The document discusses the concept of socialization through several definitions and perspectives. It describes socialization as the lifelong process by which individuals learn the norms, values, and behaviors expected by their society. This includes both learning to be competent members and developing one's self. Key agents of socialization that influence an individual include family, peers, school, religion, mass media, and primary groups. The document also examines theories of personality development from Freud, Erikson, Piaget, Cooley, and Mead.

1. SOCIALIZATION:
MEANING,
IMPORTANCE, AND
AGENTS

2. Meaning of Socialization
Sociability is a
characteristic of human
life from the very
beginning. Normally, an
infant is surrounded by
people who interact with
him/her from the moment
of his/her birth.

3. Meaning of Socialization
• Socialization is the acquisition of the norms and roles
expected of the people in a particular society.
• Socialization is a life-long process of learning whereby
the individual acquires the accepted beliefs, values,
sentiments, norms, and behavior of his/her group and
society.
• Espiritu (1986) defined socialization as a process by
which social sharing and transmission occur.

4. Meaning of Socialization
• Garcia (1992) said that the socialization is the process
by which an individual learns to conform to the norms of
his/her social group, acquires a status, and plays a
corresponding role.
• Brinkerhoff and White (1998) pointed out that
socialization is a process of learning the roles, statuses,
and values necessary for participation in social
institutions.

5. 1) The process of learning to be competent
members of the society; and
2) The process of developing oneself.
Meaning of Socialization
Based on the foregoing definitions, socialization is actually
two processes in one:

6. Importance of Socialization
Human culture is transmitted from one generation to the next.
2
The young become part of an organized society
The individual acquires a social self and personality.
1
Knowledge and skills are developed to ensure satisfaction of needs
and human survival.
1
The individual learns his/her role in a society.

7. Social Role and Status
A role is a pattern of
behavior that is expected
from an individual who
occupies a particular status
in society.

8. Social Role and Status
A status is a rank or
position relative to other
positions in a particular
group at a particular time.

9. • A status may be assigned to a person at birth or
at another stage in life cycle. This is called
“ascribed status”. There is hardly a personal
choice with this status.
• Status may also be attained through personal
effort, merit, or choice. This status is called
“achieved status”.
Social Role and Status

10. Agents of Socialization
1) Family – It is considered as the
most important agent of
socialization in the sense that it is
usually the first group to provide
the meaning and support to the
individual.
2) Peer – It consists of many groups
made up of children, in which the
child participates. The peer group
enables the child to experience an
egalitarian type of relationship.

11. Agents of Socialization
4) School – The school exposes
children to situations in which
the same rules, regulations,
and authority patterns apply to
everyone.
5) Mass Media – The mass media
such as newspapers, radio,
movies, television, and books,
are also important in
communicating to individuals a
society’s beliefs, values, mores,
and traditions.

12. 4) Religion – The values and moral principles in religious
doctrines serve as guide to appropriate roles and
behaviors.
5) Primary Group – These sentiments, impulses, and
human feelings are developed within people as they
are molded by primary groups.
Agents of Socialization

13. PERSONALITY AND
SOCIAL SELF

14. Meaning of Personality
• Personality is the relatively enduring pattern of
thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that characterize a
person, along with the psychological processes behind
those characteristics.
• Personality is the set of psychological traits and
mechanisms within the individual that are organized
and relatively enduring and that influence his/her
interactions with, and adaptations to, the intrapsychic,
physical, and social environments.

15. Meaning of Personality
• Brinkerhoff (1988) defines personality as the unique attributes
and abilities of the individual.
• Barnow (1983) defines personality as a more or less enduring
organization of forces within the individual, associated with a
complex of fairly consistent attitudes, values, and models of
perception, which account, in part, for the individual’s
consistency of behavior.
• Dewey and Humber (1966) look at personality as the way by
which the individual is interrelated through ideas, actions, and
attitudes to the many non-human aspects of his/her
environment and biological heritage.

16. Determinants of Personality
1) Heredity is the determinant of the biological make-up of a person.
This biological make-up provides the raw materials of stuff from
which personality is formed.
2) Environment is the molder of the personality. It is the sum total of
a person’s natural, cultural, and social surroundings.
a) Natural Environment – This includes all living things that
surround a person.
b) Cultural Environment – This consists of the material and non-
material human made environment.
c) Social Environment – This is the network of relationships and
institutions surrounding the individual.

17. THEORIES OF
PERSONALITY
DEVELOPMENT

18. Freud’s Psychosexual
Stages
1) Oral Stage (birth to 1 year) – during the first year of life,
the infants seeks satisfaction through stimulation to the
mouth by sucking, biting, and chewing.
2) Anal Stage (1-3 years) – the infant achieves satisfaction
from the withholding of expelling of feces.
3) Phallic Stage (4-5 years) – According to Freud, a male
child is attracted to, and seeks satisfaction from his
mother (Oedipal stage). A female child, in turn, seeks
affection from her father (Electra stage).

19. Freud’s Psychosexual
Stages
4) Latency Stage (5 years to adolescence) – at this stage,
children turn their attention to surrounding world in
which they are dominated by their intellectual and social
development.
5) Genital Stage (Adolescence and beyond) – the sexual
impulses become active again and individual focuses
on the opposite sex, looks around for a potential
marriage partner, and prepares for marriage and adult
responsibilities.

20. Erikson’s Psychosocial
Studies
1) Basic trust versus mistrust
2) Autonomy versus shame and
doubt
3) Initiative versus guilt
4) Industry versus inferiority
5) Identity versus role confusion
6) Intimacy versus isolation
7) Generativity versus self-absorption
and stagnation
8) Integrity versus despair

21. 1) Sensory Stage (from birth to 18 months of age) – at this
stage, infants are primarily concerned with their own
senses and motor activities.
2) Pre-operational Stage (from about 18 months to 7 years of
age) – by this time, children have total object permanence
and are learning to use language to communicate with
others.
3) Concrete Operational Stage (from about 7 to 11 years of
age) – thinking of children remains tied to the concrete
world.
Jean Piaget’s Stages of
Cognitive Development

22. 4) Formal Operational Stage ( begins with the
onset of adolescence at about age 11) – at this
stage, children begin to think in terms of general
principles, abstract concepts, and theories.
Jean Piaget’s Stages of
Cognitive Development

23. Three steps in the formation of the looking-glass self:
1) We imagine how we appear to others.
2) We imagine how others judge our appearance.
3) We develop feelings about and responses of these
judgments.
Charles's Horton Cooley’s Concept
of the “Looking-Glass Self”

24. 1) Preparatory Stage – during this stage, children imitate
the behavior of others in the environment.
2) Play Stage – during the play stage, children assume or
play several roles, one after another.
3) Game Stage – during the game stage, children assume
several roles simultaneously.
George Mead’s
Self-development Stage

25. THANK YOU!