This document discusses non-conventional energy resources, specifically solar radiation and solar thermal energy. It covers:
1) The different types of solar radiation - extraterrestrial and terrestrial radiation, and the factors that affect each.
2) Components of terrestrial radiation - direct, diffuse, and total radiation.
3) Construction and materials used in flat plate solar collectors, including absorber plates, insulation, glass covers, and selective coatings.
4) Performance parameters of flat plate collectors including efficiency, heat removal factor, and factors that affect performance.
5) Concentrating solar collectors including parabolic troughs, Fresnel lenses, and parabolic dishes that achieve higher temperatures.
Raj Vachhani's document discusses solar power plants. It describes two main methods of solar power generation: photovoltaic and concentrated solar power. Photovoltaic uses solar cells to convert sunlight directly into electricity, while concentrated solar power uses mirrors to focus sunlight and heat a liquid to create steam to power turbines. The document also outlines the basic components of solar power systems, including solar panels, batteries, controllers, and inverters. It discusses the working principles and applications of solar energy generation.
According to the document:
1) LED lighting is being widely adopted in India, with plans to deploy 770 million LED bulbs and 35 million streetlights by 2019 to replace conventional lights for energy savings.
2) LED lighting uses less energy and provides longer lifespan than traditional incandescent bulbs. The installation of LED streetlights across India has already saved 295 million kWh of energy annually.
3) Emerging LED lighting technologies include smart connected lights, reduced component counts, improved lumen output using chip scale packaging, and driverless low voltage direct current systems to further reduce energy losses during conversion.
Solar Energy.
Solar energy is the energy obtained by capturing heat and light from the Sun.
Solar Energy is energy (light or heat) that comes from the sun.
This document describes a solar tracker device that orients solar panels towards the sun for maximum efficiency. It discusses the need for solar trackers to increase solar panel output. The working principle is that light sensors detect sunlight intensity on the panel and a motor rotates the panel towards the stronger light to maintain optimal alignment with the sun throughout the day. Key components are the solar panel, sensors, microcontroller and motor. Benefits are maximizing solar energy capture while disadvantages include reliance on weather conditions.
Final project report on Solar street light Darshil Shah
The document describes a project report for a solar powered LED street light with automatic intensity control. It includes a functional block diagram and explanations of the components, including a solar panel, charge controller circuit, rechargeable battery, voltage divider circuit, and Arduino UNO microcontroller. It also covers the software implementation through simulations of the charge controller and voltage divider circuits. The coding for the real time clock and PWM in Arduino is shown. The hardware implementation, operation, and testing are described as well. Intensity levels are controlled at different times of day and night based on readings from the real time clock.
This presentation outlines the different storage technology options available to cope up with the intermittent nature of the Renewable energy like wind and solar.
A flywheel, in essence is a mechanical battery - simply a mass rotating about an axis.Flywheels store energy mechanically in the form of kinetic energy.They take an electrical input to accelerate the rotor up to speed by using the built-in motor, and return the electrical energy by using this same motor as a generator.Flywheels are one of the most promising technologies for replacing conventional lead acid batteries as energy storage systems.
Raj Vachhani's document discusses solar power plants. It describes two main methods of solar power generation: photovoltaic and concentrated solar power. Photovoltaic uses solar cells to convert sunlight directly into electricity, while concentrated solar power uses mirrors to focus sunlight and heat a liquid to create steam to power turbines. The document also outlines the basic components of solar power systems, including solar panels, batteries, controllers, and inverters. It discusses the working principles and applications of solar energy generation.
According to the document:
1) LED lighting is being widely adopted in India, with plans to deploy 770 million LED bulbs and 35 million streetlights by 2019 to replace conventional lights for energy savings.
2) LED lighting uses less energy and provides longer lifespan than traditional incandescent bulbs. The installation of LED streetlights across India has already saved 295 million kWh of energy annually.
3) Emerging LED lighting technologies include smart connected lights, reduced component counts, improved lumen output using chip scale packaging, and driverless low voltage direct current systems to further reduce energy losses during conversion.
Solar Energy.
Solar energy is the energy obtained by capturing heat and light from the Sun.
Solar Energy is energy (light or heat) that comes from the sun.
This document describes a solar tracker device that orients solar panels towards the sun for maximum efficiency. It discusses the need for solar trackers to increase solar panel output. The working principle is that light sensors detect sunlight intensity on the panel and a motor rotates the panel towards the stronger light to maintain optimal alignment with the sun throughout the day. Key components are the solar panel, sensors, microcontroller and motor. Benefits are maximizing solar energy capture while disadvantages include reliance on weather conditions.
Final project report on Solar street light Darshil Shah
The document describes a project report for a solar powered LED street light with automatic intensity control. It includes a functional block diagram and explanations of the components, including a solar panel, charge controller circuit, rechargeable battery, voltage divider circuit, and Arduino UNO microcontroller. It also covers the software implementation through simulations of the charge controller and voltage divider circuits. The coding for the real time clock and PWM in Arduino is shown. The hardware implementation, operation, and testing are described as well. Intensity levels are controlled at different times of day and night based on readings from the real time clock.
This presentation outlines the different storage technology options available to cope up with the intermittent nature of the Renewable energy like wind and solar.
A flywheel, in essence is a mechanical battery - simply a mass rotating about an axis.Flywheels store energy mechanically in the form of kinetic energy.They take an electrical input to accelerate the rotor up to speed by using the built-in motor, and return the electrical energy by using this same motor as a generator.Flywheels are one of the most promising technologies for replacing conventional lead acid batteries as energy storage systems.
India has a growing economy but low per capita energy consumption due to its large population. Currently, oil and gas meet half of India's energy needs, but the government aims to increase renewable sources like solar and wind to 20% of the energy mix by 2022. India has significant coal reserves but is also developing other energy sources like hydropower, biomass, and nuclear power. The presentation outlines India's current energy scenario and renewable potential as the country works to boost access to energy and transition to more sustainable resources.
Hydrogen has the highest energy content by mass of any fuel and can be used as a substitute for hydrocarbons. It has a non-polluting burning process. There are several methods for producing hydrogen, including electrolysis of water, thermo-chemical processes, and from fossil fuels. Electrolysis uses electricity to split water into hydrogen and oxygen gases. Filter press electrolyzers are most widely used due to their ability to operate at high current densities and production rates. There are challenges to storing hydrogen including its low density and challenges maintaining it as a liquid. Storage methods include high pressure gas, liquid storage using cryogenics, underground storage, and chemically storing it in metal hydrides.
After multiple discussions around the world, this is an emerging view on the future of energy that is being shared for further comment and feedback. Events in London, Dubai, Shanghai, Delhi and New York have explored key drivers of change. Other events elsewhere have added in additional perspectives.
This document discusses solar energy prospects and challenges in India. It notes that solar energy has significant potential to meet India's growing energy demands. However, large-scale adoption faces technical challenges including improving solar cell efficiency, integrating solar power into the electric grid, and developing affordable energy storage solutions. Additionally, the levelized cost of energy from solar is currently higher than from conventional sources. The Indian government has implemented policies like the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission to promote solar power, but progress in achieving targets has been limited. Continued efforts are needed to address challenges and make solar energy economically viable compared to coal and other fossil fuels.
This document summarizes information about solar power plants. It discusses how solar power plants work by converting sunlight to electricity through either photovoltaic cells or concentrated solar power. It provides a diagram of a solar power plant and lists its key components like solar modules, controllers, batteries, and inverters. Standalone and grid-tie solar systems are described. Advantages of solar energy include being clean, renewable and producing power with little maintenance, though high upfront costs are a disadvantage. India's largest solar plants are noted. Uses of solar energy include water pumps, buildings, remote areas, and more.
Solar cells convert sunlight into electrical energy through the photovoltaic effect. They are constructed of layers of n-type and p-type semiconductors that form a p-n junction. When sunlight is absorbed, electrons are released and produce an external DC current. There are three main types of solar cells: monocrystalline, polycrystalline, and amorphous, with monocrystalline being the most efficient. Solar cells have advantages like being renewable and requiring little maintenance but also have disadvantages like high costs and reliance on consistent sunlight. They have applications in power generation, heating, pumping water, and more.
This document provides an overview of various types of electrical lighting sources and illumination concepts. It discusses the basic terms used in illumination like luminous flux, lumen, candle power, and inverse square and Lambert's cosine laws. It then describes different electrical light sources including incandescent, fluorescent, mercury vapor, sodium vapor, neon and halogen lamps. For each light source, it explains the working principle, construction details, advantages and applications. The document serves as a useful reference for understanding various electrical lighting techniques and concepts of illumination.
This document provides an overview of infrared technology and its applications in sensing and remote controls. It describes the basic components of an infrared detection system, including infrared sources like LEDs, transmission media, optical components, infrared detectors, and signal processing. It then discusses the specific components used in an example infrared obstacle detection circuit, including an IR LED, photodiode, op-amp, and potentiometer for threshold adjustment. The circuit detects objects by measuring changes in received infrared light intensity.
This document discusses key concepts related to solar radiation geometry. It begins by providing background on the sun and how it generates enormous amounts of energy. It then discusses how solar radiation reaches the Earth's atmosphere and surface. Key angles used in solar radiation analysis are defined, including latitude, declination, hour angle, and others. The timing of solstices and equinoxes is explained by the changing declination angle throughout the year. Factors like direct and diffuse radiation, spectral distribution, and how solar radiation is attenuated in the atmosphere are also summarized.
This document provides guidelines for efficient lighting design that prevents light pollution. It discusses types of outdoor lighting including flood lighting, criteria for lighting design such as directing light downward and avoiding excess lighting levels. It also covers lamp types including high pressure sodium, low pressure sodium and warm LEDs, as well as luminaire design considerations. The goal is to obtain efficient, sustainable lighting while preventing light pollution and its impacts on the environment and human health.
The document discusses solar photovoltaic (PV) cells and their uses. It begins by defining PV cells as solid state devices that convert sunlight directly into electrical energy with efficiencies ranging from a few percent to 30%. PV cells have no moving parts and can last 20-30 years. The document then provides examples of how PV cells are used in applications such as powering homes, signs, streetlights, remote water pumps, and refrigerators carrying vaccines in remote parts of Africa. PV cells are well-suited for powering remote applications where other power sources are impractical.
This document discusses various methods for hydrogen storage, including compression, liquefaction, physisorption, metallic hydrides, and complex hydrides. Physisorption through cryoadsorption of hydrogen onto activated carbon at 77K provides a gravimetric density of 10.8% and volumetric density of 41 kg/m3, making it economically competitive. Metallic hydrides like LaNi5H6 provide high volumetric densities but lower gravimetric densities of less than 3%. Complex hydrides show the highest densities but challenges with hydrogen release dynamics.
Hybrid power generation by and solar –windUday Wankar
With the development of industry and
agriculture, a great amount of energy such as coal, oil
and gas has been consumed in the world. Extensive
use of these fossil energies deteriorates a series of
problems like energy crisis, environmental pollution
and so on. Everybody knows that the fossil energy
reserves are finite, some day it will be exhausted.
It is possible that the world will face a
global energy crisis due to a decline in the
availability of cheap oil and recommendations to a
decreasing dependency on fossil fuel. This has led to
increasing interest in alternate power/fuel research
such as fuel cell technology, hydrogen fuel, biodiesel,
Karrick process, solar energy, geothermal energy,
tidal energy and wind. Today, solar energy and wind
energy have significantly alternated fossil fuel with
big ecological problems.
With the development of the science and
technology, power generation using solar energy and
wind power is gradually known by more and more
people. And it is widespread used in many developed
countries. The merits of the solar and wind power
generation are very obvious-infinite and nonpolluting.
The raw materials of the solar and wind
power generation derived from nature, and wind
power generation can work twenty-four hours a day,
solar power generation only works by daylight. In
addition, this kind of power generation has no
exhaust emission and there is no influence to the
nature. But it also has some shortcomings. Because
of the imperfect of the technology, equipment of the
solar and wind power generation is very expensive.
By far, it cannot be widely used.
In addition, solar and wind power
generation system affected by the changing of the
weather very much, so it has obvious defects in
reliability compared with fossil fuel, and it is difficult
to make it fit for practical use the lack of economical
efficiency .Because of these problems it needs to
increase the reliability of energy supply by
developing a system which interacts Solar and wind
energy. This kind of system is usually called windsolar
hybrid power generation system significantly
The document discusses solar energy collection and applications. It describes how solar panels use solar radiation to heat water, and that active solar water heating systems rely on pumps to circulate heated liquid between collectors and storage tanks while passive systems rely on gravity. It then discusses different types of solar collectors like flat-plate and concentrating collectors, and how solar concentrators reduce costs by focusing sunlight onto a smaller receiver area. Finally, it provides examples of solar applications including solar water distillation, solar boilers for heated water, and parabolic solar cookers.
This document contains a case study by Saumya Tiwari on Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs). It includes questions and answers on the working principle of LEDs, advancements in LEDs over time, different types of LEDs, and applications of LEDs. It also includes a question asking to develop a case study calculating energy savings and costs from replacing bulbs and tubes in a house with LEDs.
A solar water heater uses solar energy to heat water for uses like bathing and cleaning. It has an array of solar collectors that absorb heat from the sun and transfer it to an insulated storage tank. There are two main types - ones using flat plate collectors and ones using evacuated tube collectors. Both can operate with or without pumps. Solar water heaters save on electric costs, reduce carbon dioxide emissions, and have low maintenance costs compared to electric water heaters, though they may require an electric backup on cloudy days.
This document describes a solar tracking system that uses sensors and a programmable logic controller (PLC) to automatically orient solar panels towards the sun. It discusses the need for solar trackers to maximize solar panel output and efficiency. There are two main types of trackers: single-axis trackers that rotate around one axis, and dual-axis trackers that rotate around two axes to precisely follow the sun's movement. The tracking system works by using light sensors to detect sunlight intensity and signal the PLC to rotate stepper motors and align the panels accordingly. This allows it to capture 35% more energy than stationary panels.
SOLAR STREET LIGHTING SYSTEM SHOULD BE USED TO DECREASE THE ENERGY DEMAND IN HIGHWAYS ALSO RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES CAN BE UTILIZED MORE AND MORE TO REDUCE THE MASSIVE USES OF FOSSIL FUELS WHICH ARE EXTINGUISHABLE.
Solar cells, also known as photovoltaic cells, convert solar energy from the sun into electrical energy. They operate based on the photovoltaic effect where absorption of light by the solar cell's semiconductor material generates electron/hole pairs that can be harvested as an electric current. A typical solar cell consists of a thin wafer made from silicon with a positive and negative layer that form a p-n junction. When light hits the solar cell, photons are absorbed and electrons flow, generating direct current electricity that can be used or stored. The three main types of solar cells are monocrystalline, polycrystalline, and amorphous silicon cells which have varying efficiencies depending on the purity and structure of the
basic renewable energy for Engineering Studentspankajnavale25
Renewables energy and basics by expert faculty at Government Institute and Engineering College from India. Better understanding best notes that one can. See.
India has a growing economy but low per capita energy consumption due to its large population. Currently, oil and gas meet half of India's energy needs, but the government aims to increase renewable sources like solar and wind to 20% of the energy mix by 2022. India has significant coal reserves but is also developing other energy sources like hydropower, biomass, and nuclear power. The presentation outlines India's current energy scenario and renewable potential as the country works to boost access to energy and transition to more sustainable resources.
Hydrogen has the highest energy content by mass of any fuel and can be used as a substitute for hydrocarbons. It has a non-polluting burning process. There are several methods for producing hydrogen, including electrolysis of water, thermo-chemical processes, and from fossil fuels. Electrolysis uses electricity to split water into hydrogen and oxygen gases. Filter press electrolyzers are most widely used due to their ability to operate at high current densities and production rates. There are challenges to storing hydrogen including its low density and challenges maintaining it as a liquid. Storage methods include high pressure gas, liquid storage using cryogenics, underground storage, and chemically storing it in metal hydrides.
After multiple discussions around the world, this is an emerging view on the future of energy that is being shared for further comment and feedback. Events in London, Dubai, Shanghai, Delhi and New York have explored key drivers of change. Other events elsewhere have added in additional perspectives.
This document discusses solar energy prospects and challenges in India. It notes that solar energy has significant potential to meet India's growing energy demands. However, large-scale adoption faces technical challenges including improving solar cell efficiency, integrating solar power into the electric grid, and developing affordable energy storage solutions. Additionally, the levelized cost of energy from solar is currently higher than from conventional sources. The Indian government has implemented policies like the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission to promote solar power, but progress in achieving targets has been limited. Continued efforts are needed to address challenges and make solar energy economically viable compared to coal and other fossil fuels.
This document summarizes information about solar power plants. It discusses how solar power plants work by converting sunlight to electricity through either photovoltaic cells or concentrated solar power. It provides a diagram of a solar power plant and lists its key components like solar modules, controllers, batteries, and inverters. Standalone and grid-tie solar systems are described. Advantages of solar energy include being clean, renewable and producing power with little maintenance, though high upfront costs are a disadvantage. India's largest solar plants are noted. Uses of solar energy include water pumps, buildings, remote areas, and more.
Solar cells convert sunlight into electrical energy through the photovoltaic effect. They are constructed of layers of n-type and p-type semiconductors that form a p-n junction. When sunlight is absorbed, electrons are released and produce an external DC current. There are three main types of solar cells: monocrystalline, polycrystalline, and amorphous, with monocrystalline being the most efficient. Solar cells have advantages like being renewable and requiring little maintenance but also have disadvantages like high costs and reliance on consistent sunlight. They have applications in power generation, heating, pumping water, and more.
This document provides an overview of various types of electrical lighting sources and illumination concepts. It discusses the basic terms used in illumination like luminous flux, lumen, candle power, and inverse square and Lambert's cosine laws. It then describes different electrical light sources including incandescent, fluorescent, mercury vapor, sodium vapor, neon and halogen lamps. For each light source, it explains the working principle, construction details, advantages and applications. The document serves as a useful reference for understanding various electrical lighting techniques and concepts of illumination.
This document provides an overview of infrared technology and its applications in sensing and remote controls. It describes the basic components of an infrared detection system, including infrared sources like LEDs, transmission media, optical components, infrared detectors, and signal processing. It then discusses the specific components used in an example infrared obstacle detection circuit, including an IR LED, photodiode, op-amp, and potentiometer for threshold adjustment. The circuit detects objects by measuring changes in received infrared light intensity.
This document discusses key concepts related to solar radiation geometry. It begins by providing background on the sun and how it generates enormous amounts of energy. It then discusses how solar radiation reaches the Earth's atmosphere and surface. Key angles used in solar radiation analysis are defined, including latitude, declination, hour angle, and others. The timing of solstices and equinoxes is explained by the changing declination angle throughout the year. Factors like direct and diffuse radiation, spectral distribution, and how solar radiation is attenuated in the atmosphere are also summarized.
This document provides guidelines for efficient lighting design that prevents light pollution. It discusses types of outdoor lighting including flood lighting, criteria for lighting design such as directing light downward and avoiding excess lighting levels. It also covers lamp types including high pressure sodium, low pressure sodium and warm LEDs, as well as luminaire design considerations. The goal is to obtain efficient, sustainable lighting while preventing light pollution and its impacts on the environment and human health.
The document discusses solar photovoltaic (PV) cells and their uses. It begins by defining PV cells as solid state devices that convert sunlight directly into electrical energy with efficiencies ranging from a few percent to 30%. PV cells have no moving parts and can last 20-30 years. The document then provides examples of how PV cells are used in applications such as powering homes, signs, streetlights, remote water pumps, and refrigerators carrying vaccines in remote parts of Africa. PV cells are well-suited for powering remote applications where other power sources are impractical.
This document discusses various methods for hydrogen storage, including compression, liquefaction, physisorption, metallic hydrides, and complex hydrides. Physisorption through cryoadsorption of hydrogen onto activated carbon at 77K provides a gravimetric density of 10.8% and volumetric density of 41 kg/m3, making it economically competitive. Metallic hydrides like LaNi5H6 provide high volumetric densities but lower gravimetric densities of less than 3%. Complex hydrides show the highest densities but challenges with hydrogen release dynamics.
Hybrid power generation by and solar –windUday Wankar
With the development of industry and
agriculture, a great amount of energy such as coal, oil
and gas has been consumed in the world. Extensive
use of these fossil energies deteriorates a series of
problems like energy crisis, environmental pollution
and so on. Everybody knows that the fossil energy
reserves are finite, some day it will be exhausted.
It is possible that the world will face a
global energy crisis due to a decline in the
availability of cheap oil and recommendations to a
decreasing dependency on fossil fuel. This has led to
increasing interest in alternate power/fuel research
such as fuel cell technology, hydrogen fuel, biodiesel,
Karrick process, solar energy, geothermal energy,
tidal energy and wind. Today, solar energy and wind
energy have significantly alternated fossil fuel with
big ecological problems.
With the development of the science and
technology, power generation using solar energy and
wind power is gradually known by more and more
people. And it is widespread used in many developed
countries. The merits of the solar and wind power
generation are very obvious-infinite and nonpolluting.
The raw materials of the solar and wind
power generation derived from nature, and wind
power generation can work twenty-four hours a day,
solar power generation only works by daylight. In
addition, this kind of power generation has no
exhaust emission and there is no influence to the
nature. But it also has some shortcomings. Because
of the imperfect of the technology, equipment of the
solar and wind power generation is very expensive.
By far, it cannot be widely used.
In addition, solar and wind power
generation system affected by the changing of the
weather very much, so it has obvious defects in
reliability compared with fossil fuel, and it is difficult
to make it fit for practical use the lack of economical
efficiency .Because of these problems it needs to
increase the reliability of energy supply by
developing a system which interacts Solar and wind
energy. This kind of system is usually called windsolar
hybrid power generation system significantly
The document discusses solar energy collection and applications. It describes how solar panels use solar radiation to heat water, and that active solar water heating systems rely on pumps to circulate heated liquid between collectors and storage tanks while passive systems rely on gravity. It then discusses different types of solar collectors like flat-plate and concentrating collectors, and how solar concentrators reduce costs by focusing sunlight onto a smaller receiver area. Finally, it provides examples of solar applications including solar water distillation, solar boilers for heated water, and parabolic solar cookers.
This document contains a case study by Saumya Tiwari on Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs). It includes questions and answers on the working principle of LEDs, advancements in LEDs over time, different types of LEDs, and applications of LEDs. It also includes a question asking to develop a case study calculating energy savings and costs from replacing bulbs and tubes in a house with LEDs.
A solar water heater uses solar energy to heat water for uses like bathing and cleaning. It has an array of solar collectors that absorb heat from the sun and transfer it to an insulated storage tank. There are two main types - ones using flat plate collectors and ones using evacuated tube collectors. Both can operate with or without pumps. Solar water heaters save on electric costs, reduce carbon dioxide emissions, and have low maintenance costs compared to electric water heaters, though they may require an electric backup on cloudy days.
This document describes a solar tracking system that uses sensors and a programmable logic controller (PLC) to automatically orient solar panels towards the sun. It discusses the need for solar trackers to maximize solar panel output and efficiency. There are two main types of trackers: single-axis trackers that rotate around one axis, and dual-axis trackers that rotate around two axes to precisely follow the sun's movement. The tracking system works by using light sensors to detect sunlight intensity and signal the PLC to rotate stepper motors and align the panels accordingly. This allows it to capture 35% more energy than stationary panels.
SOLAR STREET LIGHTING SYSTEM SHOULD BE USED TO DECREASE THE ENERGY DEMAND IN HIGHWAYS ALSO RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES CAN BE UTILIZED MORE AND MORE TO REDUCE THE MASSIVE USES OF FOSSIL FUELS WHICH ARE EXTINGUISHABLE.
Solar cells, also known as photovoltaic cells, convert solar energy from the sun into electrical energy. They operate based on the photovoltaic effect where absorption of light by the solar cell's semiconductor material generates electron/hole pairs that can be harvested as an electric current. A typical solar cell consists of a thin wafer made from silicon with a positive and negative layer that form a p-n junction. When light hits the solar cell, photons are absorbed and electrons flow, generating direct current electricity that can be used or stored. The three main types of solar cells are monocrystalline, polycrystalline, and amorphous silicon cells which have varying efficiencies depending on the purity and structure of the
basic renewable energy for Engineering Studentspankajnavale25
Renewables energy and basics by expert faculty at Government Institute and Engineering College from India. Better understanding best notes that one can. See.
1) This document discusses solar architecture and passive solar building design. It describes how passive solar buildings utilize solar energy for heating and cooling through architectural design without mechanical systems.
2) Key passive solar design elements include south-facing windows to maximize solar gain, thermal mass materials to absorb and store heat, and overhangs or shades to block unwanted summer sun.
3) The document also presents mathematical models to estimate the periodic heat transfer through a building's walls, roof, windows and internal air temperature over time under varying solar radiation and ambient conditions. These models can predict a building's thermal performance and energy needs.
Solar energy can be harnessed in three main ways: through solar thermal technologies to convert sunlight into heat, through photovoltaics to directly convert it into electricity, and through photosynthesis to convert it into chemical energy. Some key applications of solar energy include water heating, space heating, electricity generation, and driving chemical reactions. While solar energy is abundant and clean, it also has disadvantages like intermittency and the need to convert and store it before use.
This document discusses solar energy and its applications. It covers topics like solar radiation components, applications of solar energy in areas like solar heating and cooling and power generation, and factors that affect solar radiation intensity like geographical location and weather conditions. It also provides information on concepts like extraterrestrial solar radiation, solar collectors, and how solar geometry and angles help determine the amount of direct radiation received on Earth's surface.
This document provides information on properly sizing and designing solar thermal systems. It discusses calculating hot water demand and heat requirements, sizing collectors and storage, choosing appropriate materials, commissioning expansion vessels, avoiding stagnation, and testing heat transfer fluids. Key steps include determining daily water usage, sizing collectors to meet 55-60% annual solar fraction based on location, using the correct piping and insulation materials, and preventing overheating with techniques like cooling vessels.
This document provides an overview of solar energy and solar radiation concepts. It discusses topics like solar radiation geometry, measurement of solar radiation, extraterrestrial and terrestrial radiation, scattering and absorption in the atmosphere, air mass, and formulas for calculating the angle of incidence and solar day length. It also includes examples of calculating the angle of incidence and sunshine hours at different locations and dates. The document is intended to outline the syllabus and learning outcomes for a course on renewable energy systems with a focus on solar energy.
Principles of Solar radiation unit 1- Renewable Energy sourcesRamesh Thiagarajan
The document discusses solar energy and its various applications. It begins by explaining that solar energy is radiant light and heat from the sun that is harnessed using technologies to capture and distribute it. It then provides details on the different types of solar technologies, including passive solar and active solar. It also discusses topics like the amount of solar radiation the Earth receives, how solar radiation is characterized, and instruments used to measure solar radiation. The document then covers environmental impacts of solar power generation and steps that can be taken to address those impacts. Finally, it discusses additional topics such as the physics of the sun, characteristics of the sun, and types of solar collectors.
solar energy collection and applicationsAtulMohod5
The document discusses solar energy collection and applications. It describes the sun as a renewable energy source and how solar energy is collected using different types of solar collectors like flat plate collectors and concentrating collectors. These collectors operate at different temperature ranges. The document also outlines various applications of solar energy for thermal and electricity purposes, including water heating, drying, cooking, power generation, and water pumping.
Modeling Of a Bucket Air Cooler by Using Solar EnergyIJMER
In a conventional energy sources day to day decreasing in their energy levels. Going green and conservation as much energy as possible has become the focal point in their eyes of the world. There are many sources of energy available to us that will conserve our natural resources and decrease on harmful emissions that are destroying our environment. Many energy sources available in world like
hydro electrical, thermal, mechanical, solar, tidal, bio gas, wave, wind, geothermal, ocean thermal energy. Many incentives are now available to individuals and industries who implement the use of this ecofriendly environment through in this direction we are selected solar energy is main sources.Our design and construction of a bucket air cooler by using solar energy is new alternative to
conventional energy sources. We set out to create an air cooler that does not create any harmful
emissions in environment and provide no pollution in the surrounding. The solar power as the main energy sources to help in the project work. It is providing to cooling the enclosed space and also measured the temperature levels of before and after in absorbed enclosed space.
This document provides information about flat-plate solar collectors. It discusses that flat-plate collectors are the simplest type of solar collector that uses a stationary black surface placed at an angle to the sun. It then describes the key components of flat-plate collectors including the absorber plate, flow passages, transparent cover, insulation and enclosure. Applications for flat-plate collectors include domestic hot water, space heating, and pool heating. The document also discusses factors that impact collector efficiency and methods to improve efficiency such as reducing thermal losses.
Solar thermal power generation systems use solar collectors to gather heat from sunlight and convert it to electricity or store it for later use. There are two main types of solar collectors - flat plate collectors which are simple and low-cost but can only reach low temperatures, and concentrating collectors like parabolic troughs and central tower systems that use mirrors to achieve higher temperatures suitable for power generation. Concentrating collectors require more complex optics and tracking systems but enable utility-scale solar thermal power plants. Thermal energy from collectors is transported via fluids, stored if needed, then used to drive steam turbines or gas turbines that generate electricity.
1. The document outlines the syllabus for a course on renewable energy generation systems, with a focus on solar energy. It covers topics like principles of solar energy, applications of solar energy, and solar power generation.
2. Measurement of solar radiation is discussed, including devices like pyranometers and pyrheliometers. Common solar energy technologies are described, such as flat plate collectors, solar water heaters, photovoltaic systems, and solar collectors.
3. The key components and working principles of flat plate collectors are explained. Flat plate collectors are widely used due to their simple design, lack of moving parts, low maintenance needs, and relatively low cost.
This document discusses alternative sources of energy and solar energy principles. It describes the course outcomes which are to demonstrate different alternative energy sources and energy conversion methods, illustrate solar energy principles and applications, and summarize concepts of wind, biomass, geothermal and ocean energy. It then covers classification of energy resources, advantages of renewable energy, solar energy received on Earth and factors affecting solar radiation levels like latitude, declination angle, and hour angle. Measurement instruments for solar radiation are also mentioned.
The document discusses solar energy and provides information about:
1) How solar energy can be directly utilized through solar thermal and photovoltaic systems.
2) Predictions that fossil fuel deposits will be depleted within the next few centuries while solar energy is abundant and renewable.
3) A brief history of milestones in the development of solar energy technology from the 1800s to present day.
The document discusses solar energy, including how it is generated by the sun, its different forms (heat and electricity), and how it can be harnessed and converted for useful purposes. Some key points made include:
- Solar energy is an inexhaustible and environmentally clean source of energy that is freely available in many parts of the world.
- It can be captured and converted into heat or electricity through various technologies like solar collectors, photovoltaic cells, and concentrating solar power systems.
- Capturing solar energy involves collecting, converting, and storing it since it is a diffuse source that varies over time and location.
The document discusses different types of solar collectors and components of flat plate collectors. Flat plate collectors consist of an absorber plate, glass cover, insulation, and enclosure. They work by absorbing solar radiation to heat a fluid flowing through tubes attached to the absorber plate. The performance of collectors is determined by measuring the inlet and outlet fluid temperatures and flow rate. Collector efficiency is the ratio of useful energy gain to incident solar energy. Temperature distributions in collectors and methods for calculating overall heat loss coefficients are also examined.
Modeling Of a Bucket Air Cooler by Using Solar EnergyIJMER
In a conventional energy sources day to day decreasing in their energy levels. Going green
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There are many sources of energy available to us that will conserve our natural resources and decrease
on harmful emissions that are destroying our environment. Many energy sources available in world like
hydro electrical, thermal, mechanical, solar, tidal, bio gas, wave, wind, geothermal, ocean thermal
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Studying the factors affecting solar power generation systems performance ( S...IJERA Editor
Solar energy is a huge, clean and renewable source of energy. It is also available everywhere on the earth. However, there are many technical and economic difficulties need to be solved so that solar energy becomes a strong competition against the traditional energy sources. Energy from the sun can be used successfully in electric power generation systems. Depending on the climate conditions and the use of a properly designed, installing and maintained system can meet a large demand in this request. Work plane for this research will include many steps, the first step will include an introduction to solar energy. The second step will be a short review of the solar energy availability, geometry, fields of applications and the largest commercial application of solar energy is the solar thermal power generation. In addition, the most common types of solar thermal power plants, the solar field, heat transfer fluid and the power conversion system types will be explained in detail. The third step, a simple analysis for the solar thermal power plant will be explained in order to predict the optimum conditions leading to maximum performance. Discussions of results will be the fourth step. The last step a conclusion and recommendation for future work will also be included.
A neural network is an interconnected assembly of simple processing elements (1)Kshitij Singh
A neural network is an interconnected group of nodes that is loosely based on the human brain. The network learns by adjusting its interconnection weights based on examples provided in a training dataset to perform tasks like classification or prediction. Commonly, neural networks are trained using supervised learning where the network learns from many input-target pairs to adjust its weights until the network output matches the expected target output. There are two main methods for training neural networks - batch training which updates weights after all training examples are processed, and incremental or online training which updates weights after each individual example. In MATLAB, the Neural Network toolbox can be used to create, train, and analyze neural networks for various applications like pattern recognition, forecasting, and more.
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1) A number system with base 'r' contains 'r' different digits from 0 to r-1. Decimal to other bases conversions involve dividing the integer part by the base and multiplying the fractional part by the base.
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This document defines key terms related to graph theory and its application to electrical networks. It defines a graph, nodes, branches, directed and undirected graphs, subgraphs, paths, trees, twigs, links, incidence and reduced incidence matrices. It also discusses properties of trees, tie sets, fundamental loops, cut sets, and how to construct tie set and cut set matrices to relate branch currents and voltages to tie set currents and cut set voltages.
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Non-Conventional Energy Resources
Unit-II
2.1 Solar Radiation: The solar radiations received by the earth’s surface depends on various factors, like location, weather conditions,
climate, absorption, reflection, scattering and attenuation by aerosol, particulates present in the atmosphere. The solar radiation may be
explained in two categories:
2.1.1 Extraterrestrial Solar Radiation: The intensity of sun’s radiation outside the earth’s atmosphere is called extraterrestrial
radiation. It has no diffuse components. The radiations are measured as an average earth-sun distance on a surface normal to radiation.
The energy flux is called solar radiation and may be defined as:
“The energy received from the sunper unit time on a unit area of surface, perpendicular to the direction of propagation
of the radiation at the earth’s mean distance from the sun outside the atmosphere.”
It is denoted by ISC and is estimated as1367 W/m2
.
1. The value of solar constant remains constant throughout the year.
2. Its value changes with location.
The extraterrestrial radiation observed on different days is known as
apparent extraterrestrial solar radiation (irradiance) and can be calculated on
any day of year with given equation:
2.1.2 Terrestrial Solar Radiation: The radiations receive on the earth surface is called the terrestrial radiation and is nearly 70% of
extraterrestrial solar radiation. Its maximum value on horizontal earth surface is 1000 W/m2
, because a large part of radiations are
absorbed, reflected, attenuated back by earth’s atmosphere.
(A) Direct or Beam Radiation (Ib): The radiation received on the earth’s surface directly without change in direction and does not
get absorbed, reflected and scattered while passing through atmosphere.
(B) Diffuse radiation (Id): The radiation received on earth surface at a location from all the directions. This radiation changes the
original direction after scattering, reflection in the atmosphere as well as by ground surface. Its average value is nearly 20% in the
morning hrs and decreases to 5-10% of the total radiation during the clear day but increase in the hazy and cloudy conditions of sky.
(C) Total or Global Radiation (It): The sum of beam and diffuse radiation intercepted at the surface of the earth per unit area of
location is called the total /global radiation or insolation: It = Ib +Id
2.2 Air Mass:
It is a term used to assess the distance travelled by a beam radiation through the atmosphere
before reaching the location on the earth’s surface.
It is defined as the ratio of the path of the sun’s ray through the atmosphere to the length of the
path when the sun is directly over head or sun is at its zenith.
Air mass(m) =
2.3 Basic Sun-Earth Angles:
2.3.1. Angle of latitude of a particular location ( ): It is the vertical angle between the line joining that point of location to the
centre of the earth and its projection on an equatorial plane. It is 00
for a point on the equator and ±900
for a point at the poles.
2.2.2. Declination angle (δ):It is the angle made between the line joining the sun to earth and its projection on the equatorial plane.
Due to the inclination of earth’s axis, the line joining the Sun and Earth will not lie on the equatorial plane. It varies through the year
from + 23.450
to -23.450
.
Its value can be calculated as: = 23.45
( )×
; n = no. of days in year
2.3.3. Hour angle (ω): It is the angle representing the position of the sun with respect to
clock hour and with reference to sun’s position at 12 noon. In other words it represents
the angle through which the earth must rotate so that the meridian at a point comes into
alignment with sun’s rays. It is a constant and equal to 150
/hr.
2.3.4. Solar altitude angle (α): It shows a horizontal plane drawn at any place on
earth.At any point the line joining sun to the centre of this horizontal plane and the line
joining the projection of sun and the centre of the horizontal plane makes a vertical angle
α, which is called the altitude angle.
Solar Thermal Energy: Solar radiation, flat plate collectors and their materials, applications and performance, focusing of
collectors, solar thermal power plants, thermal energy storage for solar heating and cooling, limitations.
1 + 0.033
360
365
IO = apparent extraterrestrial solar irradiance (W/m2
)
n = No. days of the year
ISC = 1367 W/m2
(approx)
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2.3.5. Zenith angle (θZ): If a vertical line is drawn to this horizontal plane, at its centre, the line joining sun and the centre of the plane
will make an angle θZ with this vertical. This angle is called the zenith angle.
2.3.6. Local solar time (LST): This is also called Local Apparent Time (LAT) td calculated using various values of θZ. The time so
calculated the Local Solar Time.This will vary from the actual clock time by approximately 4 minutes. This variation changes with
the month of the year.
2.4Solar Thermal Energy: The application of solar thermal energy ranges from solar cooker of 1 kW to power plant of 200 MW.
These systems are grouped into low temperature (< 1500
C), medium temperature (1500
- 3000
C) and high temperature (5000
–
10000
C).
2.5Solar Collectors:
Solar collectors are used to collect the solar energy and convert the incident radiations in thermal energy by absorbing them.
This heat is absorbed by flowing fluid in the tube of collector.
These are of two types: 1. Non concentrating collectors, 2. Concentrating collectors.
2.5.1Non concentrating collectors: In these collectors the area of collector to intercept the solar radiation is equal to the absorber
plate and has concentration ratio of 1. These can be categorized as:
2.5.1(a) Flat Plate Collectors:
These are the most important part of any solar thermal energy
system.
It is simplest in design and absorbs direct and diffuse radiations
both and converts it into useful heat.
It is suitable for heating to temperature below 1000
C.
Advantages Disadvantages
1. Utilizes the both the beam as well as diffuse radiation for
heating
1. Large heat losses by conduction and radiation.
2. Less maintenance requires 2. No tracking of sun.
3. Low water temperature is achieved.
2.5.1(b) Vacuum Tube Collectors:
Looks like fluorescent lamp contains several individual parallel glass tubes.
Each tube contains an absorber tube bounded to a heat pipe, covered with
selective coating and suspended in vacuum.
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These tube collectors are more efficient than flat collectors because they perform well in both direct and diffuse solar radiation.
These collectors are best suited for moderate temperature applications where the demand temperature is above 950
C and very cold
climates.
2.5.1(c) Unglazed Flat Plate Collectors:
Specially designed for low-temperature applications such as the heating of
swimming pools etc where demand of temperature is at below 300
C.
Made-up of either rubber or UV- stabilized black polymer plastic.
A large portion of sun’s energy is absorbed and lost both due to the absence
of glazing.
Having life span of 15-20 years.
2.5.2 Construction and Materials for Flat Plate Collectors:
Material needed for flat plate collectors can be classified into following groups:
Physical properties – tensile strength, density etc.
Thermal properties – thermal conductivity, heat capacity etc.
Environmental properties – corrosion resistant, degradation of material due to UV radiation, moisture penetration etc.
The materials generally used for various components of a flat plate collector are as given below:
(a) Absorber Plate and Tubes:
These plates should have high tensile strength; high thermal conductivity and it should be corrosion resistant (generally made of
copper, aluminum, steel etc).
Generally black chrome, black copper oxides, black nickel etc are used for its coating to having high absorptivity.
(b) Thermal Insulation:
The material used for insulation should have low thermal conductivity, stability at high temperature up to 2000
C, non-corrosive.
Insulating materials generally used are mineral wool, rock wool, glass, thermo Cole, foam etc.
(c) Transparent Cover Plates:
Cover plates must have high strength, high solar energy transmittance and high durability against UV radiation.
Usually plain glass plates or toughened of 4 to 5 mm thickness are used.
(d) Casing:
This contains all the above components which is placed at an angle facing south at an inclination to the horizontal equal to the
latitude of the place plus 150
.
It is made of aluminum, steel or fiber glass in rectangular shape.
(e) Selective Coating:
This surface has high absorptivity of incoming solar radiation and low value of emissivity.
Selective surfaces are essential to reduce the heat losses from absorber plate and increase the temperature of absorbing surface i.e.
it should have high collector efficiency.
Various methods of these coatings which are employed are by electroplating, anodic oxidation, chemical conversion etc.
Generally Black chrome, black nickel, aluminum nitride etc are used for this purpose.
2.5.3Performance of Flat Plate Collectors:
(a) Fin Efficiency Factor (F):
It indicates the effectiveness of a fin in transferring the
thermal energy to the tube from the projected plane.
It is defined as a ratio of actual heat transferred to the heat that would be transferred if entire plate area (fins) is at base
temperature.It is represented by letter F.
Where: Qact = actual rate of heat transferred to tube base (W/m2
)
AC = collector area (m2
); It = incident total radiations (W/m2
); UL = overall heat loss coefficient (W/m2 0
C);
Tp= plate temperature (0
C); Ta = ambient temperature (0
C); α0τ0 = product of absorptivity and transmitivity;
α0τ0I0 = heat energy absorbed by collector / area (W/m2
); UL(Tp - Ta) = overall heat loss / area (W/m2
).
(b) Collector Efficiency Factor (F’):
It is defined as the ratio of useful
heat removed by flowing fluid in
the tubes to the heat removed
with assumption that collector
absorbing plate is at local fluid
temperature (Tf) throughout.
This factor is constant for given collectors and depends on design and flow rate of fluid through tubes.
Decreases with increase in spacing between the tubes and increases with thermal conductivity of material and its thickness.
(c) Collector Heat Removal Factor (FR):
=
ℎ
=
− ( − )
=
ℎ
ℎ ℎ , ℎ
=
− ( − )
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It is defined as a ratio of actual
useful energy gain by fluid to the
energy gain if the entire collector
is at fluid inlet temperature.
It reduces the actual useful heat
gain by flowing fluid in the tube.
Where: Tfo= outlet fluid temperature; Tfi= inlet fluid temperature (0
C); m = mass flow rate of fluid (Kg/s);
Cf = specific heat capacity of fluid (KJ/Kg K).
(d) Collector Efficiency (η):
It is the ratio of useful energy absorbed by collector to the incident solar energy over it.
2.5.4 Factor Affecting the Performance of Flat Plate Collectors:
(a) Incident Solar Radiation: As the solar flux increases, the heat absorbed by the collector increases, thereby the performance of the
collectors improves.
(b) Selective Surfaces: By using materials for surfaces which are highly sensitivity to the radiation, the absorption could be
maximized. The selective surface should able to withstand high temperature of 3000
-4000
C should not oxidize and be non-corrosive.
(c) Number of Cover Plates: The increase in number of cover plate reduces the internal convective heat losses but also prevents the
transmission of radiation inside the collector. More than two cover plate should not be used to optimize the system.
(d) Spacing between Absorber Plates and Glass Cover: The more space between the absorber and cover plate the less internal heat
losses. The collector efficiency will be increased. However on the other hand, increase in space between them provides the shading by
side wall in the morning and evening and reduces the absorbed solar flux.
(e) Collector Tilt: The flat plate collectors do not track sun and should be tilted at angle latitude of the location for an average better
performance. The collector is placed with south facing at northern hemisphere to receive maximum radiation throughout the day.
(f) Fluid Inlet Temperature: As the inlet temperature of the fluid increases, the operating temperature of the collector increases. This
lead to increased losses and decrease in efficiency.
(g) Dust on Cover Plate:The efficiency of collector decreases with dust particles on the cover plate because the transmission
radiation decreases by 1%. Frequent cleaning is required to get the maximum efficiency of collector.
2.6 Concentrating Type Collectors:
These types of collectors are also known as focusing collectors.
These are used for medium (100-3000
C) and high temperature (above 3000
C) application such as steam production for the
generation of electricity.
The collector system comprises of a concentrator and absorber (receiver). The concentrator is an optical system in the form of
reflecting mirrors or reflecting lenses.
The collector is installed with a tracking device for continuously following the sun.
The receiver includes an energy absorbing surface, transparent cover and other accessories.
The system receives the solar radiation on the large concentration area and focused it on to a an absorber having relatively much
lesser area.
These systems have high collector efficiency which lies between 50-70%.
2.6.1Types of Solar Concentrating Collectors:
These are further divided into two categories (a). Focusing type or concentrating type collectors, (b).Non-focusing type collectors.
2.6.1(a) Focusing Type Concentrator:
1. Parabolic trough reflector, 2. Mirror strip reflector,
3. Fresnel lens collector, 4. Parabolic dish collector
1. Parabolic Through Reflector:
This type is line focusing type collector.
In this type of collector, the solar radiations falling on the area of the parabolic
reflector are concentrated at the focus of parabola.
These are usually made of highly polished or glass like shine surfaces.
The temperature at the absorber tube is obtained at nearly 4000
C.
Because of its parabolic shape, it can focus the sun at 30 to 100 times its normal
intensity on a receiver.
2. Mirror Strip Reflector Type Concentrating Collector:
It has the plane or slightly curved mirror strips mounted on a flat base.
The individual mirrors are placed at such an angle that reflected solar radiations fall on the same focal line where the absorber
pipe is placed.
The collector pipe is rotated so that the reflected rays on the absorber remain focused with respect to changes n sun’s elevation.
=
ℎ
ℎ ℎ , ℎ
=
( − )
− ( − )
=
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3. Fresnel Lens Concentrating Collector:
In this collector a Fresnel lens which consists of fine, linear grooves on the surface ofrefracting material of optical quality on one
side and flat on the other side is used.
The solar radiations which fall normal to the lens are refracted by the lens and are focused on a line where the absorber (receiver)
tube is placed.
A Fresnel lens collector is generally made of acrylic plastic sheets having overall dimensions of 4.7 m × 0.05 m.
4. Parabolic Dish Collector:
It is point focusing type collector which have a mirror like reflectors and an absorber at the focal point.
The concentrating ratio of these collectors is 100 and temperature of the receiver can reach up to 20000
C.
These collectors have higher efficiency for converting solar energy to electricity in the small-power plant.
2.6.1(b) Non-Focusing Type Collectors:
1. Flat plate collector with plane reflector, 2. Compound parabolic concentrator
1. Flat Plate Collector with Plane Reflector:
It uses a flat plate collector with plane mirror reflector attached on its edges to reflect the additional solar radiations into the
receiver, thus the total solar radiation received by the receiver are increased. The mirrors used are called booster mirrors.
These collectors utilize direct and diffuse both types of radiations and achieved fluid temperature higher by 300
C than in FPC.
2. Compound Parabolic Concentrator (CPC):
It is also called Winston collectors. It consists of two facing parabolic mirror segments attached to a flat receiver (absorber).
It collects both direct and diffuse solar radiation with high acceptance angle and requires occasional sun tracking.
The temperature attained is in the range from 1000
C to 1500
C. However temperature up to 2000
C can be achieved using evacuated
type of tubular absorber.
3. Center Receiver Type (Solar Power Tower): There is one more type of solar
collectors, known as solar power tower.
This system uses 100-1000 of flat tracking mirrors called heliostats to reflect the
large solar energy at one point (receiver).
Each heliostat is rotated into two directions so as to track the sun and they
together behave like a broken very large parabolic reflector.
A concentration ratio up to 3000 can be achieved with this system and capable
to generate steam of high pressure and high temperature suited for generation of
electricity in steam power plants.
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2.6.2Advantages & Disadvantages of concentrating Collectors Over Flat Plate Collectors:
Advantages Disadvantages
1. Cost of concentrator system/unit area is less. 1. System needs tracking of sun which increases the capital cost.
2. Requires less absorber area. 2. Diffuse solar radiations cannot be collected on receiver.
3. Has high collection efficiency since heat losses are less. 3. Requires higher maintenance to retain the quality of reflecting
surfaces.
4. Suitable for large power generation since high temperatures of
the fluid can be attained.
4. Has high initial cost and maintenance cost.
2.7Solar Thermal System: A solar thermal system is use to convert solar energy into other forms of energy which may be utilized for
various applications like: 1. Heating water for domestic use and for swimming pools;
2. Heating and cooling of buildings; 3. Day lighting of buildings; 4. Cooking food;
5. Solar distillation (water treatment etc); 6. Electricity generation; 7. Powering earth satellites etc.
2.7.1Solar Thermal Power plant: A solar power plant converts solar energy into electrical energy. They can be divided into
following categories: 1. Low temperature solar power plant using flat plate collectors
2. Medium temperature solar power plant using concentrated solar collectors
3. High temperature solar power plant using tower system.
1. Low Temperature Solar Power System:
The low temperature solar power plants use the working fluid
temperatures in the range of 600
C to 1000
C which can be obtained using
flat plate collectors.
Since the water can be only heated 800
C in FPC, the systems needs to use
a working fluid having low boiling temperature like butane gas.
The cold water is circulated into the collector with the help of a
circulating pump.
The heated water is circulated in a heat exchanger called butane boiler,
where it generates the butane gas at high pressure. This butane gas
supplied to a butane turbine to produce mechanical power due to
expansion of butane gas.
The vapour coming out of the turbine is condensed in a condenser and
sent back for recirculation with the help of feed pump.
The mechanical power output of turbine is converted into electric power
by generator.
2. Medium temperature Solar Power Plant:
These systems employ an array of parabolic
through concentrating collectors spread over a
large area.
The general range of working temperature is
between 2500
C to 4000
C.
The working fluid, usually water, is heated as it
circulates through the receivers.
This heat is transferred to storage tank and fed to
water where the steam is generated in the steam
generator.
This steam is utilized to run a turbine coupled to a
electric generator, which converts it into electrical
energy by electro-mechanical energy conversion.
The exhaust of steam turbine is condensed in the
condenser with the help of cold water circulated
in the condenser.
A 30 MW plant have been installed in Rajasthan
under the department of non-conventional energy
sources.
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3. High Temperature Solar Thermal Power Plants:
Such plants use heliostatsand have high thermal
efficiency, can build in the capacity of 50 MW to
200 MW.
The solar dish collectors receive solar radiations
which are collected at a common focusing point.
Small volumes of the fluid are heated at this point
high temperature.
In central tower receiver an array of plane mirrors
called heliostats which are individually controlled
and tracked to reflect the solar radiations on a
receiver kept on a tower of tower of about 500 m
height.
The feed water in the absorber-receiver called
boiler is converted into high steam of about
6000
C- 7000
C.
This steam is supplied in a conventional steam
power plant coupled to an electric generator to
generator electrical power.
2.7.2 Solar Pond:
The concept of solar pond is based on the
observation that some natural lakes have higher
temperature at bottom where salt concentration is
higher.
The heat of hot brine solution from solar pond is
used to evaporated the working substance at
constant pressure in the boiler.
This vapour is used to run the vapour turbine to
produce mechanical power is utilized to run a
generator to produce the electrical power.
The exhaust of the turbine is condensed in the
condenser at constant pressure with the help of
cooling water.
The condensate is returned to the boiler by a pump.
Thus the cycle is repeated.
2.7.3 Solar Water Heater:
The solar water heaters are used to raise the
temperature of water and store it for various
purposes as when needed.
It consists of the following main components
connected with the help of insulated piping:
(i) Flat plate collector (ii) Storage tank
(iii) Heat exchanger (iv) Pump
The water is heated in the flat plate collectors. The
low temperature water is fed from bottom side of
collector and high temperature water is taken out
from the top of the collector.
The storage tank is insulated to retain the heat of
water with minimum losses. The heated water is
stored in the tank for further use.
The heat exchanger is incorporated between the
collector and storage tank. It is installed and good
quality of water is used in primary cycle of the
collector.
Pumps are used for circulation of fluid.
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2.7.4 Solar Cooling System:
The cycle used for cooling with utilization of solar energy is vapour absorption cycle is used in remote area having scarcity of
power.
The performance of vapour absorption system depends upon the working fluid pair i.e. refrigerant and absorbent.
The absorption systems are classified as:
(a)Ammonia/water absorption system
(b)Ammonia/water/hydrogen Electrolux absorption system
(c)Lithium bromide (Libr)/water absorption system.
Simple Ammonia/Water Absorption System
The most commonly used refrigerant in absorption system is ammonia. It is cheap and readily available and has great affinity with
water is used as absorbent and absorbs NH3 very fast.
The ammonia-water absorption system is used for cooling duties up to -500
C. The heat required in generator is supplied by water
heated in FPC.
Its main components and their working can be explained as:
(a)The Absorber: The absorber acts as a suction pump. The water is used as absorbent to absorb the low-pressure suction vapour of
NH3 coming out of evaporator. During absorption the ammonia discharges its latent heat of condensation to the water which raises its
temperature. Thus it is always desirable to cool the absorbent solution by cooled circulated external water or by means to keep the
absorbent temperature as low as possible.
(b) Pump: The NH3 rich solution from the absorber is pumped to the generator by means of using small capacity pump. The pump
raises the pressure of mixture.
(c) Generator: The heat from collector is supplied to the generator to boil off the rich mixture of NH3/water.
(d) Pressure Reducing Valve: The weak solution left in the generator at condensed pressure is returned back to absorber through
pressure reducing valve. The pressure reduces from condenser pressure to absorber pressure.
(e) Condenser: The high pressure ammonia vapour leaving the generator gets condensed in water-cooled condenser.
(f) Expansion Device: The condensed liquid ammonia from condenser is supplied through expansion device to evaporator. The
Expansion device lower the pressure and temperature of liquid ammonia.
(g) Evaporator: Low temperature and low pressure liquid ammonia enters in the evaporator where it boils of by absorbing latent heat
from surrounding to produce refrigeration effect. The liquid NH3 changes to low pressure suction vapour. The suction vapour is
absorbed in absorber to maintain the continue circulation of NH3 in system.