The solar energy is fast becoming a different means of electricity resource. Now in world Fossil fuels are seriously depleting thus the need for another energy source is a necessity. To create effective utilization of its solar, energy efficiency must be maximized. An attainable way to deal with amplifying the power output of sun-powered exhibit is by sun tracking. This paper presents the control system for a solar cell orientation device which follows the sun in real time during daytime.
Design of Dual Axis Solar Tracker System Based on Fuzzy Inference Systems ijscai
Electric power is a basic need in today’s life. Due to the extensive usage of power, there is a need to look
for an alternate clean energy source. Recently many researchers have focused on the solar energy as a
reliable alternative power source. Photovoltaic panels are used to collect sun radiation and convert it into
electrical energy. Most of the photovoltaic panels are deployed in a fixed position, they are inefficient as
they are fixed only at a specific angle. The efficiency of photovoltaic systems can be considerably increased
with an ability to change the panels angel according to the sun position. The main goal of such systems is
to make the sun radiation perpendicular to the photovoltaic panels as much as possible all the day times.
This paper presents a dual axis design for a fuzzy inference approach-based solar tracking system. The
system is modeled using Mamdani fuzzy logic model and the different combinations of ANFIS modeling.
Models are compared in terms of the correlation between the actual testing data output and their
corresponding forecasted output. The Mean Absolute Percent Error and Mean Percentage Error are used
to measure the models error size. In order to measure the effectiveness of the proposed models, we
compare the output power produced by a fixed photovoltaic panels with the output which would be
produced if the dual-axis panels are used. Results show that dual-axis solar tracker system will produce
22% more power than a fixed panels system.
KEYWORDS
Fuzzy, Membership function, Universe of discourse, PV, ANFIS, DC motor, FLC.
1. INTRODUCTION
Fuzzy logic can be viewed as an extension of classical logical
The document describes a student project to create a solar tracker for a solar panel. The goals are to maximize solar energy collection by moving the panel automatically to track the sun's movement and to design and build an electronic circuit to control a DC motor for panel movement based on light sensor input. Key components discussed include an MSP430 microcontroller, light sensors, a motor driver chip, DC motor, and supporting electronics. Block diagrams and prototype photos are provided. Advantages of solar energy discussed include its abundance, pollution-free use, and suitability for remote applications.
Microcontroller based automatic solar power tracking systemIAEME Publication
The document summarizes a research paper on a microcontroller-based automatic solar power tracking system. The system aims to increase the efficiency of solar panels by keeping them aligned with the sun's position throughout the day. It uses a PIC18F452 microcontroller to control the movement of a stepper motor that adjusts the position of the solar panel from east to west. The system operates automatically based on a program loaded onto the microcontroller. It tracks the sun's movement precisely and provides higher power output compared to stationary solar panels.
Dual Axis Solar Tracker Using MicrocontrollerIRJET Journal
This document describes a dual axis solar tracker system that uses a microcontroller to rotate solar panels throughout the day to maximize solar energy collection. The system tracks the sun's movement across the sky by using a real-time clock and microcontroller to calculate the sun's position and send signals to a stepper motor to adjust the panel orientation accordingly. It aims to increase solar panel efficiency by more than 40% compared to fixed panels. The system was tested outdoors where it successfully tracked the sun and measurements found it increased hourly solar energy production.
This document discusses single axis solar tracking systems. It begins with an introduction that outlines the increasing demand for renewable energy and potential of solar energy. It then describes the concept of a single axis solar tracking system which uses a tilted solar panel mount and motor to move the panel relative to the sun's position. The document goes on to describe different types of single axis trackers and discuss sun-earth angles and how they vary throughout the year. It also includes calculations of incidence angles for different periods in Warangal, India. Finally, it discusses the future of solar tracking and double axis tracking systems.
Power output from a small solar panel can be affected by its power consumption when it consumes power from the solar panel. There has been a lack of proper research and experiment in the use of small solar panel with tracking systems. Its significance was detailed in this paper where the voltage output are compared with those which were externally powered. The solar trackers and a microcontroller have been designed and fabricated for this research. Due to the use of the tracking system (single axis and dual axis), the power consumption varies from one to another and its effect on the voltage output. Several experiments have been conducted and it was concluded that small solar panels are not efficient enough to utilize with tracking capabilities due to an increase in power consumption. The externally powered system was found to generate 18% more output compared to a selfsustaining system and that the increase in average power consumptions compared to a fixed panel were 31.7% and 82.5% for single-axis and dualaxis tracker respectively. A concrete evidence was made that utilizing solar tracking capabilities for low power rated solar panel is unfeasible.
This document describes the benefits of a dual axis solar tracker. It begins by providing background on solar energy production in India and the technologies of photovoltaics and concentrated solar power. It then discusses how single and dual axis solar trackers work, with dual axis trackers able to follow the sun's movement across the sky more precisely for about 40% greater energy production. The document outlines the circuit diagram and components used in the dual axis solar tracker, including Arduino, servo motors, light dependent resistors and charge controller. It concludes by discussing the financial benefits and future improvements possible with solar tracking technologies.
This document describes a project report submitted by four students for their Bachelor of Technology degree in Electrical Engineering. The report details the design and development of a dual axis solar tracker system. A dual axis solar tracker is able to track the sun's movement across both axes (east-west and north-south) to maximize solar panel exposure and increase energy generation by 35-45% compared to a fixed panel. The system is controlled using an Arduino UNO microcontroller and sensors to position the solar panel towards the strongest sunlight.
Design of Dual Axis Solar Tracker System Based on Fuzzy Inference Systems ijscai
Electric power is a basic need in today’s life. Due to the extensive usage of power, there is a need to look
for an alternate clean energy source. Recently many researchers have focused on the solar energy as a
reliable alternative power source. Photovoltaic panels are used to collect sun radiation and convert it into
electrical energy. Most of the photovoltaic panels are deployed in a fixed position, they are inefficient as
they are fixed only at a specific angle. The efficiency of photovoltaic systems can be considerably increased
with an ability to change the panels angel according to the sun position. The main goal of such systems is
to make the sun radiation perpendicular to the photovoltaic panels as much as possible all the day times.
This paper presents a dual axis design for a fuzzy inference approach-based solar tracking system. The
system is modeled using Mamdani fuzzy logic model and the different combinations of ANFIS modeling.
Models are compared in terms of the correlation between the actual testing data output and their
corresponding forecasted output. The Mean Absolute Percent Error and Mean Percentage Error are used
to measure the models error size. In order to measure the effectiveness of the proposed models, we
compare the output power produced by a fixed photovoltaic panels with the output which would be
produced if the dual-axis panels are used. Results show that dual-axis solar tracker system will produce
22% more power than a fixed panels system.
KEYWORDS
Fuzzy, Membership function, Universe of discourse, PV, ANFIS, DC motor, FLC.
1. INTRODUCTION
Fuzzy logic can be viewed as an extension of classical logical
The document describes a student project to create a solar tracker for a solar panel. The goals are to maximize solar energy collection by moving the panel automatically to track the sun's movement and to design and build an electronic circuit to control a DC motor for panel movement based on light sensor input. Key components discussed include an MSP430 microcontroller, light sensors, a motor driver chip, DC motor, and supporting electronics. Block diagrams and prototype photos are provided. Advantages of solar energy discussed include its abundance, pollution-free use, and suitability for remote applications.
Microcontroller based automatic solar power tracking systemIAEME Publication
The document summarizes a research paper on a microcontroller-based automatic solar power tracking system. The system aims to increase the efficiency of solar panels by keeping them aligned with the sun's position throughout the day. It uses a PIC18F452 microcontroller to control the movement of a stepper motor that adjusts the position of the solar panel from east to west. The system operates automatically based on a program loaded onto the microcontroller. It tracks the sun's movement precisely and provides higher power output compared to stationary solar panels.
Dual Axis Solar Tracker Using MicrocontrollerIRJET Journal
This document describes a dual axis solar tracker system that uses a microcontroller to rotate solar panels throughout the day to maximize solar energy collection. The system tracks the sun's movement across the sky by using a real-time clock and microcontroller to calculate the sun's position and send signals to a stepper motor to adjust the panel orientation accordingly. It aims to increase solar panel efficiency by more than 40% compared to fixed panels. The system was tested outdoors where it successfully tracked the sun and measurements found it increased hourly solar energy production.
This document discusses single axis solar tracking systems. It begins with an introduction that outlines the increasing demand for renewable energy and potential of solar energy. It then describes the concept of a single axis solar tracking system which uses a tilted solar panel mount and motor to move the panel relative to the sun's position. The document goes on to describe different types of single axis trackers and discuss sun-earth angles and how they vary throughout the year. It also includes calculations of incidence angles for different periods in Warangal, India. Finally, it discusses the future of solar tracking and double axis tracking systems.
Power output from a small solar panel can be affected by its power consumption when it consumes power from the solar panel. There has been a lack of proper research and experiment in the use of small solar panel with tracking systems. Its significance was detailed in this paper where the voltage output are compared with those which were externally powered. The solar trackers and a microcontroller have been designed and fabricated for this research. Due to the use of the tracking system (single axis and dual axis), the power consumption varies from one to another and its effect on the voltage output. Several experiments have been conducted and it was concluded that small solar panels are not efficient enough to utilize with tracking capabilities due to an increase in power consumption. The externally powered system was found to generate 18% more output compared to a selfsustaining system and that the increase in average power consumptions compared to a fixed panel were 31.7% and 82.5% for single-axis and dualaxis tracker respectively. A concrete evidence was made that utilizing solar tracking capabilities for low power rated solar panel is unfeasible.
This document describes the benefits of a dual axis solar tracker. It begins by providing background on solar energy production in India and the technologies of photovoltaics and concentrated solar power. It then discusses how single and dual axis solar trackers work, with dual axis trackers able to follow the sun's movement across the sky more precisely for about 40% greater energy production. The document outlines the circuit diagram and components used in the dual axis solar tracker, including Arduino, servo motors, light dependent resistors and charge controller. It concludes by discussing the financial benefits and future improvements possible with solar tracking technologies.
This document describes a project report submitted by four students for their Bachelor of Technology degree in Electrical Engineering. The report details the design and development of a dual axis solar tracker system. A dual axis solar tracker is able to track the sun's movement across both axes (east-west and north-south) to maximize solar panel exposure and increase energy generation by 35-45% compared to a fixed panel. The system is controlled using an Arduino UNO microcontroller and sensors to position the solar panel towards the strongest sunlight.
This document provides details about a dual axis solar tracker project submitted for a diploma in electrical engineering. It includes an acknowledgment, declaration, table of contents, and abstract summarizing the goal of developing a prototype solar tracking system to enhance the performance of photovoltaic modules. The working involves using light dependent resistors and a microcontroller to control servo motors that rotate the solar panel to maximize exposure to sunlight based on sensor inputs, with the aim of increasing overall power output.
IRJET- Dual Axis Solar Tracking System using ArduinoIRJET Journal
This document describes a dual-axis solar tracking system developed using Arduino that aims to maximize solar energy collection. It discusses how solar trackers can improve power gain by rotating panels to always face the sun's position. A dual-axis tracker is able to rotate in both horizontal and vertical directions, unlike single-axis trackers. The proposed system uses Arduino, light dependent resistors, motors, and a display to control panel rotation based on sun position. Experimental results show the dual-axis system improves efficiency by 30-45% compared to fixed and single-axis mounting.
Development of FPGA based Dual Axis Solar Tracking Systemdrboon
Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) meet critical timing and performance requirements with parallel processing and real-time control application performance, allowing greater system integration and lower development cost. This paper describes a dual axis solar tracking system is based on astronomical equations. The position of sun at anytime is a function of azimuth and altitude angle values. Azimuth and altitude angle values are collected off line. The prototype of dual axis solar tracking system is developed on FPGA to implement the proposed idea. The system comprises of digital clock module, rise time module and two pulses generator modules. Pulse generator modules employ Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) technique for controlling two stepper motors for tracking the azimuth and altitude angles. The functionality of various blocks of the system is described in Very High Speed Integrated Circuit (VHSIC) Hardware Description Language (VHDL). The control logic has been successfully implemented on Spartan 3E FPGA device. Xilinx ISE 14.1 suit is used for design entry, synthesis and burning the bit stream file into FPGA device. The functional verification has been performed using Xilinx simulator.
This document describes a microcontroller-based solar tracker project created by students at Sree Narayana Gurukulam College of Engineering. The project involves designing and building a system that uses sensors and a servo motor controlled by a microcontroller to automatically adjust the position of a solar panel to track the sun and maximize energy collection. It provides the background, objectives, block diagram, component descriptions, circuit diagram, and PCB design of the solar tracker. The goal is to increase the efficiency of solar energy systems by keeping the solar panel aligned directly with the sun throughout the day.
IRJET- Smart and Intelligent Dual Axis Solar Tracker using Arduino Micro-Cont...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and implementation of an intelligent dual axis solar tracker using an Arduino microcontroller. It begins with an introduction to the increasing demand for renewable energy and benefits of solar tracking systems compared to fixed solar panels. It then provides details on the hardware components used, including light dependent resistors to sense the sun's position, Arduino as the controller, and servo motors to rotate the solar panels on two axes. Experimental results show the dual axis tracker has the highest efficiency at 67% and power output compared to single axis and fixed systems. A cost analysis in MATLAB found the dual axis system saves over Rs. 5000 annually in electricity costs compared to other methods.
This document describes a stair step power generation project presented by students. It discusses using the kinetic energy from human footsteps on stairs to power small electrical devices. The system works by converting the up and down motion of footsteps into rotational energy to turn a dynamo and generate electricity. It has advantages of being easy to construct, storing energy, and providing power independently without other energy sources or weather dependence. The document outlines the background, principles, construction, working, applications and advantages of the stair step power generation system.
A solar tracking system is proposed to maximize solar energy collection using a panel that tracks the sun from east to west automatically. The system uses an LDR light sensor to detect sunlight intensity and control a stepper motor driver to move the panel. It operates by sensing changes in light levels to keep the panel oriented towards the strongest sunlight throughout the day. A microcontroller is used to process sensor feedback and power the motor drive accordingly. The tracking system aims to continually point the panel towards the sun to obtain the highest solar intensity from morning to afternoon.
The Short and Long Term Peace Strategies: "Anglophone" Crisis, Cameroonijtsrd
Just like in Ethiopia, the unrest in the Republic of Cameroon is rooted in the countrys history, which dates back to many years. This paper seeks to analyze the institutional and attitudinal elements on the way forward for the restoration to normalcy of the state of affairs within the national territory. It is not a recipe for apportioning blames but of principles and options to a pacific settlement of disputes within the national territory. Maxwell N. Achu ""The Short and Long Term Peace Strategies: “Anglophone†Crisis, Cameroon"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23512.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/other/23512/the-short-and-long-term-peace-strategies-%C3%A2%E2%82%AC%C5%93anglophone-crisis-cameroon/maxwell-n-achu
Solar Tracking For Maximum Utilization Of Solar EnergyIRJET Journal
This document describes a solar tracking system that aims to maximize solar energy utilization by automatically adjusting the position of solar panels to always face the sun. It uses light dependent resistors (LDRs) and a DC motor controlled by a microcontroller to enable one-axis of horizontal tracking automatically and another axis of vertical tracking manually. By more accurately positioning the panels perpendicular to the sun's rays throughout the day, the system can increase energy collection efficiency compared to fixed panels. It discusses the hardware components, control logic, and concludes that such a low-cost tracking system has potential to increase renewable energy access in rural areas.
This document discusses the design of a GUI based remote control system for a Gas Reduction System (GRS) using a PIC microcontroller. The GRS is currently controlled manually from a control room about 150m away, which can lead to human errors. The proposed system would automate the monitoring and control of the GRS through a GUI and PIC microcontroller to reduce human errors. A PIC16F877A microcontroller is selected for its low power consumption and integrated peripherals. The system would interface with the GRS through input/output circuits on the PIC to remotely control gas pressure, temperature and other functions from the GUI.
Dual axis solar tracking using arduino with lab view (1)LOCHANBHATT1
This document describes the development of a dual axis solar tracking system using an Arduino microcontroller. A dual axis solar tracker moves solar panels along two axes (horizontal and vertical) to keep the panels perpendicular to the sun's rays and maximize energy absorption. It requires solar cells, a voltage regulator, an Arduino Nano microcontroller, light dependent resistors to sense sunlight, an L298N motor driver, and DC motors to adjust the panel positioning. The system uses LDR sensors and an Arduino to read sunlight levels and control the motors to continually adjust the panel orientation towards the sun throughout the day.
Development of a Smart Mechatronic Tracking System to Enhance Solar Cell Pan...IJMER
Two degree of freedom Mechatronic solar tracking system was developed in the present study
to improve the performance of photovoltaic cell panels. The present tracking control algorithm was
applied on a small prototype, simulating a solar cells panel tracking system, designed and constructed in
this work. The Mechatronic tracking hardware section consists mainly of a commercial arduino micro-controller with built in, two servo motor drivers, data input/output, and micro processor modules. Other
components of the tracking hardware are, servo motors actuators and four LDR light intensity sensors. A
feedback control soft ware program, designed and constructed in the present work, enables the solar
tracker to automatically compensate for the sun location’s change to enhance the PV cells efficiency. The
LDR sensors are employed to continuously detect the sun rays intensity at four, light exposed isolated
positions, representing up-right, up-left, down-right, and down-left sides of the solar panel. LDRs data is
hence sent to the control software. The data is used to decide proper actuation actions and send them to
the servomotors to redirect the PV cells panel perpendicular to incident sun rays. Sensors and actuation
signals are exchanged via the in/out data module of the Arduino package. Results of the present
experimental work show that using the present tracking system increases the PV cell out power by about
38% compared with that of a fixed collector
report on automatic tracking solar power system Yuvraj Singh
This document is a report on an automatic tracking solar power system submitted for a Bachelor of Technology degree in Electrical Engineering. It discusses the design and implementation of a solar tracking system using a microcontroller to control servo motors that position solar panels to maintain their perpendicular orientation to the sun's rays throughout the day. This is done to maximize energy generation as the sun moves across the sky. Light dependent resistors are used as sensors to detect sunlight and trigger repositioning of the panels. Experimental results showed the tracking system increased energy output by 25-30% compared to fixed solar panels.
Two Axes Sun Tracking System for Heliostat in Algeriaijeei-iaes
In this paper, using Proteus software, sun tracking system with two axes program has developed
and simulated for site of GHARDAIA, in the south of ALGERIA. Two direct current motors have used to
move heliostat in North–South and East–West axis polar, in order to tracking the sun path.In addition, the
distinction between day and night has provided by light dependent resistor (LDR).An algorithm of two axes
sun tracking system hab developed and simulated under Proteus software, after DC motor’s parameters
have verified and simulated under MATLAB software. The results show that: in the first, the development
of the heliostat control requires the knowledge of the position of each heliostat relative to the tower to
ensure the proper operation of the motors, and the uniformity of the reflected beam to the target.Then the
choice of the drive motors is based on the useful power, including the weight of the heliostat, and all efforts
affects on operation of motors in different seasons of the year, like the wind.And The position of the
heliostat depends of chopper duty cycle.Finally,Conducting a power tower with mobile heliostats requires a
techno-economic study on all components (heliostats, tower...) of the plant, for example weather two
motors for each heliostat field.
The document describes a dual axis solar tracker designed by four students. It includes details on the solar tracker's components like LDR sensors, Arduino microcontroller, servo motors, charge controller, and solar panels. The tracker uses LDR sensors and a microcontroller to rotate the solar panels along two axes to continuously face the sun for maximum energy collection. It can provide around a 40% gain in solar panel efficiency compared to fixed panels. The document also discusses solar energy technology, advantages of tracking systems, and the students' hardware prototypes.
Design and Implementation of Dual Axis Solar Tracking systemIJERA Editor
Solar energy is a promising technology that can have huge long term benefits. Solar cells convert the solar energy into electrical energy. Solar tracking system is the most suited technology to improve the efficiency and enhance the performance by utilizing maximum solar energy through the solar cell. In hardware development we utilize LDR’s as sensors and two servomotors to direct the position of the solar panel. The software part is implemented on a code written using an Arduino Uno controller.
Solar energy is rapidly gaining notoriety as an important means of expanding renewable energy
resources. As such, it is vital that those in engineering fields understand the technologies associated
with this area. Our project will include the design and construction of a microcontroller-based solar
panel tracking system. Solar tracking allows more energy to be produced because the solar array is
able to remain aligned to the sun. This system builds upon topics learned in this course. A working
system will ultimately be demonstrated to validate the design. Problems and possible improvements
will also be presented .Sustainable energy systems are necessary for the economic growth and a
healthy environment. To overcome the issues about lack of energy sources the use of renewable
energy resources needs to be enhanced manifold. The main purpose of this paper is to present a
control system which will cause better alignment of Photo voltaic (PV) array with sun light and to
harvest solar power. The proposed system changes its direction in two axis to trace the coordinate of
sunlight by detecting change in light intensity through light sensors. Hardware testing of the proposed
system is done for checking the system ability to track and follow the sunlight in an efficient way.
Dual axis solar tracking system superiority over single axis solar tracking and fixed PV system is also
presented.
Single AXIs Smart SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEM USING ARDUINOasadur babu
This document describes a single axis smart solar tracking system using an Arduino. The system uses two LDR sensors and a servo motor connected to an Arduino to track the sun and maximize energy collection from a photovoltaic panel. The LDR sensors detect light intensity and send readings to the Arduino, which controls the servo motor to adjust the panel's position accordingly. Testing showed the system successfully orients the panel toward a light source to improve efficiency over a stationary panel. In conclusion, the project demonstrated that LDR sensors and an Arduino can effectively track the sun's position with a simple, low-cost design.
The document describes a student project to design and test a universal solar tracker. A prototype solar tracking system was designed in SolidWorks and built using existing components. An Arduino microcontroller board controls the system based on input from light dependent resistors. Testing found that the solar tracker increased power output over a fixed position system, demonstrating the benefits of tracking systems for improving photovoltaic solar energy efficiency. A cost analysis found the system would sell for £551.14, significantly lower than other trackers on the market.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document is a project report on the design and implementation of a solar tracker system using a microcontroller. It includes an introduction outlining the need for renewable energy sources like solar power. The objectives are to design a system to track solar UV light for solar panels and accurately measure the sun's altitude angle from sunrise to sunset. The literature review covers types of solar trackers including single-axis and dual-axis systems. It also discusses active and passive solar tracking methods and reviews concepts like solar irradiation and efficiency of fixed and tracking solar collectors. Block diagrams, flow charts and the methodology are discussed in subsequent chapters.
This document provides details about a dual axis solar tracker project submitted for a diploma in electrical engineering. It includes an acknowledgment, declaration, table of contents, and abstract summarizing the goal of developing a prototype solar tracking system to enhance the performance of photovoltaic modules. The working involves using light dependent resistors and a microcontroller to control servo motors that rotate the solar panel to maximize exposure to sunlight based on sensor inputs, with the aim of increasing overall power output.
IRJET- Dual Axis Solar Tracking System using ArduinoIRJET Journal
This document describes a dual-axis solar tracking system developed using Arduino that aims to maximize solar energy collection. It discusses how solar trackers can improve power gain by rotating panels to always face the sun's position. A dual-axis tracker is able to rotate in both horizontal and vertical directions, unlike single-axis trackers. The proposed system uses Arduino, light dependent resistors, motors, and a display to control panel rotation based on sun position. Experimental results show the dual-axis system improves efficiency by 30-45% compared to fixed and single-axis mounting.
Development of FPGA based Dual Axis Solar Tracking Systemdrboon
Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) meet critical timing and performance requirements with parallel processing and real-time control application performance, allowing greater system integration and lower development cost. This paper describes a dual axis solar tracking system is based on astronomical equations. The position of sun at anytime is a function of azimuth and altitude angle values. Azimuth and altitude angle values are collected off line. The prototype of dual axis solar tracking system is developed on FPGA to implement the proposed idea. The system comprises of digital clock module, rise time module and two pulses generator modules. Pulse generator modules employ Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) technique for controlling two stepper motors for tracking the azimuth and altitude angles. The functionality of various blocks of the system is described in Very High Speed Integrated Circuit (VHSIC) Hardware Description Language (VHDL). The control logic has been successfully implemented on Spartan 3E FPGA device. Xilinx ISE 14.1 suit is used for design entry, synthesis and burning the bit stream file into FPGA device. The functional verification has been performed using Xilinx simulator.
This document describes a microcontroller-based solar tracker project created by students at Sree Narayana Gurukulam College of Engineering. The project involves designing and building a system that uses sensors and a servo motor controlled by a microcontroller to automatically adjust the position of a solar panel to track the sun and maximize energy collection. It provides the background, objectives, block diagram, component descriptions, circuit diagram, and PCB design of the solar tracker. The goal is to increase the efficiency of solar energy systems by keeping the solar panel aligned directly with the sun throughout the day.
IRJET- Smart and Intelligent Dual Axis Solar Tracker using Arduino Micro-Cont...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and implementation of an intelligent dual axis solar tracker using an Arduino microcontroller. It begins with an introduction to the increasing demand for renewable energy and benefits of solar tracking systems compared to fixed solar panels. It then provides details on the hardware components used, including light dependent resistors to sense the sun's position, Arduino as the controller, and servo motors to rotate the solar panels on two axes. Experimental results show the dual axis tracker has the highest efficiency at 67% and power output compared to single axis and fixed systems. A cost analysis in MATLAB found the dual axis system saves over Rs. 5000 annually in electricity costs compared to other methods.
This document describes a stair step power generation project presented by students. It discusses using the kinetic energy from human footsteps on stairs to power small electrical devices. The system works by converting the up and down motion of footsteps into rotational energy to turn a dynamo and generate electricity. It has advantages of being easy to construct, storing energy, and providing power independently without other energy sources or weather dependence. The document outlines the background, principles, construction, working, applications and advantages of the stair step power generation system.
A solar tracking system is proposed to maximize solar energy collection using a panel that tracks the sun from east to west automatically. The system uses an LDR light sensor to detect sunlight intensity and control a stepper motor driver to move the panel. It operates by sensing changes in light levels to keep the panel oriented towards the strongest sunlight throughout the day. A microcontroller is used to process sensor feedback and power the motor drive accordingly. The tracking system aims to continually point the panel towards the sun to obtain the highest solar intensity from morning to afternoon.
The Short and Long Term Peace Strategies: "Anglophone" Crisis, Cameroonijtsrd
Just like in Ethiopia, the unrest in the Republic of Cameroon is rooted in the countrys history, which dates back to many years. This paper seeks to analyze the institutional and attitudinal elements on the way forward for the restoration to normalcy of the state of affairs within the national territory. It is not a recipe for apportioning blames but of principles and options to a pacific settlement of disputes within the national territory. Maxwell N. Achu ""The Short and Long Term Peace Strategies: “Anglophone†Crisis, Cameroon"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23512.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/other/23512/the-short-and-long-term-peace-strategies-%C3%A2%E2%82%AC%C5%93anglophone-crisis-cameroon/maxwell-n-achu
Solar Tracking For Maximum Utilization Of Solar EnergyIRJET Journal
This document describes a solar tracking system that aims to maximize solar energy utilization by automatically adjusting the position of solar panels to always face the sun. It uses light dependent resistors (LDRs) and a DC motor controlled by a microcontroller to enable one-axis of horizontal tracking automatically and another axis of vertical tracking manually. By more accurately positioning the panels perpendicular to the sun's rays throughout the day, the system can increase energy collection efficiency compared to fixed panels. It discusses the hardware components, control logic, and concludes that such a low-cost tracking system has potential to increase renewable energy access in rural areas.
This document discusses the design of a GUI based remote control system for a Gas Reduction System (GRS) using a PIC microcontroller. The GRS is currently controlled manually from a control room about 150m away, which can lead to human errors. The proposed system would automate the monitoring and control of the GRS through a GUI and PIC microcontroller to reduce human errors. A PIC16F877A microcontroller is selected for its low power consumption and integrated peripherals. The system would interface with the GRS through input/output circuits on the PIC to remotely control gas pressure, temperature and other functions from the GUI.
Dual axis solar tracking using arduino with lab view (1)LOCHANBHATT1
This document describes the development of a dual axis solar tracking system using an Arduino microcontroller. A dual axis solar tracker moves solar panels along two axes (horizontal and vertical) to keep the panels perpendicular to the sun's rays and maximize energy absorption. It requires solar cells, a voltage regulator, an Arduino Nano microcontroller, light dependent resistors to sense sunlight, an L298N motor driver, and DC motors to adjust the panel positioning. The system uses LDR sensors and an Arduino to read sunlight levels and control the motors to continually adjust the panel orientation towards the sun throughout the day.
Development of a Smart Mechatronic Tracking System to Enhance Solar Cell Pan...IJMER
Two degree of freedom Mechatronic solar tracking system was developed in the present study
to improve the performance of photovoltaic cell panels. The present tracking control algorithm was
applied on a small prototype, simulating a solar cells panel tracking system, designed and constructed in
this work. The Mechatronic tracking hardware section consists mainly of a commercial arduino micro-controller with built in, two servo motor drivers, data input/output, and micro processor modules. Other
components of the tracking hardware are, servo motors actuators and four LDR light intensity sensors. A
feedback control soft ware program, designed and constructed in the present work, enables the solar
tracker to automatically compensate for the sun location’s change to enhance the PV cells efficiency. The
LDR sensors are employed to continuously detect the sun rays intensity at four, light exposed isolated
positions, representing up-right, up-left, down-right, and down-left sides of the solar panel. LDRs data is
hence sent to the control software. The data is used to decide proper actuation actions and send them to
the servomotors to redirect the PV cells panel perpendicular to incident sun rays. Sensors and actuation
signals are exchanged via the in/out data module of the Arduino package. Results of the present
experimental work show that using the present tracking system increases the PV cell out power by about
38% compared with that of a fixed collector
report on automatic tracking solar power system Yuvraj Singh
This document is a report on an automatic tracking solar power system submitted for a Bachelor of Technology degree in Electrical Engineering. It discusses the design and implementation of a solar tracking system using a microcontroller to control servo motors that position solar panels to maintain their perpendicular orientation to the sun's rays throughout the day. This is done to maximize energy generation as the sun moves across the sky. Light dependent resistors are used as sensors to detect sunlight and trigger repositioning of the panels. Experimental results showed the tracking system increased energy output by 25-30% compared to fixed solar panels.
Two Axes Sun Tracking System for Heliostat in Algeriaijeei-iaes
In this paper, using Proteus software, sun tracking system with two axes program has developed
and simulated for site of GHARDAIA, in the south of ALGERIA. Two direct current motors have used to
move heliostat in North–South and East–West axis polar, in order to tracking the sun path.In addition, the
distinction between day and night has provided by light dependent resistor (LDR).An algorithm of two axes
sun tracking system hab developed and simulated under Proteus software, after DC motor’s parameters
have verified and simulated under MATLAB software. The results show that: in the first, the development
of the heliostat control requires the knowledge of the position of each heliostat relative to the tower to
ensure the proper operation of the motors, and the uniformity of the reflected beam to the target.Then the
choice of the drive motors is based on the useful power, including the weight of the heliostat, and all efforts
affects on operation of motors in different seasons of the year, like the wind.And The position of the
heliostat depends of chopper duty cycle.Finally,Conducting a power tower with mobile heliostats requires a
techno-economic study on all components (heliostats, tower...) of the plant, for example weather two
motors for each heliostat field.
The document describes a dual axis solar tracker designed by four students. It includes details on the solar tracker's components like LDR sensors, Arduino microcontroller, servo motors, charge controller, and solar panels. The tracker uses LDR sensors and a microcontroller to rotate the solar panels along two axes to continuously face the sun for maximum energy collection. It can provide around a 40% gain in solar panel efficiency compared to fixed panels. The document also discusses solar energy technology, advantages of tracking systems, and the students' hardware prototypes.
Design and Implementation of Dual Axis Solar Tracking systemIJERA Editor
Solar energy is a promising technology that can have huge long term benefits. Solar cells convert the solar energy into electrical energy. Solar tracking system is the most suited technology to improve the efficiency and enhance the performance by utilizing maximum solar energy through the solar cell. In hardware development we utilize LDR’s as sensors and two servomotors to direct the position of the solar panel. The software part is implemented on a code written using an Arduino Uno controller.
Solar energy is rapidly gaining notoriety as an important means of expanding renewable energy
resources. As such, it is vital that those in engineering fields understand the technologies associated
with this area. Our project will include the design and construction of a microcontroller-based solar
panel tracking system. Solar tracking allows more energy to be produced because the solar array is
able to remain aligned to the sun. This system builds upon topics learned in this course. A working
system will ultimately be demonstrated to validate the design. Problems and possible improvements
will also be presented .Sustainable energy systems are necessary for the economic growth and a
healthy environment. To overcome the issues about lack of energy sources the use of renewable
energy resources needs to be enhanced manifold. The main purpose of this paper is to present a
control system which will cause better alignment of Photo voltaic (PV) array with sun light and to
harvest solar power. The proposed system changes its direction in two axis to trace the coordinate of
sunlight by detecting change in light intensity through light sensors. Hardware testing of the proposed
system is done for checking the system ability to track and follow the sunlight in an efficient way.
Dual axis solar tracking system superiority over single axis solar tracking and fixed PV system is also
presented.
Single AXIs Smart SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEM USING ARDUINOasadur babu
This document describes a single axis smart solar tracking system using an Arduino. The system uses two LDR sensors and a servo motor connected to an Arduino to track the sun and maximize energy collection from a photovoltaic panel. The LDR sensors detect light intensity and send readings to the Arduino, which controls the servo motor to adjust the panel's position accordingly. Testing showed the system successfully orients the panel toward a light source to improve efficiency over a stationary panel. In conclusion, the project demonstrated that LDR sensors and an Arduino can effectively track the sun's position with a simple, low-cost design.
The document describes a student project to design and test a universal solar tracker. A prototype solar tracking system was designed in SolidWorks and built using existing components. An Arduino microcontroller board controls the system based on input from light dependent resistors. Testing found that the solar tracker increased power output over a fixed position system, demonstrating the benefits of tracking systems for improving photovoltaic solar energy efficiency. A cost analysis found the system would sell for £551.14, significantly lower than other trackers on the market.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document is a project report on the design and implementation of a solar tracker system using a microcontroller. It includes an introduction outlining the need for renewable energy sources like solar power. The objectives are to design a system to track solar UV light for solar panels and accurately measure the sun's altitude angle from sunrise to sunset. The literature review covers types of solar trackers including single-axis and dual-axis systems. It also discusses active and passive solar tracking methods and reviews concepts like solar irradiation and efficiency of fixed and tracking solar collectors. Block diagrams, flow charts and the methodology are discussed in subsequent chapters.
Optimization of photovoltaic energy by a microcontroller saad motahhir
One of the major challenges of all nations today is to find new energy sources to meet the needs for continued growth in Energy Term. The conversion of sunlight into electricity via photovoltaic solar cells is becoming a necessity in particular through the observation of a global evolution in clean energy that respects the environment. The main challenge is to optimize as much as possible the cost / energy ($/watt) ratio thus boosting both energy performance and at the same time take full advantage of the sun's rays throughout the day.In this context the sun trackers are such devices for efficiency improvement.
Making model of dual axis solar tracking with Maximum Power Point Trackingijsrd.com
Now a days solar harvesting is more popular. As the popularity become higher the material quality and solar tracking methods are more improved. There are several factors affecting the solar system. Major influence on solar cell, intensity of source radiation and storage techniques The materials used in solar cell manufacturing limit the efficiency of solar cell. This makes it particularly difficult to make considerable improvements in the performance of the cell, and hence restricts the efficiency of the overall collection process. Therefore, the most attainable maximum power point tracking method of improving the performance of solar power collection is to increase the mean intensity of radiation received from the source used. The purposed of tracking system controls elevation and orientation angles of solar panels such that the panels always maintain perpendicular to the sunlight. The measured variables of our automatic system were compared with those of a fixed angle PV system. As a result of the experiment, the voltage generated by the proposed tracking system has an overall of about 28.11% more than the fixed angle PV system. There are three major approaches for maximizing power extraction in medium and large scale systems. They are sun tracking, maximum power point (MPP) tracking or both.
IRJET- Comparative Analysis of Dual Axis Automated Solar Tracking SystemIRJET Journal
This document presents a comparative analysis of a dual axis automated solar tracking system. It begins with an introduction to solar energy and the benefits of increasing solar panel efficiency. It then describes the design and testing of a prototype dual axis solar tracker, which uses light dependent resistors and servo motors to orient solar panels perpendicular to the sun throughout the day. Experimental results show that the dual axis tracker increased average solar panel voltage by 8.61% compared to a stationary system. Therefore, solar tracking systems can significantly boost solar energy harvesting efficiency.
Development of a Smart Mechatronic Tracking System to Enhance Solar Cell Pane...IJMER
Two degree of freedom Mechatronic solar tracking system was developed in the present study
to improve the performance of photovoltaic cell panels. The present tracking control algorithm was
applied on a small prototype, simulating a solar cells panel tracking system, designed and constructed in
this work. The Mechatronic tracking hardware section consists mainly of a commercial arduino microcontroller
with built in, two servo motor drivers, data input/output, and micro processor modules. Other
components of the tracking hardware are, servo motors actuators and four LDR light intensity sensors. A
feedback control soft ware program, designed and constructed in the present work, enables the solar
tracker to automatically compensate for the sun location’s change to enhance the PV cells efficiency. The
LDR sensors are employed to continuously detect the sun rays intensity at four, light exposed isolated
positions, representing up-right, up-left, down-right, and down-left sides of the solar panel. LDRs data is
hence sent to the control software. The data is used to decide proper actuation actions and send them to
the servomotors to redirect the PV cells panel perpendicular to incident sun rays. Sensors and actuation
signals are exchanged via the in/out data module of the Arduino package. Results of the present
experimental work show that using the present tracking system increases the PV cell out power by about
38% compared with that of a fixed collector
Study of using solar energy system to supply a data centerIRJET Journal
This document studies using a solar energy system to supply the power needs of a data center. It summarizes the basic components of the system, which includes solar panels, batteries, a charge controller, inverters/converters, and the power grid. It then presents simulation results of the system modeling the solar irradiance in Tehran and the varying power demands of the data center. The results show the solar panels can generate up to 1.2 MW at midday, but most of the time cannot meet the full 2 MW load of the data center. The batteries charge and discharge to help meet demands, with one battery acting as primary and the other as backup. The power grid supplies any remaining load needs when the solar and batteries
Automated Solar Tracking System for Efficient Energy Utilizationvivatechijri
This paper proposes a project that involves an automated solar tracking system which will make use
of LDR’s to track the position of sun. The output of LDR’s will be compared and analyzed to provide correct
alignment of the solar panel. Also another tracking technique is being implemented along, which uses the relation
of sun earth position at a given location. This telemetric data is given to microcontroller which will drive the
motors to align the solar panel. This is useful during cloudy weather and rainy days when it is difficult to check
the position of sun. Solar panels give output efficiency of around 15% to 20% based on the type of panel. The use
of solar tracking system increases it to a range of about 30% to 35%. This project further involves use of reflective
sheets on the sides of solar panel which will concentrate the reflected rays on the panel. Due to this the efficiency
is further increased around 40%. This project is a cost effective solution for stationary solar systems to increase
efficiency.
An investigation of an Arduino-based solar tracking system with panel surface...IRJET Journal
This document describes a study investigating an Arduino-based solar tracking system with an integrated panel cleaning mechanism. The system uses light dependent resistors to sense sunlight intensity and direct a servo motor to adjust the solar panel orientation to maximize energy capture from the sun throughout the day. It also includes motorized wipers to periodically clean the panel surface. The findings indicate that the solar tracking panel produces more energy than a stationary panel and that keeping the panel surface clean further enhances energy production. The system aims to improve solar energy efficiency.
Fresnel lens and tracking to improve the solar panel efficiencyIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study on improving solar panel efficiency through the use of a sun-tracking system and Fresnel lens. A microcontroller-based system was designed to track the sun's movement using light sensors and motors to keep the solar panel perpendicular to the sun's rays. A Fresnel lens was also used to concentrate sunlight on the panel. Experimental results showed the sun-tracking system improved efficiency over a stationary panel and that additional gains were made when combined with the Fresnel lens. Graphs of output data over time demonstrated increased power production from the sun-tracking and concentrated system compared to the stationary panel alone.
Design and implementation of smart electronic solar tracker based on ArduinoTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Demand of energy increases in the global and exponential exhaustion is favored of resources by
fossil fuel for electricity production with the new systems development. Compared with all other remainder
energies, the specialist sun energy is the most bountiful energy and it's typically easy to be changed into
electrical energy. The main thing of using solar panel is to produce electrical energy from sun's energy but
the optimum energy can be generated by tracking solar panel due to the sun movement from east to west.
The problem can be solved by proposed systems where the sun tracking by solar panel that based on high
intensity of sun ray. This paper concentrates on tracking the sun by using servo motor coupled with solar
panel. So that, the largest quantity of sun light at the incident panel along the day at any time is better than
that for method of fixed panel array which is less efficient. The microcontroller Arduino (mode UNO) was
programmed by using C++ language while the track of sun light processing was implemented by using
light depending resistor (LDR), Chip IC H-bridge and microcontroller Arduino (UNO) circuits have been
designed by using Proteus software. By circuit design and sun tracking control process, the cost reduction
has been improved and high amount of energy was saved when implemented this system.
This study investigates experimentally the performance of two-dimensional solar tracking systems with reflector using commercial silicon based photovoltaic module, with open and closed loop control systems. Different reflector materials were also investigated. The experiments were performed at the Hashemite University campus in Zarqa at a latitude of 32⁰, in February and March. Photovoltaic output power and performance were analyzed. It was found that the modified photovoltaic module with mirror reflector generated the highest value of power, while the temperature reached a maximum value of 53 ̊ C. The modified module suggested in this study produced 5% more PV power than the two-dimensional solar tracking systems without reflector and produced 12.5% more PV power than the fixed PV module with 26⁰ tilt angle.
Load frequency control of a two area hybrid system consisting of a grid conne...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This paper presents the design and implementation of a closed-loop solar tracker system. The demand for clean energy sources has increased along with the rising demand for electrical energy and the increasing amount of environment pollution triggered by fuel consumption. Among these sources, solar energy is considered the most feasible given its wide availability and easy operation in different environments. The main purpose of this study is to maximize the generated photovoltaic power and reduce CO2 emissions by designing an efficient and low-cost solar tracking system. An aligned closed-loop solar tracker is designed and constructed to achieve the best accuracy. The proposed system shows more freedom in its movement to overcome the problems associated with the tilt of the frame-holder. A PIC microcontroller based on the Flowcode programming language is used, the position feedback is detected by using a photo-sensor, and the H-Bridge driver is used to control two DC motors. According to the experimental results, the proposed system shows significant improvements in efficiency compared with stationary solar tracking systems.
A Review On Solar Tracking System A Technique Of Solar Power Output EnhancementClaire Webber
1. The document reviews solar tracking systems, which use motors and sensors to adjust the orientation of solar panels throughout the day and follow the sun's movement, increasing solar power output by 30-60% compared to fixed panels.
2. There are two main types of solar tracking systems: single-axis trackers, which rotate around one axis, and dual-axis trackers, which rotate around two axes and are more efficient at tracking the sun's movement throughout the seasons.
3. Active tracking systems use motors, sensors, and microcontrollers to automatically adjust the panels' orientation based on sunlight, while passive systems rely on thermal expansion of materials to move the panels. Overall, solar tracking is an effective method to
Solar Panel Control System using an Intelligent Control: T2FSMC and Firefly A...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Solar panel is a solar energy converter to electrical energy. On solar tracker, there is a controller which sets the movement of solar panel such that it is perpendicular with solar rays. Previous research had designed Type 2 Fuzzy Sliding Mode Control (T2FSMC) controller to control the position of solar panel. However, there was trial and error process to determine gain scale factor so the development of optimization method is needed. This paper aims to modify gain scale factor using Firefly algorithm to increase performance of system. The simulation shows that T2FSMC Firefly has better performance than T2FSMC. T2FSMC Firefly shows the increase of performance on rise time, settling time, and integral time absolute error.
This document describes the design and implementation of a dual axis solar tracking system using a PIC microcontroller. It aims to maximize solar panel efficiency by maintaining perpendicular alignment with the sun. Light dependent resistors are used as sensors and provide input to the PIC microcontroller to determine the position of the sun and control DC motors on each axis accordingly. The system was able to increase energy generation over fixed and single axis systems according to experimental results. Dual axis tracking provided the highest output, with an additional 6% gain over single axis tracking.
Review of solar photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) air collectorIJECEIAES
Growing concern with regard to energy sources and their usage has consequently increased significance of photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) collectors. A PV/T air collector is a system which has a conventional PV system combined with a thermal collector system. The system is able to produce electrical energy directly converted from sunlight by using photoelectric effect. Meanwhile, it also extracts heat from the PV and warms the fluid (air flow) inside the collector. In this review, solar PV system and solar thermal collectors are presented. In addition, studies conducted on solar PV/T air collectors are reviewed. The development of PV/T air collectors is a very promising area of research. PV/T air collectors using in solar drying and solar air heater.
IRJET - Study and Analysis of Arduino based Solar Tracking PanelIRJET Journal
This document describes a study on improving the efficiency of solar panels through the use of an Arduino-based solar tracking system. It analyzes different types of solar tracking mechanisms and implements a microcontroller-controlled system using light sensors to orient a solar panel optimally towards the sun. Experimental results show the tracking panel produced 30-40% more power than a fixed panel over the course of a day, demonstrating the effectiveness of the solar tracking approach in boosting solar panel output.
Solar Plate Indexing To Improve Efficiency of Present Solar Power Systempaperpublications3
Abstract: Although solar plate are being used from very long ago in the world for generation of power in non-conventional form, but still there is hording of improving efficiency of the currently available stationery solar plates. Solar plate indexing system is also one of such efforts made to improve efficiency of solar power extraction. Survey data say that very few days are left when the all reserves will nearly deplete i.e. till 2050 all the reserves of petroleum products which are available under earth will vanish. Therefore, human being is very much worried about the future energy sources. Aiming the improvement of the efficiency of current energy generating equipment’s we have designed to index the solar plate according to the solar track so that perpendicular rays could fall on the plates. We have used 5 watt, 1550 rpm motor to rotate the shaft on which our solar plate is mounted. Electronic cyclic timers have been used to index the plate in the span of 1200 in the duration if 8 hours a day. On-off switch have been used to start the cycle of rotation of plate. Sunrise and sunset limiting switches have been used to decide the pan of the solar plate. After testing the indexed plate solar system on the real ground we have found the result that current stationery plate after charging for 8 hours in the full sunny-day can give uses of 4 hour whereas our indexed plate on charging for the same duration can deliver 6 hour of service. This result is really encouraging and improving the efficiency of current solar plates
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Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Neural network optimizer of proportional-integral-differential controller par...IJECEIAES
Wide application of proportional-integral-differential (PID)-regulator in industry requires constant improvement of methods of its parameters adjustment. The paper deals with the issues of optimization of PID-regulator parameters with the use of neural network technology methods. A methodology for choosing the architecture (structure) of neural network optimizer is proposed, which consists in determining the number of layers, the number of neurons in each layer, as well as the form and type of activation function. Algorithms of neural network training based on the application of the method of minimizing the mismatch between the regulated value and the target value are developed. The method of back propagation of gradients is proposed to select the optimal training rate of neurons of the neural network. The neural network optimizer, which is a superstructure of the linear PID controller, allows increasing the regulation accuracy from 0.23 to 0.09, thus reducing the power consumption from 65% to 53%. The results of the conducted experiments allow us to conclude that the created neural superstructure may well become a prototype of an automatic voltage regulator (AVR)-type industrial controller for tuning the parameters of the PID controller.
An improved modulation technique suitable for a three level flying capacitor ...IJECEIAES
This research paper introduces an innovative modulation technique for controlling a 3-level flying capacitor multilevel inverter (FCMLI), aiming to streamline the modulation process in contrast to conventional methods. The proposed
simplified modulation technique paves the way for more straightforward and
efficient control of multilevel inverters, enabling their widespread adoption and
integration into modern power electronic systems. Through the amalgamation of
sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) with a high-frequency square wave
pulse, this controlling technique attains energy equilibrium across the coupling
capacitor. The modulation scheme incorporates a simplified switching pattern
and a decreased count of voltage references, thereby simplifying the control
algorithm.
A review on features and methods of potential fishing zoneIJECEIAES
This review focuses on the importance of identifying potential fishing zones in seawater for sustainable fishing practices. It explores features like sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height (SSH), along with classification methods such as classifiers. The features like SST, SSH, and different classifiers used to classify the data, have been figured out in this review study. This study underscores the importance of examining potential fishing zones using advanced analytical techniques. It thoroughly explores the methodologies employed by researchers, covering both past and current approaches. The examination centers on data characteristics and the application of classification algorithms for classification of potential fishing zones. Furthermore, the prediction of potential fishing zones relies significantly on the effectiveness of classification algorithms. Previous research has assessed the performance of models like support vector machines, naïve Bayes, and artificial neural networks (ANN). In the previous result, the results of support vector machine (SVM) were 97.6% more accurate than naive Bayes's 94.2% to classify test data for fisheries classification. By considering the recent works in this area, several recommendations for future works are presented to further improve the performance of the potential fishing zone models, which is important to the fisheries community.
Electrical signal interference minimization using appropriate core material f...IJECEIAES
As demand for smaller, quicker, and more powerful devices rises, Moore's law is strictly followed. The industry has worked hard to make little devices that boost productivity. The goal is to optimize device density. Scientists are reducing connection delays to improve circuit performance. This helped them understand three-dimensional integrated circuit (3D IC) concepts, which stack active devices and create vertical connections to diminish latency and lower interconnects. Electrical involvement is a big worry with 3D integrates circuits. Researchers have developed and tested through silicon via (TSV) and substrates to decrease electrical wave involvement. This study illustrates a novel noise coupling reduction method using several electrical involvement models. A 22% drop in electrical involvement from wave-carrying to victim TSVs introduces this new paradigm and improves system performance even at higher THz frequencies.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Bibliometric analysis highlighting the role of women in addressing climate ch...IJECEIAES
Fossil fuel consumption increased quickly, contributing to climate change
that is evident in unusual flooding and draughts, and global warming. Over
the past ten years, women's involvement in society has grown dramatically,
and they succeeded in playing a noticeable role in reducing climate change.
A bibliometric analysis of data from the last ten years has been carried out to
examine the role of women in addressing the climate change. The analysis's
findings discussed the relevant to the sustainable development goals (SDGs),
particularly SDG 7 and SDG 13. The results considered contributions made
by women in the various sectors while taking geographic dispersion into
account. The bibliometric analysis delves into topics including women's
leadership in environmental groups, their involvement in policymaking, their
contributions to sustainable development projects, and the influence of
gender diversity on attempts to mitigate climate change. This study's results
highlight how women have influenced policies and actions related to climate
change, point out areas of research deficiency and recommendations on how
to increase role of the women in addressing the climate change and
achieving sustainability. To achieve more successful results, this initiative
aims to highlight the significance of gender equality and encourage
inclusivity in climate change decision-making processes.
Voltage and frequency control of microgrid in presence of micro-turbine inter...IJECEIAES
The active and reactive load changes have a significant impact on voltage
and frequency. In this paper, in order to stabilize the microgrid (MG) against
load variations in islanding mode, the active and reactive power of all
distributed generators (DGs), including energy storage (battery), diesel
generator, and micro-turbine, are controlled. The micro-turbine generator is
connected to MG through a three-phase to three-phase matrix converter, and
the droop control method is applied for controlling the voltage and
frequency of MG. In addition, a method is introduced for voltage and
frequency control of micro-turbines in the transition state from gridconnected mode to islanding mode. A novel switching strategy of the matrix
converter is used for converting the high-frequency output voltage of the
micro-turbine to the grid-side frequency of the utility system. Moreover,
using the switching strategy, the low-order harmonics in the output current
and voltage are not produced, and consequently, the size of the output filter
would be reduced. In fact, the suggested control strategy is load-independent
and has no frequency conversion restrictions. The proposed approach for
voltage and frequency regulation demonstrates exceptional performance and
favorable response across various load alteration scenarios. The suggested
strategy is examined in several scenarios in the MG test systems, and the
simulation results are addressed.
Enhancing battery system identification: nonlinear autoregressive modeling fo...IJECEIAES
Precisely characterizing Li-ion batteries is essential for optimizing their
performance, enhancing safety, and prolonging their lifespan across various
applications, such as electric vehicles and renewable energy systems. This
article introduces an innovative nonlinear methodology for system
identification of a Li-ion battery, employing a nonlinear autoregressive with
exogenous inputs (NARX) model. The proposed approach integrates the
benefits of nonlinear modeling with the adaptability of the NARX structure,
facilitating a more comprehensive representation of the intricate
electrochemical processes within the battery. Experimental data collected
from a Li-ion battery operating under diverse scenarios are employed to
validate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. The identified
NARX model exhibits superior accuracy in predicting the battery's behavior
compared to traditional linear models. This study underscores the
importance of accounting for nonlinearities in battery modeling, providing
insights into the intricate relationships between state-of-charge, voltage, and
current under dynamic conditions.
Smart grid deployment: from a bibliometric analysis to a surveyIJECEIAES
Smart grids are one of the last decades' innovations in electrical energy.
They bring relevant advantages compared to the traditional grid and
significant interest from the research community. Assessing the field's
evolution is essential to propose guidelines for facing new and future smart
grid challenges. In addition, knowing the main technologies involved in the
deployment of smart grids (SGs) is important to highlight possible
shortcomings that can be mitigated by developing new tools. This paper
contributes to the research trends mentioned above by focusing on two
objectives. First, a bibliometric analysis is presented to give an overview of
the current research level about smart grid deployment. Second, a survey of
the main technological approaches used for smart grid implementation and
their contributions are highlighted. To that effect, we searched the Web of
Science (WoS), and the Scopus databases. We obtained 5,663 documents
from WoS and 7,215 from Scopus on smart grid implementation or
deployment. With the extraction limitation in the Scopus database, 5,872 of
the 7,215 documents were extracted using a multi-step process. These two
datasets have been analyzed using a bibliometric tool called bibliometrix.
The main outputs are presented with some recommendations for future
research.
Use of analytical hierarchy process for selecting and prioritizing islanding ...IJECEIAES
One of the problems that are associated to power systems is islanding
condition, which must be rapidly and properly detected to prevent any
negative consequences on the system's protection, stability, and security.
This paper offers a thorough overview of several islanding detection
strategies, which are divided into two categories: classic approaches,
including local and remote approaches, and modern techniques, including
techniques based on signal processing and computational intelligence.
Additionally, each approach is compared and assessed based on several
factors, including implementation costs, non-detected zones, declining
power quality, and response times using the analytical hierarchy process
(AHP). The multi-criteria decision-making analysis shows that the overall
weight of passive methods (24.7%), active methods (7.8%), hybrid methods
(5.6%), remote methods (14.5%), signal processing-based methods (26.6%),
and computational intelligent-based methods (20.8%) based on the
comparison of all criteria together. Thus, it can be seen from the total weight
that hybrid approaches are the least suitable to be chosen, while signal
processing-based methods are the most appropriate islanding detection
method to be selected and implemented in power system with respect to the
aforementioned factors. Using Expert Choice software, the proposed
hierarchy model is studied and examined.
Enhancing of single-stage grid-connected photovoltaic system using fuzzy logi...IJECEIAES
The power generated by photovoltaic (PV) systems is influenced by
environmental factors. This variability hampers the control and utilization of
solar cells' peak output. In this study, a single-stage grid-connected PV
system is designed to enhance power quality. Our approach employs fuzzy
logic in the direct power control (DPC) of a three-phase voltage source
inverter (VSI), enabling seamless integration of the PV connected to the
grid. Additionally, a fuzzy logic-based maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) controller is adopted, which outperforms traditional methods like
incremental conductance (INC) in enhancing solar cell efficiency and
minimizing the response time. Moreover, the inverter's real-time active and
reactive power is directly managed to achieve a unity power factor (UPF).
The system's performance is assessed through MATLAB/Simulink
implementation, showing marked improvement over conventional methods,
particularly in steady-state and varying weather conditions. For solar
irradiances of 500 and 1,000 W/m2
, the results show that the proposed
method reduces the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the injected current
to the grid by approximately 46% and 38% compared to conventional
methods, respectively. Furthermore, we compare the simulation results with
IEEE standards to evaluate the system's grid compatibility.
Enhancing photovoltaic system maximum power point tracking with fuzzy logic-b...IJECEIAES
Photovoltaic systems have emerged as a promising energy resource that
caters to the future needs of society, owing to their renewable, inexhaustible,
and cost-free nature. The power output of these systems relies on solar cell
radiation and temperature. In order to mitigate the dependence on
atmospheric conditions and enhance power tracking, a conventional
approach has been improved by integrating various methods. To optimize
the generation of electricity from solar systems, the maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) technique is employed. To overcome limitations such as
steady-state voltage oscillations and improve transient response, two
traditional MPPT methods, namely fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and perturb
and observe (P&O), have been modified. This research paper aims to
simulate and validate the step size of the proposed modified P&O and FLC
techniques within the MPPT algorithm using MATLAB/Simulink for
efficient power tracking in photovoltaic systems.
Adaptive synchronous sliding control for a robot manipulator based on neural ...IJECEIAES
Robot manipulators have become important equipment in production lines, medical fields, and transportation. Improving the quality of trajectory tracking for
robot hands is always an attractive topic in the research community. This is a
challenging problem because robot manipulators are complex nonlinear systems
and are often subject to fluctuations in loads and external disturbances. This
article proposes an adaptive synchronous sliding control scheme to improve trajectory tracking performance for a robot manipulator. The proposed controller
ensures that the positions of the joints track the desired trajectory, synchronize
the errors, and significantly reduces chattering. First, the synchronous tracking
errors and synchronous sliding surfaces are presented. Second, the synchronous
tracking error dynamics are determined. Third, a robust adaptive control law is
designed,the unknown components of the model are estimated online by the neural network, and the parameters of the switching elements are selected by fuzzy
logic. The built algorithm ensures that the tracking and approximation errors
are ultimately uniformly bounded (UUB). Finally, the effectiveness of the constructed algorithm is demonstrated through simulation and experimental results.
Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed controller is effective with small synchronous tracking errors, and the chattering phenomenon is
significantly reduced.
Remote field-programmable gate array laboratory for signal acquisition and de...IJECEIAES
A remote laboratory utilizing field-programmable gate array (FPGA) technologies enhances students’ learning experience anywhere and anytime in embedded system design. Existing remote laboratories prioritize hardware access and visual feedback for observing board behavior after programming, neglecting comprehensive debugging tools to resolve errors that require internal signal acquisition. This paper proposes a novel remote embeddedsystem design approach targeting FPGA technologies that are fully interactive via a web-based platform. Our solution provides FPGA board access and debugging capabilities beyond the visual feedback provided by existing remote laboratories. We implemented a lab module that allows users to seamlessly incorporate into their FPGA design. The module minimizes hardware resource utilization while enabling the acquisition of a large number of data samples from the signal during the experiments by adaptively compressing the signal prior to data transmission. The results demonstrate an average compression ratio of 2.90 across three benchmark signals, indicating efficient signal acquisition and effective debugging and analysis. This method allows users to acquire more data samples than conventional methods. The proposed lab allows students to remotely test and debug their designs, bridging the gap between theory and practice in embedded system design.
Detecting and resolving feature envy through automated machine learning and m...IJECEIAES
Efficiently identifying and resolving code smells enhances software project quality. This paper presents a novel solution, utilizing automated machine learning (AutoML) techniques, to detect code smells and apply move method refactoring. By evaluating code metrics before and after refactoring, we assessed its impact on coupling, complexity, and cohesion. Key contributions of this research include a unique dataset for code smell classification and the development of models using AutoGluon for optimal performance. Furthermore, the study identifies the top 20 influential features in classifying feature envy, a well-known code smell, stemming from excessive reliance on external classes. We also explored how move method refactoring addresses feature envy, revealing reduced coupling and complexity, and improved cohesion, ultimately enhancing code quality. In summary, this research offers an empirical, data-driven approach, integrating AutoML and move method refactoring to optimize software project quality. Insights gained shed light on the benefits of refactoring on code quality and the significance of specific features in detecting feature envy. Future research can expand to explore additional refactoring techniques and a broader range of code metrics, advancing software engineering practices and standards.
Smart monitoring technique for solar cell systems using internet of things ba...IJECEIAES
Rapidly and remotely monitoring and receiving the solar cell systems status parameters, solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity, are critical issues in enhancement their efficiency. Hence, in the present article an improved smart prototype of internet of things (IoT) technique based on embedded system through NodeMCU ESP8266 (ESP-12E) was carried out experimentally. Three different regions at Egypt; Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira cities were chosen to study their solar irradiance profile, temperature, and humidity by the proposed IoT system. The monitoring data of solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity were live visualized directly by Ubidots through hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) protocol. The measured solar power radiation in Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira ranged between 216-1000, 245-958, and 187-692 W/m 2 respectively during the solar day. The accuracy and rapidity of obtaining monitoring results using the proposed IoT system made it a strong candidate for application in monitoring solar cell systems. On the other hand, the obtained solar power radiation results of the three considered regions strongly candidate Luxor and Cairo as suitable places to build up a solar cells system station rather than El-Beheira.
An efficient security framework for intrusion detection and prevention in int...IJECEIAES
Over the past few years, the internet of things (IoT) has advanced to connect billions of smart devices to improve quality of life. However, anomalies or malicious intrusions pose several security loopholes, leading to performance degradation and threat to data security in IoT operations. Thereby, IoT security systems must keep an eye on and restrict unwanted events from occurring in the IoT network. Recently, various technical solutions based on machine learning (ML) models have been derived towards identifying and restricting unwanted events in IoT. However, most ML-based approaches are prone to miss-classification due to inappropriate feature selection. Additionally, most ML approaches applied to intrusion detection and prevention consider supervised learning, which requires a large amount of labeled data to be trained. Consequently, such complex datasets are impossible to source in a large network like IoT. To address this problem, this proposed study introduces an efficient learning mechanism to strengthen the IoT security aspects. The proposed algorithm incorporates supervised and unsupervised approaches to improve the learning models for intrusion detection and mitigation. Compared with the related works, the experimental outcome shows that the model performs well in a benchmark dataset. It accomplishes an improved detection accuracy of approximately 99.21%.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniquesnooriasukmaningtyas
The growing significance of portable systems to limit power consumption in ultra-large-scale-integration chips of very high density, has recently led to rapid and inventive progresses in low-power design. The most effective technique is adiabatic logic circuit design in energy-efficient hardware. This paper presents two adiabatic approaches for the design of low power circuits, modified positive feedback adiabatic logic (modified PFAL) and the other is direct current diode based positive feedback adiabatic logic (DC-DB PFAL). Logic gates are the preliminary components in any digital circuit design. By improving the performance of basic gates, one can improvise the whole system performance. In this paper proposed circuit design of the low power architecture of OR/NOR, AND/NAND, and XOR/XNOR gates are presented using the said approaches and their results are analyzed for powerdissipation, delay, power-delay-product and rise time and compared with the other adiabatic techniques along with the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) designs reported in the literature. It has been found that the designs with DC-DB PFAL technique outperform with the percentage improvement of 65% for NOR gate and 7% for NAND gate and 34% for XNOR gate over the modified PFAL techniques at 10 MHz respectively.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
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energy into thermal or electrical energy [7]. High level of sun-following exactness is required to guarantee that
the solar collector based authority is equipped for outfitting the high solar energy for the duration of
the day [8]. The solar power, high focus systems, solar cell plate, cell channel, central receiver system, etc. is
the solar energy collecting is very simple [9]. With a specific end goal to keep up high output power and
soundness of the solar power framework, a high-exactness sun-following framework is important to take over
the sun's direction from first light until nightfall [10].
One of the main advantages of solar cell systems is that they convert light energy delivered by the sun
into electrical energy, without harming the environment [11]. In order to maximize their efficiency, they must
always be perpendicular to the sun rays during daytime. A schematic solar tracker system is presented in
Figure 1. It is a controlled device which can rotate in a horizontal plane (zenith rotation) on a turntable actuated
by the motor 2 and also in the vertical plane (azimuth rotation) actuated by the motor 1. Both electric motors
can be either DC motors or stepper motors.
Thus, in this system, automatic changing the route to do the superior strength of light [12]. In this
tracking system, they have used LDR sensor, motor devices for four ways to the feeling of the superior intensity
of sunlight. And it will be procedure the input voltage as the solar panel with control the instructions in which
motor has to rotate so that it resolves to be collect high-intensity light as the sun. So, in recent years researcher
proposed the use of different type of controller for the tracking system to achieve superior performances.
But there controller results are not considerable. Among this paper, the author doing the proposing
“microcontroller” for the sun tracker control for solar cell systems process to provide better performance.
In this paper discuss the development of the tracking systems. The performance of this controlled study of
simulation and compared with the "analogue controlling device” are discussed. Microcontroller can do easily
low time required for performing the operation, processor chips are very small and flexibility occurs, due to
their higher integration [13], cost and size of the system are reduced, and at the same time many tasks can be
performed so controller effect can save.
In this paper is arranged as follows a brief explanation of the 2 analogue control system and 3
microcontroller control systems. In section 4 results and discussion. In section 5 conclusions.
Figure 1. Functioning principle of a solar tracking system
2. ANALOGUE CONTROL SYSTEM
In order to generate the tracking movement, the principle presented in the block diagram in Figure 2
is usually used. It can be seen that the control system is composed of a sensor zone, in which light-sensitive
devices mounted in pairs can be used, such as LDRs (light-dependent resistors), phototransistors, etc.
The signals offered by the sensors are then compared to each other in a comparator block made either with
analogue devices or with microprocessors [14]. The output signal of the comparator is used to drive a motor
(DC or stepper motor). As long as the signal levels offered by the light sensitive devices are not equal, the
control system will keep moving the motor toward the direction indicated by the lowest value of light.
In shown Figure 3 Schematic diagram of an analogue device tracker control system is presented.
LDR1 and LDR2 are light sensors IC1 and IC2 are comparators and T1-T4 are the H-bridge used to actuate
the DC motor M. P1, R1, P2, R2 are used to fix the input levels (or the voltage window) on which the
comparator will start to command the motor driver. At the moment when the LDRs will get the same amount
of light, the P1 and P2 must be adjusted in such way that the motor should be still in static position.
When LDR2 receive less light than LDR1 then the voltage at point A is greater than the half of the supply
voltage. This means that the output of IC1 is in HIGH state, thus allowing transistors T1 and T4 to be in
conduction state, so that the motor is rotating [15]. Transistors must be chosen in respect to the power absorbed
by the motor. For values up to 300mA, T1 and T3 can be of BD239 type or similar, while T2 and T4 can be of
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complementary type, BD240. Diodes D1 to D4 are used as transistor protection against inductive current peaks
generated by the motor. For higher values of the power (current) absorbed by the motor, a pair of
2N3055/MJ2955 transistors can be used. If the driving current offered by the ICs is not enough to drive the
bridge, they can be used in Darlington montage together with BD239/BD240. Sensors must be mounted in a
device similar to the one presented in Figure 4.
Figure 2. Block diagram of a control system for solar tracker
Figure 3. Schematic diagram of an analogue device tracker control system
Figure 4. Sensor mounting device
As it can be seen the shape of the mounting device must avoid direct sunlight on the sensors when the
system is perpendicular to the rays. This can be accomplished by using non-reflecting black tubes and an
inclined surface of the geometry where sensors are mounted [16]. The height of the tubes must also be enough
to keep LDRs away from the sunlight when the device is properly oriented. In order to allow azimuth and
zenith movements, two identical control systems must be used one for horizontal (zenith) rotation, and one for
vertical (azimuth) rotation. Sensors must be properly mounted, one set for horizontal movement and one set
for vertical movement [17].
3. MICROCONTROLLER CONTROL SYSTEM
The control system uses microprocessors to mainly replace the analogue comparator with a
microprocessor and driving software. A huge advantage of these systems is that it allows much precise
positioning and also controls other aspects of energy accumulation using microprocessor capabilities. Another
advantage is that it can be programmed to orient itself in the eastern direction at the moment when night
appears, in order to “wait” prepared for the rising sun next day and so on.
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Due to the fact that the microcontroller is able to analyze independently the level of light on each of
the LDRs, a simpler sensitive device, using only 3 LDRs can be made. Working principle for 3 LDRs lays on
the way in which microcontroller work and on the way in which sensors are mounted as shown in Figure 5:
LDR1 and LDR2 are mounted in line in horizontal position. They are used to detect differences between their
light levels. If differences occur, the microcontroller will command the motor driver to adjust the position in
respect to the vertical axes. When the light level is equal on both LDRs, their mean value is then compared to
the light level on LDR3, thus realizing, in a similar manner as presented previously, the positioning of the
system around the horizontal axes.
The flowchart for such a system is presented in Figure 6 and is adapted considering a principle
mentioned. After initializing sequence system acquires light levels from the sensors. In case the values are
lower than a threshold value, it means that outside is not. In this case the system goes to the initial position and
waits to the next sunrise. If there is light, the system verifies if the LDR1 and LDR2 have the same level of
light. If not, a command is sent to the motor driver to rotate it with one step in the desired position (toward the
higher values). This step repeats until light levels are equal on both LDRs and no command is sent to
the motor driver.
Figure 5. The architecture of
Sensor mounting
Figure 6. Flowchart for a sun tracker control system using
microcontroller
Further, the system calculates the average of LDR1 and LDR2 light levels and compares it to the light
level on LDR3. If there is no match, a command is sent to the motor which rotates the solar panel around a
horizontal axis with one step, until there are no differences between the average of LDR1 and LDR2 light
levels and the light level of LDR3. When all the values are identical, the system returns in initial position and
reiterates the process. Schematic diagram of a control system using Arduino UNO is presented in Figure 7.
Figure 8 presents a capture of the Arduino program with the function which allows the rotation of the system
around its vertical axes.
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Figure 7. Schematic diagrams for a tracking control system using Arduino Uno
Figure 8. Print-screen of the sketch for Arduino Uno
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
With the end goal to exhibit the adequacy of the proposed approach, the composed controller is
utilized to track the microcontroller under steady and differing climatic conditions. For every climatic
conditions case, a comparative report among proposes the microcontroller is performed for sun tracker control
for solar cell systems. The solar based panel following framework is demonstrated and utilizing Arduino, kid
cad, Sci-lab condition. In this paper mainly work focuses on the performance of manual and tracker systems.
To reach this data, straightforward analyses were performed. In Figure 1 shows the experimental setup for
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fixed and tracker systems. The temperatures amid the trial were recorded utilized the light dependent resistor
(LDR) sensor. The open-circuit voltage and the present data reading were recorded utilizing a multi-meter
associated with the solar powered cells.
The reproduction aftereffects of the sun based tracker utilizing the Simulink are appearing in
Figures 9 and 10. As observe from the plots, the sun based tracker can pursue the sun angle. In the plot,
this solar oriented tracker delivers a higher current output when contrasted the settled PV panel. Furthermore,
the other piece of the diagram demonstrates the condition of the power efficiency performance. In this system
simulation power and current output of the day was quite close to the actual results obtained. At the same
system experiment time, there was some slight deviation amid the morning and afternoon time frame because
of the demonstrating of the real irradiance acquired from the experiment. The output power of this tracker was
compared with the fixed panel design in order to determine the efficiency of the solar tracker system.
As expected the average efficiency created by the proposed tracking panel is higher than that of the fixed panel.
Here, the output efficiency alludes to the proportion of contrast between the entirety of this tracker and the
fixed panel capacity to the total of fixed panel control over the time of interest. In this tracking system the
productivity, efficiency (get from exploratory results) is around 28.5% in Figure 11. As compare to several the
solar pane trackers as realized in this paper [14, 18, 19], the average efficiency is good and hence,
the proposed design results is higher and comparable to the existing design. As found in Figure 11, the solar
panel tracker was productive amid the majority of the day with the exception of amid the early afternoon where
the sun irradiance was observed to be the most noteworthy. Hence, the tracking panel system that horizontal
and vertical on the ground is in this way much practiced.
Figure 9. Fixed Solar panel measured time
functions of output voltage and current
Figure 10. Solar tracking system measured time
functions of output voltage and current
Figure 11. Tracking and fixed systems Comparison of the generating power
For the expense and advantage of the proposed solar based tracker framework, it has some
extraordinary example, the underlying use of the materials is typically medium, yet there is no fuel cost
included and the upkeep cost is low. The aggregated information [20] demonstrate that at present a solar panel
framework is competitive where small amounts of energy are required at a place that is far away from an
electric grid or any other source of energy. Our estimates of the electricity cost matched with those reported
for the solar cell, diesel generator and grid-extension systems. Our analysis shows that the cost of electricity
from a solar cell system is approximately equal to that from a diesel generator and cheaper than a grid extension.
This solar system may be used for domestic applications, especially in remote areas. Keeping in view the
environmental impact and economic assessments of the designed solar system, it is evident from the listed data
that the solar system even at present is a competitive choice for small power requirements. With the expectation
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that the cost of a solar module will reduce in the near future see one of the report from (Solarbuzz.com) on Jan
2018, a solar panel tracking system may as well become an economic and more attractive option for
higher loads.
5. CONCLUSION
This paper presented a sun tracker control system for solar cell systems: One of them uses a
microcontroller device which controls a motor driver realized with discrete components. Regardless of the
method used, the system needs light sensors, two for each controlling device. In the case of using a
microcontroller, it is possible to use only LDRs. Two identical comparators are needed for the analogue
system, while there is sufficient one microcontroller to control both motors. Precision in positioning the solar
panel is greater in the case of using a microcontroller due to the fact that stepper motors can be used to
actuate the system. The proposed design was simple and self-contained, requires programming and a
computer interface. A laboratory has been successfully built and tested to verify the effectiveness of the
control. Finally, Experiment results indicated that the developed system increased the tracking system rather
than fixed systems.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
All praise to supreme almighty Allah, whose blessings and kindness. I went to thank and show my
deepest gratitude towards the entire faculty member who gives me adequate encouragement and every
possible help to complete this work. Finally, I want to thank Erasmus Mundus authority for my research
money supporting help.
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Md Arif Hossain currently a postgraduate student in engineering specialized in solar energy
technology from Multimedia University in Malaysia. He has completed bachelor’s degree in
electrical and electronics engineering from Bangladesh University (B) in Dhaka, Bangladesh in
2013. He is very expert mat lab and Sci-lab. His current research interested in electrical engineering,
Renewable energy, wind energy, PID controller, Fuzzy logic controller, Neuro-fuzzy controller,
Deep-neuro fuzzy controller, oil, gas and intelligent system.
Md Jakir Hossen currently senior lecturer in multimedia university (MMU) and completed Doctor
of Philosophy in smart technology and robotics engineering (UPM), Masters in engineering (UPM),
Bachelor in Mechanical Engineering (DUET), Diploma in power (Automobile) Engineering (DPI).
His research interest is control and robotics, soft-computing (Fuzzy logic and Neuro-fuzzy
controller) intelligent system and programing.
G. Ramana Murthy CEng, MIET, SMIEEE received B.Tech Degree from Nagarjuna University
in 1990, M.Tech Degree from G.B.Pant University of Agriculture & Technology in 1993, and Ph.D.
(Engineering) from Multimedia University in 2013. Currently he is working as Senior Lecturer in
Faculty of Engineering & Technology, Multimedia University (Melaka Campus), Malaysia. His
main research interests include Analysis and Embedded Computing, VLSI, Nanotechnology,
Memory optimization, design and analysis of low-power circuits, FPGA and Evolutionary
Algorithms.
Jesmeen M.Z.H currently a postgraduate student in engineering specialization in artificial
intelligence from Multimedia University. She completed bachelor’s degree in computer science and
engineering from International Islamic University Chittagong, Bangladesh. She is research
interested is artificial intelligent, big data, Machine learning.
J. Emerson Raja, Ph.D., is currently senior lecturing in the Faculty of Engineering and Technology
at Multimedia University, Malaysia. His work is centered on applying soft computing techniques to
monitor the health of machines. He has been selected to give lectures in "International Teaching
Week" at Hof University of applied sciences, Hof, GERMANY, in June 2013. He had given key
note speech in several International Conferences in China and India. His research interested is Soft
computing, tool condition monitoring topics and Artificial Intelligent.