The document summarizes some of the key philosophers and philosophies of the 20th century. It discusses thinkers like Darwin, Einstein, Freud, Russell, and Whitehead who developed theories of evolution, relativity, and analytical philosophy. Continental philosophers like Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, and Sartre developed existentialism which focuses on individual experience in a universe without God or inherent meaning. Postmodernism emerged which was skeptical of grand narratives. The document also profiles philosophers like Popper, Sartre, Camus, Foucault, and Rorty and some of their main philosophical ideas.
Society and human being as objects of philosophicalYermek Toktarov
This document discusses different philosophical approaches to studying society and human beings, including idealism, materialism, and theological perspectives. It then examines key concepts in sociology like social structure, social roles, status, and institutions. Major classical sociological theorists are outlined such as Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer, Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, and Max Weber and their perspectives on topics like social order, change, and determinism.
The Renaissance was a period between the 14th and 17th centuries that saw a rebirth of interest in classical Greek and Roman culture. Philosophers during this time emphasized humanism, rational thought, empiricism and individualism rather than religious dogma. Major philosophers included Nicolaus von Kues, who believed that human knowledge was limited, Machiavelli who argued that the ends justify the means for political rulers, and Francis Bacon who established the foundations of the scientific method.
This document summarizes key philosophers and ideas from the philosophy of modern time. It discusses empiricism, the idea that knowledge comes from sensory experience, as proposed by John Locke, George Berkeley, and David Hume. It also discusses rationalism, where knowledge comes from innate ideas, according to René Descartes, Benedict Spinoza, and Gottfried Leibniz. It provides overviews of the important contributions of each philosopher, including Descartes' view of the self through "I think therefore I am", Spinoza's theory of substance monism, and Hume's distinction between impressions and ideas.
This document discusses several philosophers and philosophies from the 19th-20th centuries. It covers "Philosophy of Life" from Dilthey and Simmel, Bergson's "Philosophy of Creative Evolution", and Nietzsche's "Philosophy of Will to Power". It also discusses pragmatism from John Dewey, phenomenology from Edmund Husserl, and Martin Heidegger's analysis of being and the question of what it means to exist as a temporal being.
This document discusses ontology, which is the philosophical study of the nature of being and existence. It outlines several essential ontological dichotomies, such as universals and particulars, substance and accident, and idealism and materialism. It then defines several ontological concepts, including subject, individual, phenomenon, essence, quality, motion, development, system, structure, whole, part, content, form, cause, and effect. The document also briefly discusses epistemology, the philosophical study of knowledge, outlining its main areas of focus and some methods of cognition.
Medieval philosophy was characterized by monotheism, creationism, and the belief that humans must submit to God's will. It also focused on original sin and its consequences. Two influential early philosophers were Tertullian, who believed "I believe because it is absurd", and Saint Augustine, who said "I believe in order to understand" and "I understand to believe". Saint Augustine proposed three proofs of God's existence based on the perfection of the world, noble agreement, and different stages of good indicating a greater good. Thomas Aquinas later proposed five proofs of God's existence based on motion, causation, possibility and necessity, gradation of good, and expediency of nature. Aquinas also described three
Al-Kindi believed philosophy was the most wonderful science as it aims to understand the true nature of things to guide behavior. To know something fully, one must answer what it is, if it exists, which thing it is, and why. Avicenna criticized creation from nothing and believed in pantheism and that truth is the internal essence of things. He also made contributions to medicine. Averroes viewed religious laws as necessary political constructs while Al-Farabi identified four types of intellect and outlined six qualities necessary for a wise ruler, including wisdom, education, foresight and inspiring people.
This document summarizes the views of several philosophers on language, mind, and consciousness. It discusses Blaise Pascal's view that imagination is a powerful force that can lead us to truth or error. It also outlines Noam Chomsky's theory of language being biologically determined and having deep and surface structures. Finally, it notes John Searle's view that consciousness is a real subjective experience caused by the brain, and David Chalmers' "hard problem of consciousness" regarding why feelings accompany awareness.
The document summarizes the philosophies of major German non-classical philosophers including Arthur Schopenhauer, Soren Kierkegaard, and Karl Marx. Schopenhauer believed that the basis of the universe is the unconscious World Will with its infinite desire for life. Kierkegaard viewed human existence as a subjective dialectic passing through aesthetic, ethical, and religious stages. Marx analyzed society as dividing into two conflicting classes, the bourgeoisie and proletariat, and believed that the only solution was for all instruments of production to become common property.
German Classical Philosophy encompasses the works of Immanuel Kant, Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, and Ludwig Feuerbach. Some of their major ideas include Kant's focus on determining reality through time and space, Fichte's view of the self as having free will, Schelling believing nature and man represent a unity, Hegel's dialectic process of thesis-antithesis-synthesis, and Feuerbach arguing humans created the idea of God from their own desires rather than God representing an Absolute Spirit.
The French Enlightenment promoted reason as the primary authority and questioned existing institutions and traditions. Key thinkers included Montesquieu, who proposed separation of powers; Voltaire, who advocated for doubt, challenging authority, and uncensored speech; Rousseau, who believed humanity's natural state was innocent and free but society imposed unjust chains; and Diderot, who sought to reconcile reason and feeling.
Culture refers to the shared beliefs, values, and practices of a social group, including knowledge and behaviors passed down through generations. Value describes how important or useful something is to someone. Civilization is a complex society with urban areas, social classes, symbolic communication systems like writing, and human domination over the natural environment. Samuel Huntington categorized world civilizations based on these cultural factors.
This document provides an overview of ancient philosophies from China, India, and Greece. It discusses the key concepts of Confucianism in Chinese philosophy such as ritual, relationships, filial piety, and loyalty. It also mentions Legalism which emphasized consolidating wealth and power for the state. In Indian philosophy it lists schools like Astika, Nastika, Mimamsa, and Buddhism. For Greek philosophy it outlines pre-Socratic thinkers like Thales and Heraclitus and Socrates who used questioning to stimulate critical thinking. It also briefly discusses Plato, Aristotle and his laws of thought, and Zeno's paradoxes.
The document summarizes some of the key philosophers and philosophies of the 20th century. It discusses thinkers like Darwin, Einstein, Freud, Russell, and Whitehead who developed theories of evolution, relativity, and analytical philosophy. Continental philosophers like Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, and Sartre developed existentialism which focuses on individual experience in a universe without God or inherent meaning. Postmodernism emerged which was skeptical of grand narratives. The document also profiles philosophers like Popper, Sartre, Camus, Foucault, and Rorty and some of their main philosophical ideas.
Society and human being as objects of philosophicalYermek Toktarov
This document discusses different philosophical approaches to studying society and human beings, including idealism, materialism, and theological perspectives. It then examines key concepts in sociology like social structure, social roles, status, and institutions. Major classical sociological theorists are outlined such as Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer, Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, and Max Weber and their perspectives on topics like social order, change, and determinism.
The Renaissance was a period between the 14th and 17th centuries that saw a rebirth of interest in classical Greek and Roman culture. Philosophers during this time emphasized humanism, rational thought, empiricism and individualism rather than religious dogma. Major philosophers included Nicolaus von Kues, who believed that human knowledge was limited, Machiavelli who argued that the ends justify the means for political rulers, and Francis Bacon who established the foundations of the scientific method.
This document summarizes key philosophers and ideas from the philosophy of modern time. It discusses empiricism, the idea that knowledge comes from sensory experience, as proposed by John Locke, George Berkeley, and David Hume. It also discusses rationalism, where knowledge comes from innate ideas, according to René Descartes, Benedict Spinoza, and Gottfried Leibniz. It provides overviews of the important contributions of each philosopher, including Descartes' view of the self through "I think therefore I am", Spinoza's theory of substance monism, and Hume's distinction between impressions and ideas.
This document discusses several philosophers and philosophies from the 19th-20th centuries. It covers "Philosophy of Life" from Dilthey and Simmel, Bergson's "Philosophy of Creative Evolution", and Nietzsche's "Philosophy of Will to Power". It also discusses pragmatism from John Dewey, phenomenology from Edmund Husserl, and Martin Heidegger's analysis of being and the question of what it means to exist as a temporal being.
This document discusses ontology, which is the philosophical study of the nature of being and existence. It outlines several essential ontological dichotomies, such as universals and particulars, substance and accident, and idealism and materialism. It then defines several ontological concepts, including subject, individual, phenomenon, essence, quality, motion, development, system, structure, whole, part, content, form, cause, and effect. The document also briefly discusses epistemology, the philosophical study of knowledge, outlining its main areas of focus and some methods of cognition.
Medieval philosophy was characterized by monotheism, creationism, and the belief that humans must submit to God's will. It also focused on original sin and its consequences. Two influential early philosophers were Tertullian, who believed "I believe because it is absurd", and Saint Augustine, who said "I believe in order to understand" and "I understand to believe". Saint Augustine proposed three proofs of God's existence based on the perfection of the world, noble agreement, and different stages of good indicating a greater good. Thomas Aquinas later proposed five proofs of God's existence based on motion, causation, possibility and necessity, gradation of good, and expediency of nature. Aquinas also described three
Al-Kindi believed philosophy was the most wonderful science as it aims to understand the true nature of things to guide behavior. To know something fully, one must answer what it is, if it exists, which thing it is, and why. Avicenna criticized creation from nothing and believed in pantheism and that truth is the internal essence of things. He also made contributions to medicine. Averroes viewed religious laws as necessary political constructs while Al-Farabi identified four types of intellect and outlined six qualities necessary for a wise ruler, including wisdom, education, foresight and inspiring people.
This document summarizes the views of several philosophers on language, mind, and consciousness. It discusses Blaise Pascal's view that imagination is a powerful force that can lead us to truth or error. It also outlines Noam Chomsky's theory of language being biologically determined and having deep and surface structures. Finally, it notes John Searle's view that consciousness is a real subjective experience caused by the brain, and David Chalmers' "hard problem of consciousness" regarding why feelings accompany awareness.
The document summarizes the philosophies of major German non-classical philosophers including Arthur Schopenhauer, Soren Kierkegaard, and Karl Marx. Schopenhauer believed that the basis of the universe is the unconscious World Will with its infinite desire for life. Kierkegaard viewed human existence as a subjective dialectic passing through aesthetic, ethical, and religious stages. Marx analyzed society as dividing into two conflicting classes, the bourgeoisie and proletariat, and believed that the only solution was for all instruments of production to become common property.
German Classical Philosophy encompasses the works of Immanuel Kant, Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, and Ludwig Feuerbach. Some of their major ideas include Kant's focus on determining reality through time and space, Fichte's view of the self as having free will, Schelling believing nature and man represent a unity, Hegel's dialectic process of thesis-antithesis-synthesis, and Feuerbach arguing humans created the idea of God from their own desires rather than God representing an Absolute Spirit.
The French Enlightenment promoted reason as the primary authority and questioned existing institutions and traditions. Key thinkers included Montesquieu, who proposed separation of powers; Voltaire, who advocated for doubt, challenging authority, and uncensored speech; Rousseau, who believed humanity's natural state was innocent and free but society imposed unjust chains; and Diderot, who sought to reconcile reason and feeling.
Culture refers to the shared beliefs, values, and practices of a social group, including knowledge and behaviors passed down through generations. Value describes how important or useful something is to someone. Civilization is a complex society with urban areas, social classes, symbolic communication systems like writing, and human domination over the natural environment. Samuel Huntington categorized world civilizations based on these cultural factors.
This document provides an overview of ancient philosophies from China, India, and Greece. It discusses the key concepts of Confucianism in Chinese philosophy such as ritual, relationships, filial piety, and loyalty. It also mentions Legalism which emphasized consolidating wealth and power for the state. In Indian philosophy it lists schools like Astika, Nastika, Mimamsa, and Buddhism. For Greek philosophy it outlines pre-Socratic thinkers like Thales and Heraclitus and Socrates who used questioning to stimulate critical thinking. It also briefly discusses Plato, Aristotle and his laws of thought, and Zeno's paradoxes.
1. В соответствии с Генеральным Соглашением
между Институтами и Университетом о реализации совместных
образовательных программ осуществлена большая работа,
направленная на организацию подготовки магистрантов и
докторантов согласно требованиям государственных
образовательных стандартов, регламенту квалификационных
требований к научным консультантам докторантов PhD
и другим нормативным документам
2. Значимость проекта
За 15 лет, в 1991–2005 годах, численность сотрудников научных
учреждений в Казахстане снизилась в 2,2 раза (с 40,9 тыс. человек до 18,9
тыс.): исследователей (на 56,9%) и техников (на 14,1%); численность
вспомогательного персонала сократилась на 68,4%, хозяйственного – на 22%.
К 2010 г. число научных сотрудников едва превышало 16 тысяч.
Во второй половине 90-х годов в пилотном режиме в КазНУ началась
подготовка магистрантов, а в ряде других государственных и
негосударственных университетов в порядке эксперимента с 2003 г. Затем
пришло время начала пилотных проектов докторантуры PhD. К середине
первого десятилетия XXI века процесс пошел с нарастанием.
В настоящее время в Казахстане функционируют более 340 научных
организаций, в которых работает более 21 тысячи сотрудников.
Проект позволяет Институтам активизировать и значительно расширить
приток молодых кадров.
3. Впервые
научно-исследовательские институты
Комитета науки МОН РК, работающие в «Ғылым
ордасы», приступили к подготовке кадров высших
степеней научной и педагогической квалификации
в рамках совместного с КазНУ им. аль-Фараби
проекта, инициированного Министерством
образования науки
КОНТИНГЕНТ ОБУЧАЕМЫХ – 142 чел.:
Магистратура, 13 специальностей – 94 чел.
Докторантура, 18 специальностей – 48 чел.
4. Таблица 1. КОНТИНГЕНТ ПО ГУМАНИТАРНО-
ОБЩЕСТВЕННЫМ НАПРАВЛЕНИЯМ ПОДГОТОВКИ
ИНСТИТУТЫ
КН МОН РК
СПЕЦИАЛЬНОСТИ
ДОКТОРАНТУРЫ
СПЕЦИАЛЬНОСТИ
МАГИСТРАТУРЫ
ФАКУЛЬТЕТЫ
КазНУ
Археологии (4 чел.) Археология (4)
Истории, археологии
и этнологии (21)
Истории и этнологии
(16)
История (4) История (12)
Востоковедения (10)
История (1)
Востоковедение (2) Востоковедение (6) Востоковедения (9)
Тюркология (1)
Литературы и
искусства (14)
Литературоведение (4) Литературоведение
(10)
Филологии,
литературоведения
и мировых языков
(30)
Языкознания (16) Лингвистика (4) Лингвистика (12)
Экономики (20)
Экономика (2) Экономика (8) Высшая школа
экономики и бизнеса
(10)
Мировая экономика
(2)
Мировая экономика
(8)
Международных
отношений (10)
Философии,
политологии и
религиоведения (11)
Религиоведение (3) Философия (6) Философии и
политологии (11)Исламоведение (2)
5. Таблица 2. КОНТИНГЕНТ ПО ЕСТЕСТВЕННО-
МАТЕМАТИЧЕСКИМ НАПРАВЛЕНИЯМ ПОДГОТОВКИ
ИНСТИТУТЫ
КН МОН РК
СПЕЦИАЛЬНОСТИ
ДОКТОРАНТУРЫ
СПЕЦИАЛЬНОСТИ
МАГИСТРАТУРЫ
ФАКУЛЬТЕТЫ
КазНУ
Информационных
и вычислительных
технологий (25 чел.)
Автоматизация и
управление (1)
Автоматизация и управление
(2)
Механико-
математический (51)
ВТ и ПО (2) ВТ и ПО (6)
Информатика (1) Информатика (3)
Информационные системы
(2)
Информационные системы (2)
Системы информационной
безопасности (1)
Системы информационной
безопасности (3)
Математическое и
компьютерное
моделирование (2)
Математики и
математического
моделирования (22)
Математика (6) Математика (16)
Механики и
машиноведения (4)
Механика (4)