Socialization occurs through complex processes of conditioning, learning, and social interaction from infancy through adulthood. Key theorists discussed in the document include:
- Freud who proposed psychosexual stages and the id, ego, and superego model of personality development.
- Erikson who expanded on Freud's stages and proposed psychosocial stages involving resolving crises of trust, autonomy, initiative and more.
- Piaget who described cognitive development stages from sensorimotor to formal operations.
- Mead who discussed the development of the self through roles, the "I" and "Me".
- Cooley who emphasized the importance of the looking glass self and social interaction in development.
-
Erikson's psychosocial development theory.pptxMonojitGope
This PPT Aims to provide knowledge and understanding about the concept of Psychosocial development, History of the Psychosocial Theory, Eight Stages of Psychosocial Development, Mastery Leads to Ego Strength, Erikson vs Maslow, Critiques of Erikson Theory, Impact of Legacy of Erikson Theory and So on.
The study of the human being can be narrowed down into what is ref.docxchristalgrieg
The study of the human being can be narrowed down into what is referred to as psychology. The chapter presented various theories which touch directly on the human living. These theories have then been explained, and good examples of the same have been given.
Having read some blog postings, my friend at home became very stressed, and deviated from the normal manner in which he carried out some various tasks. He became withdrawn and over time, stopped being talkative. Depression began to creep in, and I could tell that he was going through some issues. Upon inquiring what the issues were, he told me that in most of the blog postings that he read, the main topic addressed was on how the female population preferred the quiet kinds of people to the more talkative kind and therefore, this friend of mine decided to be quiet.
However, having read the chapter, I understand that human beings are social beings and that everyone has a different level of sociality, which is guided by our emotions (Fredrickson, 2001). For this reason, I would use this concept to motivate this friend of mine to continue socializing like he was previously, with more insistence on his friends who like him for his ability to speak openly. In addition, I would motivate him to understand the difference between his emotions, arousal, and personality, as understood from the theories by individuals such as James-Lange, Cannon-Brad, Schachter-Singer and others. Understanding himself along these lines would enable him to better understand his personality, and in a manner that would ensure he does not go through such an episode again. From what I have learned from the chapter, people are different and understanding everyone as a unique person is the first step towards enjoying the kind of life that a person leads (Carducci, 2009).
In conclusion, the above is an outline of how I would motivate the person.
References
Carducci, B. J. (2009). The Psychology of Personality: Viewpoints, Research, and Applications. John Wiley & Sons.
· Instinct theory (now replaced by the evolutionary perspective) focuses on genetically predisposed behaviors.
· Drive-reduction theory focuses on how we respond to our inner pushes.
· Arousal theory focuses on finding the right level of stimulation.
· Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs focuses on the priority of some needs over others.
· How does social networking influence us?
1. As social creatures, we live for connection. Asked what he had learned from studying 238 Harvard University men from the 1930s to the end of their lives, researcher George Vaillant (2009) replied, "The only thing that really matters in life are your relationships to other people." A South African Zulu saying captures the idea: Umuntu ngumuntu ngabantu—"a person is a person through other persons."
· The Social Effects of Social Networking
By connecting like-minded people, the Internet serves as a social amplifier. It also functions as an online dating matchmaker. As electronic comm ...
Type of Paper Weekly Online DiscussionNumber of pages 1 (275.docxmarilucorr
Type of Paper: Weekly Online Discussion
Number of pages: 1 (275 words)
Academic Level: Undergraduate
Deadline/Time: 1.5hrs hours today
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Compose a post of one to two paragraphs.
Develops an initial post with an organized, clear point of view or idea using rich and significant detail.
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Please use psychoanalytical theory:
rikson's Psychosocial Theory Erik Erikson recognized Freud's contributions but stressed that Freud misjudged some important dimensions of human development. For one thing, Erikson (1950, 1968) said we develop in psychosocial stages, rather than in psychosexual stages as Freud maintained. According to Freud, the primary motivation for human behavior is sexual in nature; according to Erikson, it is social and reflects a desire to affiliate with other people. According to Freud, our basic personality is shaped in the first five years of life; according to Erikson, developmental change occurs throughout the life span. Thus, in terms of the early-versus-later-experience issue described earlier in the chapter, Freud viewed early experiences as far more important than later experiences, whereas Erikson emphasized the importance of both early and later experiences.
In Erikson's theory, eight stages of development unfold as we go through life (see Figure 12). At each stage, a unique developmental task confronts individuals with a crisis that must be resolved. According to Erikson, this crisis is not a catastrophe but a turning point marked by both increased vulnerability and enhanced potential. The more successfully individuals resolve these crises, the healthier their development will be.
ERIKSON'S EIGHT LIFE-SPAN STAGES.Like Freud, Erikson proposed that individuals go through distinct, universal stages of development. Thus, in terms of the continuity-discontinuity issue discussed in this chapter, both favor the discontinuity side of the debate. Notice that the timing of Erikson's first four stages is similar to that of Freud's stages. What are the implications of saying that people go through stages of development?
Trust versus mistrust is Erikson's first psychosocial stage, which is experienced in the first year of life. Trust in infancy sets the stage for a lifelong expectation that the world will be a good ...
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4. Darwin’s Study:
Charles Darwin’s
observations on
the development
of his children,
began the research
that culminated in
his book The
Expression of the
emotions in man
and Animals,
published in 1872
Wikipedia
8. (From Wikipedea)
His first assumption was Evolutionary
Continuism. This implied that laws of behavior
applied to both humans and animals. Because of
this we can study animals as simple models of
complex human responses.
8
9. The second assumption was called
reductionism. This said that all behaviors can be
linked to physiology. This means that we are
biological organisms responding to outside
influences.
9
10. The third assumption is Determinism. This
states that we don't act freely but rather we
respond in a programmed way to outside
stimuli.
10
11. Fourth is Empiricism. This states that
psychology should involve the study of
observable (overt) behavior and not
introspection or self analysis.
[No more psychoanalysis]
11
13. 9 month old
Association with white rat, rabbit, dog, monkey,
masks, cotton wool, burning newspapers etc.
Showed no fear.
Stimulated with loud noise.
Predictable outcome. 3 min video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FMnhyGoz
LyE
13
14. So what happened to little Albert?
The attributes of [a child named] Douglas and his mother
matched virtually everything that was known about
Albert and his mother. Like Albert's mother, Douglas's
mother worked at a pediatric hospital on campus called
the Harriet Lane Home. Like Albert, Douglas was a white
male who left the home in the early 1920s and was born
at the same time of year as Albert. What's more, a
comparison of a picture of Albert with Douglas' portrait
revealed facial similarities.Sadly, the team also
discovered that Douglas died at age 6 of acquired
hydrocephalus, and was unable to determine if Douglas'
fear of furry objects persisted after he left Hopkins.
(APA January 2010, Vol 41, No. 1 )
14
15. B. F. Skinner 1904-1990
15
“Give me a child and I’ll shape him into anything.”
16. 16
Skinner focused on the concept of
conditioning through the use of
reinforcements and punishments.
“Socialization occurs when a person’s
behavior is shaped by the reinforcing
and punishing activities of other people
and groups.” (Hughes and Kroehler)
19. Stages of Development by Freud
Oral (from birth to 18 months) birth; oral
cavity/breast feeding/sensory pleasure to weaning.
Anal (18 months to 3 years old) toilet
training/obsession with erogenous zones/can
become anally retentive (OC/authoritarian)
Phallic (4 to 5 years old) Oedipus and Electra
complex/castration anxiety/then identifies with
father
Latency (5 Years to puberty) libido goes into non-
sexual pursuits such as school, work, sports, same
sex friendships.
Genital (from puberty on) returns to sex/adult
sexual relationships.
19
29. Erik Erickson
Erik Erikson (1902-1994) was a pupil
of Sigmund Freud and the first child
psychoanalyst in Boston. After
extensive study of children from
various cultural backgrounds and
areas he began to compile this
information to form his theories on
development, personality, and what
forms our identity.
29
30. Infancy (Birth-18 months)
At this stage, we as human beings are
completely dependant, helpless. We rely on an
external source for everything, from food to
affection. The conflict of this stage is Trust vs.
Mistrust. Obviously, if we as infants are not getting
our needs met, we will become unsure of our
environment and fearful of our caregivers. For
healthy development and movement into the next
stage, we require our physical and emotional needs to
be consistently met.
30
31. Early Childhood (18 months-3 years)
When we have overcome our Infancy crisis, we
begin to move into Early Childhood. In this
stage of development, we begin to do things for
ourselves, such as communicate with others
verbally, walk without assistance, and become
potty trained. Our crisis shifts to Autonomy vs.
Shame. This can be a fragile stage, particularly due to
our attempt to master skills (such as feeding oneself,
using a toilet instead of a diaper, etc)
31
32. Play Age (3-6 years
When we have resolved our Early Childhood
crisis, we begin to move into Play Age. In this
stage of development, we begin to mirror or
mimic behavior around us. This is demonstrated
in our playtime activity. We become fascinated
with adult behaviors like driving, talking on the
phone, performing household chores like
cleaning and cooking, etc. It is through our play
that we explore and learn more skills.
32
33. School Age (6-12 years
This stage of life is all about expansion of one’s
social circle and beginning school. Students are
influenced by their new surroundings as well as
their peers. Teachers begin to take on an
important role as well, considering a student’s
teacher spends more time with them than their
parents at this stage of life. Cognitively, we are
growing and learning new skills and we are
making things which is why this stage’s crisis is
considered Industry vs. Inferiority
33
34. Adolescence (12-18 years)
According to Erikson, this is the first stage in our
development that is determined directly by
what we do as opposed to what we have had
done to us. It is a phase of exploration in which
we endeavor to determine our identity (ego
identity) and what we want our lives to look like
(career, education, etc). We are increasingly
more independent, withdrawing from our peers
and parents.
34
35. Young Adulthood (18-35 years)
At this stage of psychosocial development, a
person begins to search for a partner. It becomes
the main focus or new struggle once a person
has resolved their adolescent identity crisis. The
most important event in this stage is a romantic
attachment or relationship. This is also the stage
in which most start a family, though this has
been pushed back somewhat in societal norms
today. The struggle of this stage is Intimacy vs.
Isolation.
35
36. Middle Adulthood (35-55 years)
Erikson believed that much of our lives are
spent preparing for this stage. Once we have
successfully resolved the conflict of young
adulthood, we approach a new conflict in
middle adulthood. At this stage, work is most
crucial to our lives and we tend to be concerned
with productivity as well as personal growth.
The biggest fear of this stage is feeling
meaningless or inactive. Also the stage of the
“mid-life crisis,” we tend to struggle to find our
purpose or greater meaning in life. This struggle
is known as Generativity vs. Self-absorption
36
37. Late Adulthood (55-Death)
Once we have resolved our mid-life crisis or the
crises of middle adulthood, we enter late
adulthood. This stage is one that Erikson believed
was a recovery from middle adulthood. In this
final stage, people tend to reflect on their lives
and accomplishments or lack thereof, regrets, and
reflect on their demise. The inevitability of death
is something that we have to face and accept in
this stage. The most significant relationship of this
stage is with all mankind. The struggle of this
final stage is Integrity vs. Despair.
37
40. Sensorimotor Stage: Birth to 18 months of age.
(Children learn directly from their senses.)
Preoperational Stage: 18 months to 6 or 7 years
old. (Representational thought: symbols and
language but rigid thinking—real connected to
make-believe.)
Concrete Operational Stage: 6 or 7 years to 11 or
12 years of age. (Thinking more abstractly;
separate symbol from thing it represents.)
Formal Operational Stage: 11 or 12 years to
adulthood. (Further abstract thinking;
mathematical thinking; moral sensibility becomes
deeper.)
40
43. Reacting to the biological
determinism of the early 20th
Century (Skinner), he
emphasized the element of
“nurture” over “nature.”
That is, we develop through
social interaction.
43
44. The Looking Glass Self
How we imagine others see us
How we imagine they judge what they see
How we feel about those reactions
44
47. The Self:
The “I” and the “Me”
47
The "Me" is the social self and the "I" is the
response to the “Me."
In other words, the "I" is the response of an
individual to the attitudes of others, while the "me" is
the organized set of attitudes of others which an
individual assumes.
48.
49. The Self:
The “I” and the “Me”
49
The "me" is the accumulated understanding of
"the generalized other" i.e. how one thinks one's
group perceives oneself etc. The "I" is the
individual's impulses. The "I" is self as subject; the
"me" is self as object. The "I" is the knower, the
"me" is the known.
(Wikipedia, updated October 14, 2014)
50. Describe the “I” you are?
That is, Who are you?
And What are you?
Let’s see what the Zen perspective
is, per Alan Watts.
53. Game Stage: Now assuming many
roles. Must account for the roles of
others.
53
54. Generalized Other: The individual gains a
sense of selfhood through these steps to the
point that she or he internalizes the necessary
elements of the culture.
54
56. Yes, it is back to the social construction of reality.
For Berger and Luckmann point out in their
seminal book the importance of the “generalized
other.” They explain that the socialization
process for the child is one in which a reality is
socially created already.
56
57. Indeed, the whole process is a fabrication.
Note their comment on the process:
“Primary socialization thus accomplishes
what (in hindsight, of course) may be seen as
the most important confidence trick that
society plays on the individual—to make
appear as necessity what in fact is a bundle of
contingencies, and thus to make meaningful
the accident of his birth.” (TSCoR, 1966)
57
58. Definition of the Situation
W. I.. Thomas
We must collectively define
the situation—agree on
meanings oc actions and
circumstances for
socialization to occur.
58
59. Addendum:
Rhesus monkeys: OpenStax etc re needing
physical contact – love as it were.
Add twin studies
59