Defining psychology
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Psychology is defined as the scientific study of behavior and mental processes, and how they are influenced by internal factors and the environment. Psychologists use the scientific method, relying on evidence rather than theories. Behavior can be studied at three levels: biological, focusing on physiology and genetics; cognitive, examining mental processes like memory and decision-making; and sociocultural, looking at how society and culture shape behavior. The document provides an overview of the key concepts in psychology.
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Defining psychology
Psychology is defined as the scientific study of behavior and mental processes, and how they are affected by both internal factors like genetics and biology as well as environmental influences. It uses the scientific method, relying on evidence rather than theories. Behavior refers to observable actions while mental processes are internal functions like memory, learning, and decision-making. Psychology studies human behavior through three levels of analysis: biological looks at physiological and genetic influences; cognitive examines how we process information; and sociocultural considers how society and culture shape our behaviors as social animals.
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2) Yoga increased self-control and reduced stress and aggression in prisoners.
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1Psychology’s Roots, Big Ideas, and Critical Thinking Tools.docx
1
Psychology’s Roots, Big Ideas, and Critical Thinking Tools
Revised by Pauline Davey Zeece, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Chapter Overview
Psychology’s roots
Four big ideas in psychology
Why do psychology?
How do psychologists ask and answer questions?
Psychology’s research ethics
Use psychology to become a stronger person—and a better student
Psychology’s Roots
Psychological science’s birth and development
Contemporary psychology
The Scientific Attitude
Modern science is possible due to three basic attitudes:
Curiosity
Skepticism
Humility
Myers/DeWall, Psychology in Everyday Life, 4e, © 2017 Worth Publishers
The Scientific Attitude: Curiosity
Research commences with the passion to explore and understand the world without misleading or being misled.
Questions to consider:
Does the idea work?
When put to the test, can the idea’s predictions be confirmed?
The Scientific Attitude: Skepticism
Skeptical testing can reveal which claim best matches the facts.
Sifting reality from fantasy requires a healthy skepticism.
Attitude that is not cynical, but not gullible either
Questions to consider:
What does one mean?
How does one know?
The Scientific Attitude: Humility
Researchers can make mistakes and must be willing to be surprised and follow new ideas.
One’s opinions do not matter.
Truths revealed in response to one’s questioning matter.
Myers/DeWall, Psychology in Everyday Life, 4e, © 2017 Worth Publishers
Psychology’s Earliest Pioneers: Magellans of the Mind
Wilhelm Wundt
Charles Darwin
Ivan Pavlov
Sigmund Freud
Jean Piaget
William James
Mary Whiton Calkins
Margaret Floy Washburn
Early Definitions of PsychologyGroupsDefinitionEarly pioneersScience of mental lifeBehavioristsScientific study of observable behaviorFreudianEmphasis on unconscious thought processes and emotional responses to childhood experiencesHumanistic psychologistsStress on people’s growth potentialCognitive psychologistsScientific exploration of how information is perceived, processed, and rememberedCognitive neuroscientistsInterdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with mental activity
Psychology
Science of behavior and mental processes
Behavior - Any action that can be observed and recorded
Anything a human or nonhuman animal does
Mental processes - Internal states that are inferred from behavior
Include thoughts, beliefs, and feelings
Retrieve and Remember 1
Describe the three parts of the scientific attitude.
What event defined the start of scientific psychology?
How did the cognitive revolution affect the field of psychology?
ANSWER: The scientific attitude combines (1) curiosity about the world around us, (2) skepticism about unproven claims and ideas, and (3) humility about our own understanding. These three traits guide psychologists as they consider ideas and test them with scientific methods. Ideas that do not hold up will then be discarded.
ANSWER: Scientific psychology began in Germany in 1879, when Wilh.
Industrial Psychology Unit 1
Psychology as a science- area of applications – the study of
individual & individual differences-study of behavior stimulus
response behavior heredity and environment
human mind attitude- personality
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Principles
Studies supporting principles
Research methods used in SCLA
Limitations of research methods
How to overcome limitations
Ethical considerations in research methods
Situational and dispositional factors in explaining behaviour
Two errors in attribution
Social Identity Theory
Formation of stereotypes and effect on behaviour
Social Learning Theory
Compliance techniques
Conformity
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This document discusses attribution theory and common errors in attribution. It begins with warm-up questions about successes and failures. It then defines attribution as how people explain behaviors and events. Two types of attribution are discussed: situational vs. dispositional. Common errors in attribution are explained, including the fundamental attribution error of overemphasizing dispositional factors and underestimating situational influences. Research studies are described that demonstrate these errors, such as overestimating the intelligence of someone in a position of authority. The document concludes with a discussion of the self-serving bias and how attribution differs across cultures.
Sociocultural loa principles
This document outlines three principles of sociocultural level of analysis:
1) Humans have an innate need to belong and be part of social groups, as Aristotle noted that humans are social animals.
2) Culture, defined as the norms and values of a society, influences human behavior. Cultural legacies persist over generations and shape attitudes.
3) Humans have a social self that reflects their group memberships, which define their identities.
3. Conformity & Obedience
This document provides an overview of key concepts in social psychology related to conformity and obedience. It discusses classic studies on conformity by Sherif and Asch, and on obedience by Milgram. Factors that influence conformity and obedience are explored, such as group size and unanimity. The document also examines theories to explain these behaviors, such as informational and normative influence, and the agentic shift proposed by Milgram to explain why people obey authority figures. Criticisms of classic studies and strategies for resisting social pressure are also summarized.
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Social identity theory proposes that people categorize themselves and others into social groups. People tend to favor the groups they belong to and view them more positively than other groups. Individuals aim to enhance their self-esteem through the groups they identify with. There are two belief systems for achieving this enhancement: social mobility, believing one can change groups to improve status, and social change, believing one must challenge the status quo by competing with higher status groups. Understanding social identity theory can help create more effective marketing like music videos by appealing to the social identities and groups of the target audience.
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Social identity theory proposes that people derive part of their self-concept from group memberships. It explains how social categorization and comparisons between in-groups and out-groups impact behavior. Several studies discussed provide evidence for this, such as Tajfel's finding that random groupings led to in-group favoritism, and research showing that threats to social identity increase stress levels and derogation of out-groups. However, the theory also has limitations, as some studies had low ecological validity or did not fully account for factors like poverty. Overall, social identity theory effectively explains phenomena like in-group bias, conformity, and intergroup conflict, though more research is still needed.
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IB Psychology Paper 1 Sociocultural Level of Analysis
IB Psychology Paper 1 Sociocultural Level of Analysis
Similar to Defining psychology
Chapter 1
This document provides an overview of psychology as a discipline. It discusses:
1) Psychology's roots in philosophers like Aristotle and the founding of experimental psychology by Wundt.
2) Key ideas in psychology like critical thinking and the biopsychosocial model of behavior.
3) How psychologists use the scientific method to ask and answer questions through description, correlation, and experimentation.
4) Major perspectives and subfields in contemporary psychology.
Module 1 the history and scope of psychology
The document provides an overview of the history and scope of psychology. It discusses how psychology originated from the work of philosophers like Wilhelm Wundt in the late 1800s. It then describes some of the major developments in psychology's evolution including behaviorism, humanistic psychology, and cognitive psychology. The document also outlines psychology's main levels of analysis using a biopsychosocial approach and lists some of psychology's main subfields including clinical, cognitive, and social psychology.
1Psychology’s Roots, Big Ideas, and Critical Thinking Tools.docx
1
Psychology’s Roots, Big Ideas, and Critical Thinking Tools
Revised by Pauline Davey Zeece, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Chapter Overview
Psychology’s roots
Four big ideas in psychology
Why do psychology?
How do psychologists ask and answer questions?
Psychology’s research ethics
Use psychology to become a stronger person—and a better student
Psychology’s Roots
Psychological science’s birth and development
Contemporary psychology
The Scientific Attitude
Modern science is possible due to three basic attitudes:
Curiosity
Skepticism
Humility
Myers/DeWall, Psychology in Everyday Life, 4e, © 2017 Worth Publishers
The Scientific Attitude: Curiosity
Research commences with the passion to explore and understand the world without misleading or being misled.
Questions to consider:
Does the idea work?
When put to the test, can the idea’s predictions be confirmed?
The Scientific Attitude: Skepticism
Skeptical testing can reveal which claim best matches the facts.
Sifting reality from fantasy requires a healthy skepticism.
Attitude that is not cynical, but not gullible either
Questions to consider:
What does one mean?
How does one know?
The Scientific Attitude: Humility
Researchers can make mistakes and must be willing to be surprised and follow new ideas.
One’s opinions do not matter.
Truths revealed in response to one’s questioning matter.
Myers/DeWall, Psychology in Everyday Life, 4e, © 2017 Worth Publishers
Psychology’s Earliest Pioneers: Magellans of the Mind
Wilhelm Wundt
Charles Darwin
Ivan Pavlov
Sigmund Freud
Jean Piaget
William James
Mary Whiton Calkins
Margaret Floy Washburn
Early Definitions of PsychologyGroupsDefinitionEarly pioneersScience of mental lifeBehavioristsScientific study of observable behaviorFreudianEmphasis on unconscious thought processes and emotional responses to childhood experiencesHumanistic psychologistsStress on people’s growth potentialCognitive psychologistsScientific exploration of how information is perceived, processed, and rememberedCognitive neuroscientistsInterdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with mental activity
Psychology
Science of behavior and mental processes
Behavior - Any action that can be observed and recorded
Anything a human or nonhuman animal does
Mental processes - Internal states that are inferred from behavior
Include thoughts, beliefs, and feelings
Retrieve and Remember 1
Describe the three parts of the scientific attitude.
What event defined the start of scientific psychology?
How did the cognitive revolution affect the field of psychology?
ANSWER: The scientific attitude combines (1) curiosity about the world around us, (2) skepticism about unproven claims and ideas, and (3) humility about our own understanding. These three traits guide psychologists as they consider ideas and test them with scientific methods. Ideas that do not hold up will then be discarded.
ANSWER: Scientific psychology began in Germany in 1879, when Wilh.
Industrial Psychology Unit 1
Psychology as a science- area of applications – the study of
individual & individual differences-study of behavior stimulus
response behavior heredity and environment
human mind attitude- personality
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This document provides an overview of three contemporary approaches in psychology: psychodynamic, behaviorism, and humanistic. It notes that the psychodynamic approach studies personality in terms of conscious and unconscious forces like desires and beliefs. Behaviorism is concerned with observable and measurable behavior and sees it as learned. Humanistic psychology, developed by Abraham Maslow, sees human behavior as motivated by a hierarchy of needs from basic survival needs to higher psychological needs. The essay will explore one major theory from each approach and their strengths and weaknesses.
What is Psychology?
The term psychology comes from the Greek roots psyche meaning soul or mind and logos meaning word or study
The term psychology comes from the Greek roots psyche meaning soul or mind and logos meaning word or study
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Psychology is defined as the scientific study of human behavior and mental processes. There are several major psychological perspectives that study these areas, including psychoanalytic, behaviorist, cognitive, and biopsychological approaches. The field has evolved from its philosophical roots to become a science, with the goal of objectively describing, explaining, predicting, and changing human behavior and cognition. Psychologists work in a variety of settings and subfields, from research and academia to clinical practice and other applied settings. The study of psychology aims to further our understanding of human thought and behavior through empirical research.
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1 introduction to psychology
Psychology is the science of the mind and behavior. It studies internal mental processes and human behavior. There are many branches of psychology that focus on different aspects, such as clinical, cognitive, developmental, and social psychology. Psychology is applicable to nursing by helping student nurses understand themselves and others, appreciate how the environment impacts people, and recognize the interdependence of body, mind, and spirit in health.
Psy150 chpt1revised
The document provides an overview of the history and development of psychology, from early philosophers like Aristotle and theorists like Freud, to the establishment of experimental psychology by Wundt and the different approaches that emerged such as behaviorism, humanistic psychology, and various subfields and applications of psychology today. It also discusses key concepts, methods, and ethical issues within the field.
Introduction-to-Psychology-1581543707.pdf
Introduction to Psychology, shows or explains a lot of theories of life, the memory, cognitive development, behavioral and death, aging and many other aspects of life. It can act as a guide to mothers'....and their children as it shows babies or children develop and how they should be treated when they are still little children during their developing process. It also explains how our memories function
Meaning and definition of psychology
Psychology is defined as the scientific study of behaviour and mental processes. It has evolved from the study of the soul to focusing on observable behaviour. As a science, it uses scientific methods like systematic observation and experimentation. Psychology can be classified as a positive science that studies facts objectively. As a behavioural science, it is not as exact as natural sciences due to the complex nature of human behaviour. The scope of psychology includes studying all aspects of behaviour across species through various branches like developmental, social, abnormal and applied psychology in fields like education, health and industry.
Fields
This document provides summaries of 22 areas of psychology, including abnormal psychology, biological psychology, child psychology, clinical psychology, cognitive psychology, comparative psychology, community psychology, counseling psychology, developmental psychology, educational psychology, environmental psychology, evolutionary psychology, experimental psychology, forensic psychology, gero-psychology, health psychology, industrial/organizational psychology, legal psychology, media psychology, neuro-psychology, para-psychology, and personality psychology. Each summary briefly describes the focus and key topics within each area as well as potential career paths for psychologists working in that area.
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This document provides an overview of educational psychology. It defines educational psychology as the application of psychological principles to education. The goal is to understand teaching and learning processes and improve educational methods. Key topics covered include learning theories, teaching methods, motivation, development, and family relationships. Educational psychology aims to shape students' behavior and promote well-rounded personal growth through education.
Unit 1 Introduction to Psychology PPT.pptx
Psychology is defined as the scientific study of the mind, behavior, and mental processes. It uses both biological and social science methods to systematically study these areas. The four main goals of psychology are to describe, explain, predict, and change/control behaviors and mental processes. There are several branches of psychology including abnormal psychology which studies abnormal behaviors and mental illnesses, developmental psychology which studies changes across the lifespan, and cognitive psychology which examines mental processes like memory, problem-solving, and decision-making.
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The document provides an overview of the field of psychology including its goals, approaches, history, careers, and areas of specialization. It discusses that psychology is the scientific study of behaviors and mental processes. The goals of psychology are to describe, explain, predict, and control behaviors. Approaches include biological, cognitive, behavioral, psychoanalytic, humanistic, and cross-cultural perspectives. Early approaches included structuralism, functionalism, gestalt, and behaviorism. Careers include clinical psychologists, counseling psychologists, and psychiatrists. Areas of specialization comprise social, developmental, experimental, biological, cognitive, and psychometrics.
History & Approaches
This document provides an overview of the key topics covered in an AP Psychology course, including major theories, approaches, figures, and areas of psychology. It discusses structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, and other major schools of thought. Additionally, it outlines the nature vs nurture debate, levels of analysis, and biological, behavioral, cognitive, and other perspectives. Major areas of psychology like developmental, social, and clinical psychology are also summarized.
PPT-U1-Definition.pptx
This document provides an introduction to psychology and life skills by covering several key topics:
It begins with definitions of psychology as the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. It then outlines the goals of psychology such as describing, explaining, predicting, and controlling behavior.
A brief historical background of psychology is given, including its philosophical roots in ancient Greek thinkers and biological roots in sciences like physiology and evolution.
Several theoretical perspectives in psychology are introduced, from early structural and functional approaches to modern cognitive, behavioral, psychodynamic, and sociocultural perspectives.
The main branches of psychology are listed, including abnormal, clinical, developmental, and industrial/organizational psychology.
Finally, common research methods
unit 1 BAPSY 101 ppt.pdf
Psychology is defined as the scientific study of the mind and behavior. It encompasses biological, social, and environmental factors that influence how people think, feel, and act. The document outlines several key goals and branches of psychology. The four main goals are to describe, explain, predict, and change/control behaviors and mental processes. Some of the major branches discussed include abnormal, clinical, developmental, educational, experimental, forensic, health, and sports psychology.
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Schemas influence memory formation and retrieval in several ways. Bartlett (1932) found that British participants assimilated and distorted a story to fit their cultural schemas over repeated retellings. Johnson and Bayford (1972) showed that providing a laundry schema before a paragraph improved recall versus no schema. Brewer and Treyens (1981) found schemas aided recall of typical office items but atypical items like a skull were also recalled. Allport and Postman (1947) showed racial schemas distorted a story's retelling between white and black participants. Overall, schemas act as filters that organize new information and reconstruct memories to fit existing knowledge structures.
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Flashbulb memories are highly vivid memories of learning about a shocking or emotional event. Early studies found that people had accurate memories of the context and their reactions to significant events like the JFK assassination. However, later studies found that flashbulb memories lack consistency and accuracy over time, even if confidence in the memories remains high. While emotional events may be more memorable initially, repeated testing has shown that flashbulb memories are reconstructive and details can change substantially within a few years of the event.
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Genes contribute to about half of individual variations in antisocial behavior, according to twin studies. While genes may increase predisposition, they do not determine behavior alone. Studies found genetics account for 50% of antisocial behavior, but less impact for separated twins, showing environment also influences behavior. Research links low-activity MAOA genes interacting with childhood trauma to increased violence, suggesting genetics and environment combine to impact antisocial behavior.
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This document discusses several strategies for reducing violence and their relative effectiveness:
1) Self-control exercises, such as using only one hand for tasks, were found to decrease aggressive behavior for those who practiced them compared to a control group.
2) A yoga program in prisons resulted in increased self-control and less reported aggressiveness among inmates compared to a control group.
3) Teaching children empathy and perspective-taking skills led to less aggressive playground behavior than a control group.
4) However, anti-bullying programs in schools were found to be ineffective and possibly increased peer victimization.
5) A
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Genetics pp
Genes contribute to behaviors but do not determine them. Studies of twins and genes like 5-HTT and COMT show that:
- Genetics influence traits like intelligence (70%) and likelihood of depression, but environment also matters
- The 5-HTT gene predicts if one will become depressed after stressful life events
- COMT impacts stress response and test/task performance depending on allele (fast or slow acting enzyme)
However, one gene does not cause a behavior and ethics around genetic testing and research are important issues.
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The document provides an overview of Mexican history from pre-colonization to the Mexican Revolution. It discusses how the Spanish established systems of control, including racial castes and large estates called haciendas. This led to tensions that contributed to Mexico gaining independence, though the country remained unstable. Later, the Liberal government instituted reforms challenging the Catholic Church and wealthy landowners, leading to the long Mexican Revolution aimed at greater equality.
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Defining psychology
- 2. Today’s Objectives Content Objective I can explain what psychologists study. I can identify the Three Level of Analysis of Psychology. Language Objective I can define psychology.
- 3. Warm Up: Write your own Definition With a partner… 1. Brainstorm concepts related to psychology. (Image, Flow Chart, Word Map) 2. Write a definition that describes what psychology is. 3. Write your definition on the board.
- 4. IB Definition of Psychology Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes and how these are affected by internal factors and the environment.
- 5. A Scientific Study Psychology uses the scientific method to investigate the behaviors and mental processes of humans and animals. Reliance on substantial and grounded evidence to make conclusions. Peer reviewed work. Not Based on Theory and Conjecture…Based on Evidence.
- 6. Behavior: Observable actions that organisms take.
- 7. Mental Processes What occurs internally that allow us to interpret, communicate, and function in our world. Memory Learning Language Perception Attention Decision Making
- 8. Internal Factors and the Environment Nature and Nurture Internal Factors/Nature Our biological makeup determine how we behave. Genetics Diseases/Abnormalities Biological Processes Environment/Nurture The world around us impact the way we behave. Parents Friends Religion Education Country Socio-Economic Status Stressors
- 9. Three Levels of Analysis • To fully understand human behavior, it must be examined in different ways.
- 10. Biological LoA Behavior can be explained by the physiological and genetic make up of a person or animal. Biological Functions Genetic Influences Connections to Animal
- 11. Cognitive LoA We mentally processes information from the world around that and how we process information helps guide our behavior. How we process and interpret information impacts our behavior. The mind can be studied scientifically. Society impacts the way we process information.
- 12. Sociocultural LoA The society, culture, and people we share space with impact our behaviors. Humans are social animals. Culture impacts human behavior. Humans have a “social-self” that is based on group membership.
- 13. Wrap-Up What do psychologists study? What are the three Levels of Analysis? Describe one main idea from each LoA. How has your definition/understanding of psychology changed?