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1. Society and human being as objects
of philosophical studies

2. Human
Idealistic approach:
 Man is no longer guided by instinct. Before doing
anything else he first builds a perfect plan in his
mind, and then he implements it.
 Thought goes ahead of action.

3. Human
Materialistic approach:
 Ibn Khaldun believed that societies differ among
themselves by “what they produce and how they
distribute the created wealth“.
 During production of material goods men enter
productive relations independent of their
consciousness and will.

4. Human
 Theological point of view insisted on the divine nature
of man's origin.
 Christianity speaks about man in the image of god,
because he has mind. Therefore, he is intended to be the
lord of the created nature.
 Islam also claims that man was created by God and
endowed with consciousness to find its place among
other forms of life. But based on it man does not have the
right to rule of the rest of the world.
 As for Buddhism, it considers man as a spirit that is
above matter.

5. Society
 Society – in modern understanding – is the set of all
connections and relationships developing
between people who are self-sufficient for their
livelihoods.
 Social role – the expected performance of someone
who occupies a specific position.
 Social structure - a recurrent pattern of
relationships among groups.

6. August Comte
 Positivism asserts that the social world can be
studied with the same scientific accuracy and
assurance as the natural world.
 Recognition that an understanding of society
requires a concern for both the sources of order and
continuity and the sources of change.

7. Herbert Spencer
 Evolution led to the development of social, as well as
natural, life. He viewed society as similar to a giant
organism.
 Each society must be understood as an adaptation to its
environment.
 Importance of objectivity and moral neutrality in
investigation.

8. Karl Marx
 Economic Determinism - economic relationships
determine (that is, cause) the particular form that
family, law, religion, and other social structures take
in a given society.
 The basis of change was conflict between opposing
economic interests, not adaptation.

9. Emile Durkheim
 The balance between social regulation and personal
freedom. He argued that community standards of
morality, which he called the collective conscience, not
only confine our behavior but also give us a sense of
belonging and integration.
 Stress the importance of using reliable statistics to
logically rule out incorrect theories of social life and to
identify more promising theories

10. Max Weber
 Emphasizes on the subjective meanings of social
actions, on social as opposed to economic causes,
and on the need for objectivity in studying social
issues.

11. Social Structure
 Social structure is the patterned social
arrangements in society that are both emergent from
and determinant of the actions of the individuals.
 Social structures - patterned relationships.
 Social interaction - the process by which people act
and react in relation to others.
 Social structures can be analyzed in terms of three
concepts: status, role, and institution.

12. Status
 A status is a specialized position within a group.
 An achieved status is optional, one that a person
can obtain in a lifetime.
 An ascribed status is fixed by birth and inheritance
and is unalterable in a person’s lifetime.
 Status set refers to the combination of all statuses
held by an individual.

13. Roles
 Roles are sets of norms that specify the rights and
obligations of each status.
 Role conflict occurs when incompatible role demands
develop because of multiple statuses.
 Role set is a number of roles attached to a single status.
 Role strain refers to tension among the roles connected
to a single status.
 People occupy statuses, but they play roles.

14. Institution
 An institution is an enduring and complex social
structure that meets basic human needs.
 Five basic social institutions are:
• The family, to care for dependents and rear
children.
• The economy, to produce and distribute goods.
• Government, to provide community coordination
and defense.
• Education, to train new generations.
• Religion, to supply answers about the unknown or
unknowable.