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Solar-cell based Power Generation - Will it affect Climate Change adversely in the long run?
- 1. Debdoot Ghosh 4th Year | B.Tech Mechanical Engineering Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore Incoming Student at the Imperial College London, UK
- 2. National Solar Energy Federation of India (NSEFI) • High solar irradiance • Large land availability • Modern Infrastructure • Good Government Support Andhra Pradesh States GHI (kWh/m2) DNI (kWh/m2) Min Max Min Max Tamil Nadu and Pondicherry 4.82 6.05 3.82 5.71 Andhra Pradesh 5.14 6.03 4.59 5.693 Tamil Nadu & Pondicherry SOUTH ZONE -2 | ESTIMATED SOLAR ENERGY POTENTIAL (GWP) 2
- 3. FIVE- WHY ANALYSIS Solar-cell Power Generation: A Threat to Climate Change 1. Why are solar cells detrimental to climate change? 2. Why does manufacturing solar cells require so much energy? 3. Why are these methods energy- intensive? 4. Where does this energy come from? 5. So, isn't using solar cells just trading one source of emissions for another? 3
- 4. FIVE- WHY ANALYSIS Solar-cell Power Generation: A Threat to Climate Change 1. Why are solar cells detrimental to climate change? 2. Why does manufacturing solar cells require so much energy? 3. Why are these methods energy-intensive? 4. Where does this energy come from? 5. So, isn't using solar cells just trading one source of emissions for another? Solar cells contain hazardous materials • Lead • Cadmium • Tellurium Environmental impacts of hazardous materials • Contamination of soil and groundwater • Air pollution • Human health problems Furthermore . . . 4
- 5. THE SOLUTION (1/2) Monocrystalline Silicon (mono c-Si) Polycrystalline Silicon (poly c-Si) Perovskites Highest Recorded Efficiency 25.455 24.4% 29.15% Light Absorption Potential >1,100 nm > 850 nm Temperature Coefficient -0.39%/ºC -0.38%/ºC -0.13%/ºC Cost Effectiveness $ $0.16/W -$0.46/W $0.24/W $0.16/W Applications Residential & Industrial Residential & Industrial Potential for residential, commercial, industrial, Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV), tactical, and space Electrode Charge Transport Layer Absorber (CH3NH3SnI3) Transparent Conductive electrode Substrate 5
- 6. OghmaNano University of Nottingham SCAPS University of Gent MODELLING AND SIMULATION OF PEROVSKITE SOLAR CELL The best result is: Layer thickness: 5.00E-08 Photon generation: 0.27 Thermal resistance: 234.0 with Efficiency of 26.34% Thermal Resistance, K 6 Perovskite used: Methylammonium Tin Iodide (CH3NH3SnI3)
- 7. NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION RESULTS 0.30 0.50 0.70 0.90 1.10 1.30 0 2E+09 Wavelength, μm Power Density, Watt Wavelength vs Power Density 0.30 0.50 0.70 0.90 1.10 1.30 0 2E+09 Wavelength, μm Power Density, Watt 7 Photon Distribution Contour Photon Absorption Contour
- 8. MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGIES CAN BE IMPLEMENTED Additive Manufacturing Deposition of Various Layers Over Substrate. Continuous Lamination Process Laser Scribing Rapid Spray Plasma Processing (RSPP) 8
- 9. TECHNOLOGY READINESS LEVEL (TRL) & POSSIBLE APPLICATIONS 9 TRL Chart Garter Hype Chart
- 10. Parameters (unit) NIO (ETL) CH3NH3SnI3 (Absorber) SnO2 (HTL) Thickness (nm) 100 500 300 Band gap (eV) 3.2 1.3 1.4 Electron affinity (eV) 3.9 4.17 4.1 Dielectric permittivity (relative) 9 8.2 9 CB effective DOS (cm −3 ) 1.00 × 10 21 2.80 × 10 18 2.2 × 10 18 VB effective DOS (cm −3 ) 2.00 × 10 20 3.90 × 10 18 1.80 × 10 18 Electron thermal velocity (cm/s) 1.00 × 10 7 1.00 × 10 7 1.00 × 10 7 Hole thermal velocity (cm/s) 1.00 × 10 7 1.00 × 10 7 1.00 × 10 7 Electron mobility (cm 2 /Vs) 25 0.16 100 Hole mobility (cm 2 /Vs) 100 0.16 12.5 Donor density ND (cm −3 ) 1.00 × 10 20 0 0 Acceptor density NA (cm −3 ) 0 1.00 × 10 16 1.00 × 10 19 10 Appendix: Material Properties
- 11. Appendix: References 1. Rong, Y., Hu, Y., Mei, A., Tan, H., Saidaminov, M., Seok, S., McGehee, M., Sargent, E., & Han, H. (2018). Challenges for commercializing perovskite solar cells. Science, 361(6408), eaat8235. 2. Green, M., Ho-Baillie, A., & Snaith, H. (2014). The emergence of perovskite solar cells. Nature photonics, 8(7), 506–514. 3. Wang, D., Wright, M., Elumalai, N., & Uddin, A. (2016). Stability of perovskite solar cells. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 147, 255–275. 4. Correa-Baena, J.P., Saliba, M., Buonassisi, T., Grätzel, M., Abate, A., Tress, W., & Hagfeldt, A. (2017). Promises and challenges of perovskite solar cells. Science, 358(6364), 739–744. 5. Hörantner, M., Leijtens, T., Ziffer, M., Eperon, G., Christoforo, M., McGehee, M., & Snaith, H. (2017). The potential of multijunction perovskite solar cells. ACS Energy Letters, 2(10), 2506–2513. 6. Kim, G.H., & Kim, D. (2021). Development of perovskite solar cells with> 25% conversion efficiency. Joule, 5(5), 1033–1035. 7. Kim, M., Kim, G.H., Lee, T., Choi, I., Choi, H., Jo, Y., Yoon, Y., Kim, J., Lee, J., Huh, D., & others (2019). Methylammonium chloride induces intermediate phase stabilization for efficient perovskite solar cells. Joule, 3(9), 2179–2192. 8. Xia, J., Zhang, Y., Xiao, C., Brooks, K., Chen, M., Luo, J., Yang, H., Klipfel, N., Zou, J., Shi, Y., & others (2022). Tailoring electric dipole of hole-transporting material p-dopants for perovskite solar cells. Joule, 6(7), 1689–1709. 9. Wang, S., Tan, L., Zhou, J., Li, M., Zhao, X., Li, H., Tress, W., Ding, L., Graetzel, M., & Yi, C. (2022). Over 24% efficient MA-free CsxFA1- xPbX3 perovskite solar cells. Joule, 6(6), 1344–1356. 10. Ju, M.G., Chen, M., Zhou, Y., Dai, J., Ma, L., Padture, N., & Zeng, X. (2018). Toward eco-friendly and stable perovskite materials for photovoltaics. Joule, 2(7), 1231–1241. 11. Haque, M., Mahjabin, S., Khan, S., Hossain, M., Muhammad, G., Shahiduzzaman, M., Sopian, K., & Akhtaruzzaman, M. (2022). Study on the interface defects of eco-friendly perovskite solar cells. Solar Energy, 247, 96–108. 12. OghmaNanoTM 13. SCAPS1DTM 11
- 12. 12 Appendix: Code Used to Get The Optimal Result
- 13. 13 Thank You
Editor's Notes
- Good morning esteemed professors. It is a huge honor to present at this platform. My name is Debdoot Ghosh, and I am currently in my fourth year of studies in the field of Mechanical Engineering at VIT Vellore and incoming student at the Imperial College London, UK. The focus of my presentation revolves around a critical topic: the potential adverse impact of long-term solar cell power generation on climate change. In this presentation, I aim to delve into the potential causes and a potent solution to overcome this issue.
- We’re surrounded by some incredible technologies today and we often take most of it for granted. Waiting in lines to buy the latest tech gadget without thinking about what went into making it, or what will happen to the old gadget its replacing. The same is true for renewable technologies like solar. We take it at face value that solar power is cleaner and better than the alternative of burning fossil fuels, but is it? We don’t often look at what kind of impact and cost it takes to make solar panels. Or what will happen to them at the end of life. The Southern Zone, encompassing Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, and Pondicherry, collectively receives 25% of India's total irradiance and produces 16% of the solar energy. In addition, abundant land, modern infrastructure, and strong government support facilitate the efficient conversion of this renewable energy source into electrical power.
- In our quest to understand the potential threat posed by solar cell-based power generation to climate change, I employed the classic Japanese technique known as the "Five Whys" analysis. The first broad scope question is how come solar cells are detrimental to climate change? It’s because they require a significant amount of energy to manufacture. Why do solar cells pose a risk to climate change? Because their manufacturing demands a significant energy input. Why is solar cell manufacturing energy-intensive? Because the materials like silicon used in solar cells are extracted and processed using energy-intensive methods. Why are these methods energy-intensive? They require substantial amounts of heat and electricity. Where does this energy originate? In many instances, it originates from fossil fuel sources. Isn't using solar cells just trading one emission source for another? Indeed, it is. In the short run, solar cells can mitigate emissions by substituting for fossil fuels. Nonetheless, over time, if the energy used to create solar cells relies on fossil fuels, the overall climate impact could be adverse.
- Moreover, Solar cells contain hazardous materials that demand proper handling, like lead, cadmium, and tellurium, which if released into the environment can pose risks to both nature and human health. Disposing of solar cells in landfills or incinerators can lead to the leakage of these materials into soil, groundwater, and the air. This can result in contamination and air pollution, which in turn can adversely impact any living being. Let's prioritize sustainable practices to prevent these environmental challenges. Hence, we can discern that the fundamental issue lies in the materials employed in solar cells. To address this pressing environmental concern, I advocate for the adoption of eco-friendly perovskite solar cells as a pivotal step towards embracing sustainable practices.
- Amongst traditional Mono and Poly Crystalline Silicon, and the emerging Perovskite tech, Perovskite stands out as the most promising for solar cells. Its efficiency shines at around 29%, notably starting absorption at 850 nm, ahead of the conventional 1,100 nm. This versatile material finds application from homes to industries, and even outer space, underlining its immense potential." The lattice structure of perovskite is a cubic structure with the general formula ABX3. The A cation is larger and occupies the center of the cube, the B cation is smaller and occupies the corners of the cube, and the X anions are located in the middle of the faces of the cube.
- I employed two open-source software tools to design and simulate the solar cell. Oghma Nano aided in determining the optimal perovskite thickness and understanding its optical behavior. While maintaining standard sizes for other layers, I systematically varied the perovskite thickness from 2.5 to 6.5 nm, assessing photon generation and thermal resistance. Utilizing the Greedy algorithm, I achieved the optimal outcome at a layer thickness of 5.00E-08. For efficiency measurements, I turned to SCAPS, which yielded an efficiency of approximately 24% at the optimal layer thickness.
- In this presentation, I've showcased a pair of contours. The initial contour illustrates the dispersion of photons along the lateral aspect, while the second one depicts the absorption of photon distribution. Evidently, the photon distribution undergoes fluctuations in alignment with the wavelength spectrum and the associated power density. Furthermore, noticeable is the progressive absorption of photon distribution, commencing at y = 0.25 micrometers. Likewise, as depicted in the generation rate plot, the predominant alteration in energy occurs within this specific range, ranging from -5.2 eV to -2.9 eV.
- Flexibility: AM can be used to create complex shapes and structures, which is not possible with traditional manufacturing methods. This flexibility could be used to improve the efficiency and performance of perovskite solar cells.