Solar energy is energy derived from the sun's radiation, enabling the production of electricity. Renewable energy includes forms like solar, wind, hydro, and geothermal energy, characterized by their clean and non-polluting nature. Solar cells, also known as photovoltaic cells, convert sunlight into electricity by exciting electrons in semiconducting materials, and can be combined into modules and arrays to produce larger amounts of power.

2. Solar Energy
Solar energy: is simply, energy provided by the sun.
This energy is in the form of solar radiation, which
makes the production of solar electricity possible.
A simple example of the power of the sun can be
seen by using a magnifying glass to focus the suns
rays on a piece of paper. Before long the paper
ignites into flames.

3. Renewable Energy
Renewable energy is energy generated from natural
resources such as sunlight, wind, water and biomass
heat etc.
Renewable energy is also called "clean energy" or
"green power" because it doesn't pollute the air or
the water.

4. Like the propeller blades of an airplane, wind turbine
blades use the moving air to power an electric
generator that supplies an electric current.
Have you ever used a magnifying glass to make
something melt or burn? If yes, than you were using
solar power!

5. Hydro means "water" in Greek - so "hydro power" is
energy made from water.
Have you ever seen pictures of a volcano or a
geyser? If so, then you've seen geothermal energy in
action!

6. Solar cell
Solar cells are devices that convert light energy directly
into electrical energy.
A solar cell (or a "photovoltaic" cell) is a device that
converts photons from the sun (solar light) into
electricity
Light travels in packets of energy called photons
Solar cells are typically 100 cm2 to 225 cm2 in size.
The usable voltage from silicon solar cells is
approximately 0.5 V to 0.6 V.

7. Construction of “PV Cell”
Photovoltaic cells are made of at least two layers
of semiconducting material.
The first layer has a positive charge the next layer has a
negative charge.
When sunlight strikes the cell, the semiconducting
material absorbs photons from the light. This process
frees electrons from the negative layer, which move to
the positive layer.

8. This flow of electrons constitutes an electric current,
which can be captured in a circuit connecting the two
layers.
The electricity generated by a PV cell can be used
directly, stored in batteries the electricity produced
called (DC) for the conversation of DC to AC a device
is used called inverter.
High-efficiency solar cells are made from purified
silicon. Constructing these devices requires specialized
equipment and extensive resources.

9. Photovoltaic Effect
“photovoltaic effect” when sunshine hits the PV
cell, the photons of light excite the electrons in
the cell and cause them to flow, generating
electricity.

11. Module
A number of solar cells electrically connected to each
other and mounted in a support structure or frame is
called a photovoltaic module.
Modules are designed to supply electricity at a certain
voltage, such as a common 12 volts system. The
current produced is directly dependent on how much
light strikes the module.

13. Array
Multiple modules can be wired together to form an array
In general, the larger the area of a module or array, the
more electricity that will be produced.
Photovoltaic modules and arrays produce direct current
(dc) electricity. They can be connected in both series
and parallel electrical arrangements to produce any
required voltage and current combination.