A collector is characterized
by the intercept, and
the slope
nRF
eRF
cRUF
t
afic
eRc
G
TTU
F
69. Example: Flat Plate Solar Collector
Efficiency
A 1 by 3 flat-plate double-glazed collector is available
for a solar-heating applications. The transmittance of
each of the two cover-plates is 0.87 and the aluminum
absorber plate has an absorptivity of α=0.9. Determine
the collector efficiency when ,
and . Use and
2
/800 mWISol CTfi
0
55
CT 0
10
sol
fi
accrcol
I
TTU
F 21
800
10555.3
9.087.087.09.0col
9.0FR KmWU ./5.3 2
%5.43435.0 col
70. Concentrating Solar Collector
• Parabolic Trough
- Line focus type
Focuses the sun on to a pipe running
down the center of trough.
- Can produce temperature upto 150 – 200 C
- Used to produce steam for producing
electricity
- Trough can be pivoted to track the sun
71. Concentrating Solar Collector
• Parabolic Trough
- Line focus type
Focuses the sun on to a pipe running
down the center of trough.
- Can produce temperature upto 150 – 200 C
- Used to produce steam for producing
electricity
- Trough can be pivoted to track the sun
72. Concentrating Solar Collector
• Parabolic Dish Concentrator
- Point focus type
Focuses the sun on to the heat engine
located at the center of the dish.
- Can produce very high temperature
700-1000C
- Used to produce vapor for producing
electricity
- Dish can be pivoted to track the sun
73. 9/24/2020
Description of a Project Oriented
Learning Module
A typical solar projects are
discussed in the following section.
The objective is to understand some
of the basic steps to be followed.
74. 9/24/2020
SOLAR HEATED SWIMMING POOL
Swimming pools of most motels in the United
States are currently outdoors and heated by gas
heaters. It is proposed to use solar energy to
heat the pool during the winter time.
It is also proposed to have flat plate collectors
receive energy from the sun and use the energy to
maintain the water at a comfortable temperature
year round.
75. Solar Heated Swimming Pool
Option-2: With a Auxiliary Heater and without a Thermal Storage
Solar Collector
Swimming Pool
Auxiliary Heater
Pump
76. Solar Heated Swimming Pool
Option-3: With a Auxiliary Heater and a Thermal Storage
Solar Collector
Swimming Pool
Auxiliary Heater
Pump
Thermal
Storage
77. Solar Heated Swimming Pool
Option-3: With a Auxiliary Heater and a Thermal Storage
Solar Collector
Swimming Pool
Auxiliary Heater
Pump
Thermal
Storage
78. Known Data
1. Geographical Location:
Santa Barbara, CA
2. The Pool Dimension
12m long x 8m wide with water
depth that varies in the lengthwise
direction from 0.8m to 3.0m
79. 9/24/2020
To be Designed , Selected or
Determined
1. Design Conditions
- A comfortable water temperature for the
indoor pool and indoor air condition
- Design outdoor conditions
2. A solar water heating system with or without
thermal storage
3. A system with or without a auxiliary gas or
electric heater
80. 9/24/2020
4. Determine size and type of solar collector
5. Decide placement of these collectors,
their location, and orientation
7. Estimate the total cost of the system
including initial, operating and
maintenance
8. Compare these costs to those associated
with the use of a natural gas water
heating system
81. A Solar-driven Irrigation Pump
Turbine
Solar
Collector
CondenserPump
Irrigation
Pump
ph
pm
A solar-energy driven irrigation pump operating on a
solar driven heat engine is to be analyzed and designed.
C150T 0
H
kPa10Pc
82. Basic Theory
The solar collector collects a fraction of incident
radiation and transfer to the circulating working
fluid, producing saturated vapor and heating the
working fluid.
i,f0,ffu hhmQ
tccu GAQ
pppumpirr HgmW
CHfturbine hhmW
83. To be Designed , Selected or
Determined
Select: Location, time and month of the year
Determine: Incident solar radiation based on the
selected location, day and month of the year.
For Example: Over 0< t < 10
Watt,
10
t
SinAGtG ct
84. Selection and Design of Solar
Collector
Type: Flat Plate
Transmittance – Absorptance Product:
Collector removal factor: = 0.024
Overall loss coefficient:
Collector efficiency:
Where
= Fluid temperature at inlet to the collector
= Ambient air temperature
= Incident solar radiation
ain
t
L
Rc TT
G
U
F
84.0
RF
C.m/W0.8U 02
L
inT
aT
tG
85. • Perform the analysis for the base case and assuming
a pumping rate of 10 GPM at the mid noon.
• Determine the collector area needed to meet this
demand.
• Plot the irrigation pump flow rate during the daylight
hours.
• Estimate the total water pumped in a day
10
0
dtpmpm
86. • If the pumping rate is kept constant at 10 GPM
by using an auxiliary after-heater and
maintaining the (saturated vapor) temperature
constant at inlet to the turbine, determine the
auxiliary energy needed at the after-heater.
• Repeat steps 1-2 with varying range of Turbine
inlet temperature and condenser pressure and .
Summarize your results for (a) solar collector
area needed, (b) total pumping rate and (c) total
auxiliary energy needed.