Sociology as a humanistic and scientific discipline
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This document provides an overview of sociology as an academic discipline. It discusses the importance of sociology in making us more understanding and tolerant, and in applying scientific methods to social problems. The document also outlines several key areas of sociology including social organization, social psychology, social change, and population studies. Finally, it discusses several pioneers and forerunners of sociology from the 18th-19th centuries, including Henri Saint-Simon, Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer, Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, and Max Weber.
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Sociology is defined in multiple ways by different scholars:
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Max Weber's theory of social stratification analyzed how social class, status, and political power interacted to determine people's life chances. Weber argued that social class was based on economic interests and wealth, while status groups were communities linked by shared lifestyles and prestige. Weber also identified three ideal types of authority: traditional authority based on longstanding tradition, charismatic authority based on personal attributes, and legal-rational authority based on bureaucratic rules and procedures. Overall, Weber emphasized analyzing stratification through multiple, interrelated factors beyond just economic class like Marx had.
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Sociology originated as a term in the late 18th century, derived from Latin and Greek roots meaning "the study of companions." Four main factors led to the development of sociology as an academic discipline: (1) the French Revolution disrupted traditional social hierarchies; (2) the Industrial Revolution led many to migrate to cities and exposed new social problems; (3) increased travel exposed Europeans to different cultures; and (4) the success of Newton in explaining natural phenomena inspired applying scientific principles to understanding social phenomena.
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Auguste comte
Auguste Comte was a French philosopher considered the founder of the discipline of sociology. He asserted that sociology should study human social relationships using the methods of the natural sciences. Comte coined the term "sociology" and developed key ideas including the law of three stages of human progress, the hierarchy of sciences, and his normative doctrine for a new positive social order governed by scientific experts and based on principles of love, order, and altruism.
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This document discusses the differences and relationships between sociology and other social sciences such as history, anthropology, political science, psychology, and economics. It explains that while each social science focuses on a different aspect of social life, they are also interrelated. For example, sociology studies modern societies and social institutions, anthropology studies primitive cultures, history studies past events, political science examines government and politics, psychology analyzes individual behavior, and economics deals with economic activities and organizations. The document provides details on the scope, methods, and focus of each discipline to clarify how they are both similar and distinct from sociology.
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Sociology as a humanistic and scientific discipline
- 1. CHAPTER 1 SOCIOLOGY AS A HUMANISTIC AND SCIENTIFIC DISCIPLINE
- 2. A. IMPORTANCE OF SOCIOLOGY
- 3. 1. We become more understanding, broad- minded, and tolerant
- 4. 2. It enables us to learn the application of scientific methods and techniques to our daily life problems.
- 5. 3. Enables us to see the connection between our own personal forces in the bigger social world daily which influence life.
- 6. 4. It furnishes interested people and specialized sciences with principles and scientific data which they can use in their work.
- 7. 5. It undertakes scientific sociological researches and inquiry on immediate and contemporary social problems
- 8. 6. It has made great strides in the study of criminology, ethnic relation, social processes, the family, population and collective behavior.
- 9. 7. Provides insights into the interrelationship of human beings within the group so that we may live in harmony with others.
- 10. 8. The results of sociological investigations provide a better background for meeting and solving social problems.
- 11. 9. The results of sociological inquiry can help dispel popular myths, superstition, and stereotypes with accurate knowledge about human behavior and human societies.
- 12. 10. It broadens our experiences as we learn to discard our prejudices and biases as we become more understanding and tolerant of the customs of other people.
- 13. 11. Results of sociological investigation are useful to everyone.
- 14. B. AREAS OF SOCIOLOGY
- 17. SOCIAL CHANGE
- 18. HUMAN ECOLOGY
- 20. SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY AND RESEARCH
- 22. C. PIONEER/FORERUNNERS OF SOCIOLOGY
- 23. Henri Sain-Simon (1760-1825) He based his ideas on the assumption that the law of human behavior could be determined in the same manner that the law of nature had been arrived at by natural scientist.
- 24. Auguste Comte (1978-1857) He advocated the idea of “positivism” or the use of empirical investigation to understand society and social phenomenon
- 25. Herbert Spencer (1830-1903) Scientist who argued that human societies go through an evolutionary process and who coined the concept “survival of the fittest”
- 26. Karl Marx (1818-1883) He believed that the misery and exploitation of the working lower classes in society was caused by capitalism the existing industrial order.
- 27. Emil Durkheim (1858-1917) He focused on the characteristics of social groups, particularly the cohesion or non-cohesion of religious groups.
- 28. Max Weber (1864-1920) His works dwelt on the significance of subjective meanings people give to their interactions with others.
- 29. OTHER PIONEERS
- 30. Walter Bagehot (1826- 1877), English
- 31. Ludwig Gumplowicz (1838- 1909, Polish)
- 32. Gustav Ratzer Hoofers (1842- 1912, Austrian)
- 33. Jacquez Novicow (1849- 1912, Russian)
- 34. Achille Loria (1857- 1943, Italian)
- 35. Adolphe Coste (1842- 1901, French)
- 36. Benjamin Kid (1858- 1916, English)
- 37. William Graham Sumner (1840- 1913, American)
- 38. Albion Small (1854- 1926, American)
- 39. Lester Ward (1841- 1913, American)
- 40. Franklin Giddings (1855- 1931, American)
- 42. Adolfe Quetelet (1796- 1874, Belgian)
- 43. Frediric Le Hay (1806- 1882, French)
- 44. Edward Taylor (1832- 1917, British)
- 45. Lewis Morgan (1818- 1881, American)
- 46. Arthur de Gobineau (1816- 1882, English)
- 48. Nicholas Danilevsky (1822- 1885, Russian)