Abstract: Although solar plate are being used from very long ago in the world for generation of power in non-conventional form, but still there is hording of improving efficiency of the currently available stationery solar plates. Solar plate indexing system is also one of such efforts made to improve efficiency of solar power extraction. Survey data say that very few days are left when the all reserves will nearly deplete i.e. till 2050 all the reserves of petroleum products which are available under earth will vanish. Therefore, human being is very much worried about the future energy sources. Aiming the improvement of the efficiency of current energy generating equipment’s we have designed to index the solar plate according to the solar track so that perpendicular rays could fall on the plates. We have used 5 watt, 1550 rpm motor to rotate the shaft on which our solar plate is mounted. Electronic cyclic timers have been used to index the plate in the span of 1200 in the duration if 8 hours a day. On-off switch have been used to start the cycle of rotation of plate. Sunrise and sunset limiting switches have been used to decide the pan of the solar plate. After testing the indexed plate solar system on the real ground we have found the result that current stationery plate after charging for 8 hours in the full sunny-day can give uses of 4 hour whereas our indexed plate on charging for the same duration can deliver 6 hour of service. This result is really encouraging and improving the efficiency of current solar plates
Solar energy is rapidly gaining notoriety as an important means of expanding renewable energy
resources. As such, it is vital that those in engineering fields understand the technologies associated
with this area. Our project will include the design and construction of a microcontroller-based solar
panel tracking system. Solar tracking allows more energy to be produced because the solar array is
able to remain aligned to the sun. This system builds upon topics learned in this course. A working
system will ultimately be demonstrated to validate the design. Problems and possible improvements
will also be presented .Sustainable energy systems are necessary for the economic growth and a
healthy environment. To overcome the issues about lack of energy sources the use of renewable
energy resources needs to be enhanced manifold. The main purpose of this paper is to present a
control system which will cause better alignment of Photo voltaic (PV) array with sun light and to
harvest solar power. The proposed system changes its direction in two axis to trace the coordinate of
sunlight by detecting change in light intensity through light sensors. Hardware testing of the proposed
system is done for checking the system ability to track and follow the sunlight in an efficient way.
Dual axis solar tracking system superiority over single axis solar tracking and fixed PV system is also
presented.
Solar energy is rapidly gaining notoriety as an important means of expanding renewable energy
resources. As such, it is vital that those in engineering fields understand the technologies associated
with this area. Our project will include the design and construction of a microcontroller-based solar
panel tracking system. Solar tracking allows more energy to be produced because the solar array is
able to remain aligned to the sun. This system builds upon topics learned in this course. A working
system will ultimately be demonstrated to validate the design. Problems and possible improvements
will also be presented .Sustainable energy systems are necessary for the economic growth and a
healthy environment. To overcome the issues about lack of energy sources the use of renewable
energy resources needs to be enhanced manifold. The main purpose of this paper is to present a
control system which will cause better alignment of Photo voltaic (PV) array with sun light and to
harvest solar power. The proposed system changes its direction in two axis to trace the coordinate of
sunlight by detecting change in light intensity through light sensors. Hardware testing of the proposed
system is done for checking the system ability to track and follow the sunlight in an efficient way.
Dual axis solar tracking system superiority over single axis solar tracking and fixed PV system is also
presented.
Power output from a small solar panel can be affected by its power consumption when it consumes power from the solar panel. There has been a lack of proper research and experiment in the use of small solar panel with tracking systems. Its significance was detailed in this paper where the voltage output are compared with those which were externally powered. The solar trackers and a microcontroller have been designed and fabricated for this research. Due to the use of the tracking system (single axis and dual axis), the power consumption varies from one to another and its effect on the voltage output. Several experiments have been conducted and it was concluded that small solar panels are not efficient enough to utilize with tracking capabilities due to an increase in power consumption. The externally powered system was found to generate 18% more output compared to a selfsustaining system and that the increase in average power consumptions compared to a fixed panel were 31.7% and 82.5% for single-axis and dualaxis tracker respectively. A concrete evidence was made that utilizing solar tracking capabilities for low power rated solar panel is unfeasible.
Design of Dual Axis Solar Tracker System Based on Fuzzy Inference Systems ijscai
Electric power is a basic need in today’s life. Due to the extensive usage of power, there is a need to look
for an alternate clean energy source. Recently many researchers have focused on the solar energy as a
reliable alternative power source. Photovoltaic panels are used to collect sun radiation and convert it into
electrical energy. Most of the photovoltaic panels are deployed in a fixed position, they are inefficient as
they are fixed only at a specific angle. The efficiency of photovoltaic systems can be considerably increased
with an ability to change the panels angel according to the sun position. The main goal of such systems is
to make the sun radiation perpendicular to the photovoltaic panels as much as possible all the day times.
This paper presents a dual axis design for a fuzzy inference approach-based solar tracking system. The
system is modeled using Mamdani fuzzy logic model and the different combinations of ANFIS modeling.
Models are compared in terms of the correlation between the actual testing data output and their
corresponding forecasted output. The Mean Absolute Percent Error and Mean Percentage Error are used
to measure the models error size. In order to measure the effectiveness of the proposed models, we
compare the output power produced by a fixed photovoltaic panels with the output which would be
produced if the dual-axis panels are used. Results show that dual-axis solar tracker system will produce
22% more power than a fixed panels system.
KEYWORDS
Fuzzy, Membership function, Universe of discourse, PV, ANFIS, DC motor, FLC.
1. INTRODUCTION
Fuzzy logic can be viewed as an extension of classical logical
Design and Implementation of Dual Axis Solar Tracking systemIJERA Editor
Solar energy is a promising technology that can have huge long term benefits. Solar cells convert the solar energy into electrical energy. Solar tracking system is the most suited technology to improve the efficiency and enhance the performance by utilizing maximum solar energy through the solar cell. In hardware development we utilize LDR’s as sensors and two servomotors to direct the position of the solar panel. The software part is implemented on a code written using an Arduino Uno controller.
This project aims to develop dual axis solar tracker with IOT monitoring system using Arduino. Generally, solar energy is the technology to get useful energy from sunlight. Solar energy has been used in many traditional technologies over the centuries and has been widely used in the absence of other energy supplies. Its usefulness is widespread when awareness of the cost of the environment and the supply is limited by other energy sources such as fuel. The solar tracking system is the most effective technology to improve the efficiency of solar panels by tracking and following the sun's movement. With the help of this system, solar panels can improve the way of sunlight detection so that more electricity can be collected as solar panels can maintain a sunny position. Thus the project discusses the development of two-axis solar-tracking developers using Arduino Uno as main controller the system. For develops this project, four light-dependent resistors (LDRs) have been used for sunlight detection and a maximum light intensity. Two servo motors have been used to rotate the solar panel according to the sun's light source detected by the LDR. Next a WIFI ESP8266 device is used as an intermediary between device and IOT monitoring system. The IOT monitoring system is a website that functions to store data. The efficiency of this system has been tested and compared with a single axial solar tracker. As a result, the two-axis solar tracking system generates more power, voltage and current.
Making model of dual axis solar tracking with Maximum Power Point Trackingijsrd.com
Now a days solar harvesting is more popular. As the popularity become higher the material quality and solar tracking methods are more improved. There are several factors affecting the solar system. Major influence on solar cell, intensity of source radiation and storage techniques The materials used in solar cell manufacturing limit the efficiency of solar cell. This makes it particularly difficult to make considerable improvements in the performance of the cell, and hence restricts the efficiency of the overall collection process. Therefore, the most attainable maximum power point tracking method of improving the performance of solar power collection is to increase the mean intensity of radiation received from the source used. The purposed of tracking system controls elevation and orientation angles of solar panels such that the panels always maintain perpendicular to the sunlight. The measured variables of our automatic system were compared with those of a fixed angle PV system. As a result of the experiment, the voltage generated by the proposed tracking system has an overall of about 28.11% more than the fixed angle PV system. There are three major approaches for maximizing power extraction in medium and large scale systems. They are sun tracking, maximum power point (MPP) tracking or both.
While moving, the vehicles possess some kinetic energy and it is being wasted. This kinetic energy can be utilized to produce power by using a special arrangement called POWER HUMP (SPEED BREAKER
Design and Construction of Automatic Dual-Axis Solar Tracking System Using Li...Mahfuza Mansura
Solar energy is most promising green energy resource.. This project was done to increase the power produced by solar PV Cells by developing a advance dual-axis solar tracking system.
Maximum solar absorption using dual axis solar panel reportAnkit Kaul
The solar tracker is used to orient various payloads toward the sun in order to trap the energy to the maximum extent. Payloads can be photovoltaic cells, reflectors, lenses or other optical devices. This tracker circuit finds the sun at dawn, follows the sun during the day, and resets for the next day. Here the payload is a Solar Photo Voltaic Panel.
Sunlight has two components, the "direct beam" that carries about 90% of the solar energy, and the "diffuse sunlight" that carries the remainder .The diffuse portion is the blue sky on a clear day. As the majority of the energy is in the direct beam, maximizing collection requires the sunlight to fall straight onto the panels as long as possible. This is where the tracker comes.
Development of FPGA based Dual Axis Solar Tracking Systemdrboon
Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) meet critical timing and performance requirements with parallel processing and real-time control application performance, allowing greater system integration and lower development cost. This paper describes a dual axis solar tracking system is based on astronomical equations. The position of sun at anytime is a function of azimuth and altitude angle values. Azimuth and altitude angle values are collected off line. The prototype of dual axis solar tracking system is developed on FPGA to implement the proposed idea. The system comprises of digital clock module, rise time module and two pulses generator modules. Pulse generator modules employ Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) technique for controlling two stepper motors for tracking the azimuth and altitude angles. The functionality of various blocks of the system is described in Very High Speed Integrated Circuit (VHSIC) Hardware Description Language (VHDL). The control logic has been successfully implemented on Spartan 3E FPGA device. Xilinx ISE 14.1 suit is used for design entry, synthesis and burning the bit stream file into FPGA device. The functional verification has been performed using Xilinx simulator.
The Short and Long Term Peace Strategies: "Anglophone" Crisis, Cameroonijtsrd
Just like in Ethiopia, the unrest in the Republic of Cameroon is rooted in the countrys history, which dates back to many years. This paper seeks to analyze the institutional and attitudinal elements on the way forward for the restoration to normalcy of the state of affairs within the national territory. It is not a recipe for apportioning blames but of principles and options to a pacific settlement of disputes within the national territory. Maxwell N. Achu ""The Short and Long Term Peace Strategies: “Anglophone†Crisis, Cameroon"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23512.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/other/23512/the-short-and-long-term-peace-strategies-%C3%A2%E2%82%AC%C5%93anglophone-crisis-cameroon/maxwell-n-achu
Fabrication and Performance Analysis of Solar Tracking System by Using By-Pas...IJMREMJournal
Energy is a burning issue that almost every person experience now a days. Energy demand increases exponentially
since a decade. Due to the global warming and it’s threatening impacts on human life. Therefore, to overcome
such disastrous impacts on the planet, renewable energy resources play vital role now a days. Solar energy is one
of the vastest available renewable energy resources around the globe, but the main issue is its poor efficiency.
Pakistan is facing energy shortage that can be compensated through solar power and the need is to design a project
that maximizes its efficiency. So, the research is mainly focused on improving efficiency of solar panels against
shading loss by using different techniques. In this research, different results will be obtained and compared with
different techniques which are LDR based solar tracking system, by-pass diodes technology and super capacitors.
Fabrication of solar tracker is based on Microcontroller that drives L298N driver to operate stepper motor.
Power output from a small solar panel can be affected by its power consumption when it consumes power from the solar panel. There has been a lack of proper research and experiment in the use of small solar panel with tracking systems. Its significance was detailed in this paper where the voltage output are compared with those which were externally powered. The solar trackers and a microcontroller have been designed and fabricated for this research. Due to the use of the tracking system (single axis and dual axis), the power consumption varies from one to another and its effect on the voltage output. Several experiments have been conducted and it was concluded that small solar panels are not efficient enough to utilize with tracking capabilities due to an increase in power consumption. The externally powered system was found to generate 18% more output compared to a selfsustaining system and that the increase in average power consumptions compared to a fixed panel were 31.7% and 82.5% for single-axis and dualaxis tracker respectively. A concrete evidence was made that utilizing solar tracking capabilities for low power rated solar panel is unfeasible.
Design of Dual Axis Solar Tracker System Based on Fuzzy Inference Systems ijscai
Electric power is a basic need in today’s life. Due to the extensive usage of power, there is a need to look
for an alternate clean energy source. Recently many researchers have focused on the solar energy as a
reliable alternative power source. Photovoltaic panels are used to collect sun radiation and convert it into
electrical energy. Most of the photovoltaic panels are deployed in a fixed position, they are inefficient as
they are fixed only at a specific angle. The efficiency of photovoltaic systems can be considerably increased
with an ability to change the panels angel according to the sun position. The main goal of such systems is
to make the sun radiation perpendicular to the photovoltaic panels as much as possible all the day times.
This paper presents a dual axis design for a fuzzy inference approach-based solar tracking system. The
system is modeled using Mamdani fuzzy logic model and the different combinations of ANFIS modeling.
Models are compared in terms of the correlation between the actual testing data output and their
corresponding forecasted output. The Mean Absolute Percent Error and Mean Percentage Error are used
to measure the models error size. In order to measure the effectiveness of the proposed models, we
compare the output power produced by a fixed photovoltaic panels with the output which would be
produced if the dual-axis panels are used. Results show that dual-axis solar tracker system will produce
22% more power than a fixed panels system.
KEYWORDS
Fuzzy, Membership function, Universe of discourse, PV, ANFIS, DC motor, FLC.
1. INTRODUCTION
Fuzzy logic can be viewed as an extension of classical logical
Design and Implementation of Dual Axis Solar Tracking systemIJERA Editor
Solar energy is a promising technology that can have huge long term benefits. Solar cells convert the solar energy into electrical energy. Solar tracking system is the most suited technology to improve the efficiency and enhance the performance by utilizing maximum solar energy through the solar cell. In hardware development we utilize LDR’s as sensors and two servomotors to direct the position of the solar panel. The software part is implemented on a code written using an Arduino Uno controller.
This project aims to develop dual axis solar tracker with IOT monitoring system using Arduino. Generally, solar energy is the technology to get useful energy from sunlight. Solar energy has been used in many traditional technologies over the centuries and has been widely used in the absence of other energy supplies. Its usefulness is widespread when awareness of the cost of the environment and the supply is limited by other energy sources such as fuel. The solar tracking system is the most effective technology to improve the efficiency of solar panels by tracking and following the sun's movement. With the help of this system, solar panels can improve the way of sunlight detection so that more electricity can be collected as solar panels can maintain a sunny position. Thus the project discusses the development of two-axis solar-tracking developers using Arduino Uno as main controller the system. For develops this project, four light-dependent resistors (LDRs) have been used for sunlight detection and a maximum light intensity. Two servo motors have been used to rotate the solar panel according to the sun's light source detected by the LDR. Next a WIFI ESP8266 device is used as an intermediary between device and IOT monitoring system. The IOT monitoring system is a website that functions to store data. The efficiency of this system has been tested and compared with a single axial solar tracker. As a result, the two-axis solar tracking system generates more power, voltage and current.
Making model of dual axis solar tracking with Maximum Power Point Trackingijsrd.com
Now a days solar harvesting is more popular. As the popularity become higher the material quality and solar tracking methods are more improved. There are several factors affecting the solar system. Major influence on solar cell, intensity of source radiation and storage techniques The materials used in solar cell manufacturing limit the efficiency of solar cell. This makes it particularly difficult to make considerable improvements in the performance of the cell, and hence restricts the efficiency of the overall collection process. Therefore, the most attainable maximum power point tracking method of improving the performance of solar power collection is to increase the mean intensity of radiation received from the source used. The purposed of tracking system controls elevation and orientation angles of solar panels such that the panels always maintain perpendicular to the sunlight. The measured variables of our automatic system were compared with those of a fixed angle PV system. As a result of the experiment, the voltage generated by the proposed tracking system has an overall of about 28.11% more than the fixed angle PV system. There are three major approaches for maximizing power extraction in medium and large scale systems. They are sun tracking, maximum power point (MPP) tracking or both.
While moving, the vehicles possess some kinetic energy and it is being wasted. This kinetic energy can be utilized to produce power by using a special arrangement called POWER HUMP (SPEED BREAKER
Design and Construction of Automatic Dual-Axis Solar Tracking System Using Li...Mahfuza Mansura
Solar energy is most promising green energy resource.. This project was done to increase the power produced by solar PV Cells by developing a advance dual-axis solar tracking system.
Maximum solar absorption using dual axis solar panel reportAnkit Kaul
The solar tracker is used to orient various payloads toward the sun in order to trap the energy to the maximum extent. Payloads can be photovoltaic cells, reflectors, lenses or other optical devices. This tracker circuit finds the sun at dawn, follows the sun during the day, and resets for the next day. Here the payload is a Solar Photo Voltaic Panel.
Sunlight has two components, the "direct beam" that carries about 90% of the solar energy, and the "diffuse sunlight" that carries the remainder .The diffuse portion is the blue sky on a clear day. As the majority of the energy is in the direct beam, maximizing collection requires the sunlight to fall straight onto the panels as long as possible. This is where the tracker comes.
Development of FPGA based Dual Axis Solar Tracking Systemdrboon
Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) meet critical timing and performance requirements with parallel processing and real-time control application performance, allowing greater system integration and lower development cost. This paper describes a dual axis solar tracking system is based on astronomical equations. The position of sun at anytime is a function of azimuth and altitude angle values. Azimuth and altitude angle values are collected off line. The prototype of dual axis solar tracking system is developed on FPGA to implement the proposed idea. The system comprises of digital clock module, rise time module and two pulses generator modules. Pulse generator modules employ Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) technique for controlling two stepper motors for tracking the azimuth and altitude angles. The functionality of various blocks of the system is described in Very High Speed Integrated Circuit (VHSIC) Hardware Description Language (VHDL). The control logic has been successfully implemented on Spartan 3E FPGA device. Xilinx ISE 14.1 suit is used for design entry, synthesis and burning the bit stream file into FPGA device. The functional verification has been performed using Xilinx simulator.
The Short and Long Term Peace Strategies: "Anglophone" Crisis, Cameroonijtsrd
Just like in Ethiopia, the unrest in the Republic of Cameroon is rooted in the countrys history, which dates back to many years. This paper seeks to analyze the institutional and attitudinal elements on the way forward for the restoration to normalcy of the state of affairs within the national territory. It is not a recipe for apportioning blames but of principles and options to a pacific settlement of disputes within the national territory. Maxwell N. Achu ""The Short and Long Term Peace Strategies: “Anglophone†Crisis, Cameroon"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23512.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/other/23512/the-short-and-long-term-peace-strategies-%C3%A2%E2%82%AC%C5%93anglophone-crisis-cameroon/maxwell-n-achu
Fabrication and Performance Analysis of Solar Tracking System by Using By-Pas...IJMREMJournal
Energy is a burning issue that almost every person experience now a days. Energy demand increases exponentially
since a decade. Due to the global warming and it’s threatening impacts on human life. Therefore, to overcome
such disastrous impacts on the planet, renewable energy resources play vital role now a days. Solar energy is one
of the vastest available renewable energy resources around the globe, but the main issue is its poor efficiency.
Pakistan is facing energy shortage that can be compensated through solar power and the need is to design a project
that maximizes its efficiency. So, the research is mainly focused on improving efficiency of solar panels against
shading loss by using different techniques. In this research, different results will be obtained and compared with
different techniques which are LDR based solar tracking system, by-pass diodes technology and super capacitors.
Fabrication of solar tracker is based on Microcontroller that drives L298N driver to operate stepper motor.
Microcontroller Based Solar tracking System for enhancing efficiency of a Pho...IJERA Editor
In today‟s scenario of increasing energy needs, there is a huge dependence on renewable energy sources along
with the conventional sources. One of the most important renewable energy resources is the sun. However, the
problem with solar power is that it is directly dependent on light intensity. To produce the maximum amount of
energy, a solar panel must be perpendicular to the light source. Because the sun moves both throughout the day
as well as throughout a year, a solar panel must be able to follow the sun‟s movement to produce the maximum
possible power. There are a large number of methods available for solar tracking and hence maximizing the
output .This paper proposes an Arduino Uno microcontroller board based solar tracking system. As compared to
the conventional solar panels, the one mounted with microcontroller based tracking system will give enhanced
output.
This study investigates experimentally the performance of two-dimensional solar tracking systems with reflector using commercial silicon based photovoltaic module, with open and closed loop control systems. Different reflector materials were also investigated. The experiments were performed at the Hashemite University campus in Zarqa at a latitude of 32⁰, in February and March. Photovoltaic output power and performance were analyzed. It was found that the modified photovoltaic module with mirror reflector generated the highest value of power, while the temperature reached a maximum value of 53 ̊ C. The modified module suggested in this study produced 5% more PV power than the two-dimensional solar tracking systems without reflector and produced 12.5% more PV power than the fixed PV module with 26⁰ tilt angle.
An Efficient Microcontroller Based Sun Tracker Control for Solar Cell SystemsIJECEIAES
The solar energy is fast becoming a different means of electricity resource. Now in world Fossil fuels are seriously depleting thus the need for another energy source is a necessity. To create effective utilization of its solar, energy efficiency must be maximized. An attainable way to deal with amplifying the power output of sun-powered exhibit is by sun tracking. This paper presents the control system for a solar cell orientation device which follows the sun in real time during daytime.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Solar Plate Indexing To Improve Efficiency of Present Solar Power System
1. ISSN 2393-8471
International Journal of Recent Research in Civil and Mechanical Engineering (IJRRCME)
Vol. 2, Issue 1, pp: (78-83), Month: April 2015 – September 2015, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
Page | 78
Paper Publications
Solar Plate Indexing To Improve Efficiency of
Present Solar Power System
Patil Rahul N1
., Ranvare Amol K2
., Dange Sagar N3
., Phulambrikar Sanket S4
.,
Climber Engineers5
, Kale Sandip S.6
1,2,3,4
Student, 5
Industrial Guide, Pune, Maharashtra state, India
6
Assistant Professor, Mechanical Engg Department, Rajarshi Shahu School of Engineering & Research, Narhe,
Pune University, Pune, India
Abstract: Although solar plate are being used from very long ago in the world for generation of power in non-
conventional form, but still there is hording of improving efficiency of the currently available stationery solar
plates. Solar plate indexing system is also one of such efforts made to improve efficiency of solar power extraction.
Survey data say that very few days are left when the all reserves will nearly deplete i.e. till 2050 all the reserves of
petroleum products which are available under earth will vanish. Therefore, human being is very much worried
about the future energy sources. Aiming the improvement of the efficiency of current energy generating
equipment’s we have designed to index the solar plate according to the solar track so that perpendicular rays could
fall on the plates. We have used 5 watt, 1550 rpm motor to rotate the shaft on which our solar plate is mounted.
Electronic cyclic timers have been used to index the plate in the span of 1200
in the duration if 8 hours a day. On-
off switch have been used to start the cycle of rotation of plate. Sunrise and sunset limiting switches have been used
to decide the pan of the solar plate. After testing the indexed plate solar system on the real ground we have found
the result that current stationery plate after charging for 8 hours in the full sunny-day can give uses of 4 hour
whereas our indexed plate on charging for the same duration can deliver 6 hour of service. This result is really
encouraging and improving the efficiency of current solar plates
Keywords: solar panel, efficient non-conventional energy, indexing mechanism, Concentrator, Gear Train, Solar
Tracking, Utilization of Solar Energy.
I. INTRODUCTION
Energy is the capacity to do work; any kind of activity performed by anyone is governed by the energy. Energy is the
major dominating factor in the development and progress of mankind. A nation which generates energy in different ways
in large amount can attain high level of industrial growth. To attain high standard of living for the population the country
must develop their energy sources. Every country uses variety of sources to meet with its energy needs. In the past few
years the rate of consumption of fossil fuels like coal, oil and natural gas is increasing tremendously. The result is that
there is fast depleting of fossil fuel resources as there is limited reserve of coal, oil and natural gas. The nuclear energy
sources are very expensive and there are long term problems of disposal of radioactive waste, hence the man is searching
for alternatives sources of energy. The primary solar energy technologies include photovoltaic, concentrating solar power,
and solar heating and cooling systems. Significant developments have taken place in the last few years. New types of cells
have been developed, innovative manufacturing process introduced, cost reduced and the volume of production steadily
increased. The present annual world production of photovoltaic devices is already about 60MWp, while production in
India is about 1.5MWp. As a result of the above developments, solar cells are now being used extensively in many
consumer products and appliances, and it possible that in the future they may become one of the important sources of
power for providing small amount of electrical energy for localized use, particularly in remote locations. Photovoltaic
(PV) devices commonly called solar cells or modules, use semiconductor material to directly convert sunlight into
2. ISSN 2393-8471
International Journal of Recent Research in Civil and Mechanical Engineering (IJRRCME)
Vol. 2, Issue 1, pp: (78-83), Month: April 2015 – September 2015, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
Page | 79
Paper Publications
electricity. Solar cells have no moving parts-power is produced when sunlight strikes the semiconductor material and
creates an electric current is used to power residence and buildings cabins, satellites, highway signs, water pumps,
communication stations, street lights, consumer electronics and much more. Since 1988 worldwide PV sales have
increased six –fold –to more than 200 million watts in 1999.
II. EXPERIMENTAL SET UP
The plate gets charged more effectively if it gets the more flux of radiation. That mean to get more flux we have to put our
solar plate perpendicular to the radiation that is sun. For this we have to mountain the plate on a shaft and lime to rotate
that according to the sun and for this porous we have to provide motor which will perform that task and to operate that
motor we will use the solar energy.
Designing of this concept involved several steps. It will include the motor selection, reduction of rpm of motor to desired
limit for the specific operation. Designing the timing circuit for the operation. Design of shaft, bearing and all related
article like support, base etc. material selection is also very important aspect which is going to be consider during the
design.
The solar track indexing mechanisms consist of the following main components:
Solar panel with battery
Drive
Structure
Operating electronic circuit
Photograph 1: Experimental Setup
A. Solar panel with battery:
Solar panel and CFL with battery is standard components in project. Specification for solar panel are as 10 W 12 V DC
and battery. The electronic circuit is used in the battery circuit to isolate battery charging when output is taken from
battery.
B. Drive:
The drive mechanism consists of following main components:
1. 12 V DC, 20 rpm P.M.D.C motor with Epicyclic gear for reduction
2. Driver gear
3. 3% Driven gear
4. Bearings with bearing holders
5. Panel mounting stand
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International Journal of Recent Research in Civil and Mechanical Engineering (IJRRCME)
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6. Panel 1OW12V DC
7. Bush
8. Counter balance
9. Shaft
A shaft is supported in the bearing. The panel mounting stand is fixed with shaft with the help of bush. At one end of shaft
driven gear is fixed which is driven by driver gear, mounted on gear box output shaft. A motor with 20 rpm output
Epicyclic gear speed reduction gear box is engaged through driver gear to shaft. Balance weight balances the panel weight
at keep system in equilibrium.
C. Structure:
Figure 1: Schematic Diagram Solar Plate Indexing Mechanism.
D. Operating electronic circuit:
The operating electronic circuit is used to index solar panel periodically for required degree. Approximately we can say
that the total 180° angle is divided in 12 parts i.e. 12 indexing deviations i.e. 15° per indexing. This achieved by on-off
cyclic timer. The input voltage is 12V DC which is directly obtained by 12V DC battery.
Components:
1. 12 V DC motor with Epicyclic gear box for reduction.
2. Operating electronic circuit.
3. 12 V DC battery
4. Toggle switch
5. Drive
6. Shaft
7. Sunrise limit switch
8. Sunset limit switch
For starting the circuit we need to on the toggle switch and set the on-off cyclic timer for required on timing and off
timing. The two limit switch are used for
1. Sunrise position and
2. Sunset position
4. ISSN 2393-8471
International Journal of Recent Research in Civil and Mechanical Engineering (IJRRCME)
Vol. 2, Issue 1, pp: (78-83), Month: April 2015 – September 2015, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
Page | 81
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The sunrise position limit switch is operated at starting time and gives starting pulse to electronic circuit. The sunset
position limit switch is operated at end time and gives reset pulse to electronic circuit. These two limit switches are
operated by drive mechanism itself.
Figure 2: solar plate indexing circuit diagram
Testing Procedure:
1. To convince the result of proposed mechanism, the setup is set to compare the efficiency of our solar tracker with
respective stationary or without solar tracking mechanism.
2. The Stationery and tracking mechanism readings are taken on same setup only, every intermediate day.
3. For Controlling the movement of solar tracker a cyclic timer (On-Off) is used.
4. The power measurement is taken by multi-meter and voltage readings of both panels the stationery and with tracker
mechanism is acquired.
5. The testing mechanism or the solar tracking mechanism has movement of 15° per hour from 6 am to 6 pm.
6. Significant error were occurred only just after starting or before stopping the setup.
7. At the end of the cycle the setup resets to its original position which is towards the east direction
8. For voltage variation measurement, measure the voltage rating of panel each hour with multi-meter and plot the result
observation table.
9. For discharge measurement we used a 12v 5w DC lamp and used it to discharge the battery completely
10. Efficiency was measured by calculation the discharge time per the time allotted for battery to charge.
III. DISCUSSION
1. The average reading of every hour is taken of both, it was found that the average power output of solar panel with
tracking mechanism was more than stationary one.
2. Thus, increasing in the efficiency was calculated.
3. Constant angle between 80° to 100° with respect to sun rays was obtained.
4. A solar tracker was proposed, designed and constructed. The final design was successful, in that it achieved an overall
power collection efficiency increase from only 30% for a fixed panel to over 60% for the same panel on the tracking
device.
5. As per to show the variation and energy gains the graphs were plotted as per the results achieved during the tests.
5. ISSN 2393-8471
International Journal of Recent Research in Civil and Mechanical Engineering (IJRRCME)
Vol. 2, Issue 1, pp: (78-83), Month: April 2015 – September 2015, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
Page | 82
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6. In terms of real value, this means that the overall cost of a system can be reduced significantly, considering that much
more power can be supplied by the solar array coupled to a solar tracking device.
7. By extracting more power from the same solar panel, the cost per watt is decreased, thereby rendering solar power
much more cost-effective than previously achieved using fixed solar panels.
8. A single axis tracker such as the one made offers a great power increase over a fixed solar panel, but a two-axis tracker
would provide more power still. This could be a subject for further development.
9. Solar tracking is by far the easiest method to increase overall efficiency of a solar power system for use by domestic or
commercial users.
IV. CONCLUSION
Upon completion of the solar plate indexing mechanism, it was tested to make sure that it met design requirements and
specifications which were calculated theoretically. It functioned properly according to design calculations. Test showed
that power used by plate indexing mechanism is less than the power gain by tracking the sun. The most important
conclusion of this research is the total cost of construction of the solar plate indexing mechanism is very low. This means
the system can be mass produced at lower cost and at affordable rate in the developing countries and can be used more for
domestic purposes.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Day1 Day2 Day3 Day4 Day5 Day6 Day7 Day8 Day9 Day10
Discharging Time : Stationery Vs Indexing
Stationery Indexing
0V
2V
4V
6V
8V
10V
12V
14V
16V
6am 7am 8am 9am 10am 11am 12pm 1pm 2pm 3pm 4pm 5pm 6pm
Voltage Variation: Stationery Vs Indexing
Stationery Indexing
6. ISSN 2393-8471
International Journal of Recent Research in Civil and Mechanical Engineering (IJRRCME)
Vol. 2, Issue 1, pp: (78-83), Month: April 2015 – September 2015, Available at: www.paperpublications.org
Page | 83
Paper Publications
REFERENCES
[1] “Solar Energy”, S P Sukhatme; Tata McGraw-Hill Education; 1996;
[2] “Solar Energy (Fundamentals and Applications)”, H P Garg & J Prakash; Tata McGraw-Hill Education; 2000;
[3] “Design of machine elements”, V B Bhandari; Tata McGraw-Hill Education;2012;
[4] “P.S.G Design Data Book”; PSG College of Technology; Kalaikathir Achchagam; 2007;
[5] “Solar Tracker Design for PV System Applications in Equator Region”, Syafaruddin; Ranu Fauzan; Andika S. Amir
and Hajime Miyauchi; 2014.
[6] “Solar Tracking System: More Efficient Use of Solar Panels”, J. Rizk, and Y. Chaiko, 2008.
[7] “Use of Solar Tracking System for Extracting Solar Energy”, Gagari Deb and Arijit Bardhan Roy, 2012.
[8] “ Concept of Mechanical Solar Tracking System”, Rohit Agarwal, 2014.
[9] “Virtual prototyping of a solar tracking system”, Veerbhadrappa Telagane, Sudarashan adeppa, 2014.